Relationship between plant hormone level excreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of poplar NL-895

To explore the effects of plant hormones levels excreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on the growth of poplars, Populus × euramericana cv. NL-895 seedlings were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi. We investigated the status of ectomycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on poplar growth, and using the HPLC method, we measured the contents of four kinds of plant hormones, indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in both the culture filtrate and the mycelium of these fungi. The results showed that the effects of nine ECM fungi on the growth of poplar NL-895 varied. The inoculated seedlings, whether or not obvious mycorrhizas were developed, grew better than those non-inoculated ones. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi excreted the four plant hormones, but at different levels. The hormone contents in culture filtrate were higher than that in mycelium, which showed a definite relationship with poplar growth. Significantly, correlation analysis suggested the height and stem diameter of the poplar were positively correlated with zeatin contents in the mycelium, and were negatively correlated with the levels of ABA or IAA in the mycelium. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 43–49 [译自:林业科学]     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树根际土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的变化,从微生态水平揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌互作对NL-895杨的促生机制。【方法】采用盆栽试验考察荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc)共接种后NL-895杨根际土壤酶(酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶)的活性变化,并通过BIOLOG微孔板法分析共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的影响。【结果】从整体趋势来看,不同接种处理后NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶活性均大于对照,其中,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理对土壤酸性磷酸酶和转化酶活性的促进最为明显;接种150天后,不同接种处理土壤微生物的AWCD值均高于CK(培养24～48 h除外),且随着培养时间的延长呈先上升后稳定的趋势;培养96 h后,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理土壤微生物McIntosh优势度指数和碳源利用丰富度指数显著高于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05),而Shannon丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数显著低于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05);不同接种处理NL-895杨根际土壤微生物对BIOLOG微孔板中6大类碳源的利用能力差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与外生菌根真菌Xc共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的提高具有一定的促进作用,有利于其土壤肥力的改善,进而促进NL-895杨的生长。与单接种相比,溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌共接种可更有效地提高杨树根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物多样性。     

Field test of new poplar clone in Shangdong Province

Poplar is one of the dominant tree species for the establishment of fast growing plantations in Shandong Province.Eighteen poplar clones belonging to Populus aigeiros section were introduced from Italy, Turkey and domestic regions. Populus deltoides cv. ‘Lux‘ 1-69/55 (1-69), which was widely used in Shandong Province, China, was taken as control clone (1-69).Following a randomized complete block design, seedling test and controlled afforestation trials were carried out at Juxian County,Caoxian County and Laiyang City. The results showed that the poplar clone (Populus x euramericana cv. ‘102/74‘), namely 102/74, performed well both in terms of adaptability and growth rate. The mean height of 13.9 m (H), diameter at breast height of 18.0 cm (DBH) and volume growth of 0.1445 m3 (V) were 2.2 %, 21.6% and 52.9% higher than those of 1-69 (CK), respectively,at the age of 5 years at three experimental sites. Moreover, the clone can be propagated easily and showed high resistance to poplar disease, pest as well as salinity and had longer growing period. Furthermore, wood basic density and fiber length of new poplar clone (102/74) were as same as 1-69 (CK). It was concluded that the selected clone (102/74) was ideal for the estab-lishment of fast-growing poplar plantations, especially for the pulpwood plantations in Shandong Province.     

Effects of ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al on production of volatiles in Populus simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ cuttings

We studied the effects of ethylene, (Z)-hexen-3-al, combinations of ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al, methyl jasmonate on the release of terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) of Populus simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ by fumigation. The results show that exposure to ethylene alone did not induce volatiles. However, it was induced by exposure to combinations of (Z)-hexen-3-al and ethylene, a large amount of hexenal and hexen-3-ol as compared to sole (Z)-hexen-3-al exposure, which indicated that the release of wounding signals of P. simonii × P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’ could be synergized by ethylene and (Z)-hexen-3-al. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(2): 143–146 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

荧光假单胞菌及红绒盖牛肝菌接种对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响

2009年3月在南京林业大学植物生长室采用荧光假单胞解磷细菌(JW-JS1)及红绒盖牛肝菌外生菌根真菌(Xc)2种菌剂接种,通过温室盆栽30天、60天、90天、120天及150天后,测定其对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响。结果表明,JW-JS1、Xc单接种和双接种均能明显促进NL-895杨的生长和改善植株的光合特征,且双接种效应优于单接种。双接种150天后,NL-895杨的苗高、地径、生物量、侧根数和菌根侵染率分别比对照增加了24.79%、23.60%、56.35%、150.00%和64.11%;双接种在增加NL-895杨叶片叶绿素含量和改善其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)上表现出显著的正交互效应。研究结果为减少林业生产中化肥的施用量和开发杨树复合菌肥提供了理论依据。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588]     

10~11年生杨树品系抗杨干象水平及其与树干物理特性的关系

[目的]开展不同品系的杨树亲本来源、干部物理特性与抗性关系研究,为抗杨干象新品系的选育奠定一定基础.[方法]本研究连续2年研究了10个亲本51个不同杨树品系10~11年生杨树的被害株率、杨干象虫口密度与杨树木质部硬度、树皮硬度、树皮厚度、胸径等的关系.[结果]免疫品系、高抗虫品系、抗虫品系、感虫品系和高感虫品系木质部平均硬度分别为(47.38±1.71 ) HD、(46.07±1.17) HD、(44.64±1.61) HD、(41.84±1.66) HD、(40.73±2.04) HD;树皮平均硬度分别为(40±3.53) HD、(39.99±0.96) HD、(37.63±0.46) HD、(32.35±1.54) HD、(31.7±0.52) HD;平均胸径分别为(361.64±13.8) mm、(313.8±6.19) mm、(309.98±5.27) mm、(289.56±10.73) mm、(287.67±17.49) mm,亲本为美洲黑杨×青杨、马氏杨、美洲黑杨×马氏杨、小叶杨×胡杨的品系为抗虫品系;亲本欧洲黑杨×美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨×小叶杨、美洲黑杨的多数品系为感虫品系.[结论]杨树木质部硬度与树皮硬度越大抗杨干象能力越强;胸径生长相对较快的品系抗性强;青杨、马氏杨、小叶杨为亲本抗虫性强,美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨为亲本抗虫性差.在抗杨干象品系育种工作中应选择青杨、小青杨或甜杨做为亲本;避免以美洲黑杨或欧洲黑杨为亲本.     

Characteristics of root growth in a fast-growing and high-yield poplar plantation under subsurface drip-irrigation

The characteristics of root growth in the fast-growing and high-yield plantation of poplar I-214 (Populus × euramericana cv. ‘I-214’) were studied under two contrasting conditions, subsurface drip-irrigation (SDI) and normal irrigation (CK), on the sandy soil of Chaobai River, Beijing. The results showed that in the soil layer of 20–50 cm, there was a considerable increase in the amount of roots less than 10 mm in diameter (especially those of less than 2mm) under SDI, which was three times as much as that under CK. The absorbing roots under SDI were concentrated in the soil layer of 20–50 cm, while the roots under CK were distributed evenly in each layer. With respect to horizontal distribution, roots (d<10 mm) under SDI were distributed mainly near the subsurface emitters and the amount of roots in 3 m in a row under SDI were 50% less than under CK. Therefore, it is suggested that subsurface emitters with the shape of “#” should be collocated in the middle of two rows and two individual trees to increase the distributing and absorbing range of roots under SDI, and further increase the plantation productivity. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(2): 34–40 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Improvement of wood properties by urea-formaldehyde resin and nano-SiO2

In order to improve wood properties of triploid clones of Populus tomentosa, urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was compounded with nano-SiO₂, coupling agents and flame retardants in different ways to prepare five kinds of modifiers. The poplar wood samples were impregnated with the modifiers and heated to prepare UF-SiO₂-wood composites. The antiswelling efficiency, resistance of water absorption, oxygen index and hardness of the composites were measured. Results show that all of the modifiers reduced water absorption of poplar wood and enhanced flame resistance and hardness. Nano-SiO₂ showed a marked effect in improving the hardness of wood. In addition, all of the modifiers, except UF-C-SiO₂-polymer, improved the dimensional stability of poplar wood. The UF resin and nano-SiO₂ compound improved general properties of poplar wood. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(2): 123–128 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Study on resistance of poplars toMarssonina brunnea

Inoculation experiment was made for 15 poplar species to determine their resistance toMarssonina brunnea by the agar leaf-dise technique and the water-culture shoots technique. The results show thatPopulus simonii andP nigra var.thevestina are very suseeptible to the disease:P. davidiana andP. koreana are slightly resistant to the disease:P. ussurrensis has high resistance, and the others remain moderate resistance. Experiments are also made for healthy leaves to analysis the inorganic element content and water content. And the results show that the contents of Fe and Ca are remarkbly negatively related to the resistance of poplars toMarssonina brunnea. (Responsible Editor: Sun Yueqi)     

杨树虫害动态与防治对策

山杨楔天牛(Saperda carcharias L.)及杨干隐喙象(Cryptorrhynchus lapathi L.)是欧洲大陆各国最严重的蛀干害虫,杨树人工林90%左右的损失是这类害虫造成的。多品种小面积、团状或带状混植及推行短轮伐期作业,把单功能的防护林改造成经营防护型,是有效防治这类害虫的根本对策。     

Diversity of soil microorganisms in natural Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China

To better understand the distribution of soil microorganisms in Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China, we studied and compared the populations and numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil at four different age stages of natural P. euphratica forests, i.e., juvenile forests, middle-aged forests, over-mature forests and degraded forests. Results showed that there were clear differences in the amount of microorganism biomass and composition rates across the four forest stages. Dominant and special microorganisms were present in each of the four different soil layers. The vertical distribution showed that the microorganism biomass decreased with increasing soil depth. The population of microorganisms was the lowest at 31–40 cm of soil depth. The microorganisms consisted of bacteria, actinomycetes, as well as fungi. Bacteria were the chief component of microorganisms and were widely distributed, but fungi were scarce in some soil layers. Aspergillus was the dominant genus among the 11 genera of fungi isolated from the soil in different age stages of P. euphratica forests. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(5): 127–131 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Growth response to the stress of low osmotic potential,salinity and high pH in cultured shoot of Chinese poplars

In vitro cultured shoots of three Chinese poplar species (Populus tomentosa, P. alba cv. Pyramidalis andP. euphratica) and an improved poplar (FS-51), as a control, were exposed to the stress of low osmotic potential, salinity and high pH, and the shoot growth was measured.P. tomentosa andP. euphratica could grow even under the high osmotic stress (0.5m mannitol; −1.7 MPa).P. euphratica shoots which were previously cultured on the medium containing 0.7m mannitol (−2.4 MPa) recovered its growth after being transplanted to the medium without mannitol. The shoot growth ofP. euphratica was not so reduced even on the medium containing 100 mM NaCl. However, growth of the other poplars markedly reduced with 10 mM NaCl. Medium pH (pH 5.8–10) also did not affect the shoot growth ofP. euphratica. These poplars have different tolerance to the stresses in cultured shootin vitro. P. euphratica was extremely tolerant to the stresses which are possible to damage plants in dry land. A part of this study was presented at the 104th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society. (1993).     

A reduced growth model based on stand basal area. A case for hybrid poplar plantations in northeast Spain

Whole-stand models normally require data on initial stand basal area and dominant height. Dominant height measurements are time-consuming and often imprecise, compromising subsequent predictions. Poplar plantations provide a special case where basal area correlates with site index; a whole-stand model could thus be based on stand basal area. We report a static model constructed by the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) for poplar plantations for three different hybrid poplars (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier “I-214”, “MC”, and “Luisa Avanzo”) in northeast Spain. The transition function was based on current stand basal area and was fitted with data from 158 permanent plots ranging from 1- to 17-year-old plantations. Merchantable stand volume was estimated by a volume equation where height was predicted by a height–basal area relationship based on 458 temporary plots. The model differences between clones were compared using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method. Significant differences were detected, while Luisa Avanzo presented the highest merchantable volume at the end of the rotation. Errors in basal area predictions were below 20% within 6 years in the case of Luisa Avanzo and MC clones, and within 3 years in the case of I-214. Our research showed that satisfactory predictions can be obtained using GADA with a single transition function based on an easily measurable variable such as stand basal area.     

Growth response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> Willd. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and four isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisolithus tinctorius</Emphasis> (Pers.) Coker and Couch

Some Acacia mangium Willd. plantations in Asia grow poorly due to low soil fertility and the absence of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. This legume tree can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi but inoculation is not routinely practiced. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of AM fungi and four isolates of the ECM fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) in promoting growth of A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. AM inoculants were: Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. macrocarpum and Gigaspora margarita and mixed species extracted from rhizosphere soil of a Populus stand in Suwon (AMKFRI), and Carex (AMM6) and Populus (AMM7) growing in mine tailings in Korea. Pisolithus isolates were from Philippines (PtPhil) and Korea (PtKFRI, PtMKACC, PtKACC). Generally, ECM fungi promoted height and diameter growth of A. mangium more than the AM inoculants. The Korean Pisolithus increased plant dry weight by 122–145%, mixed AM inoculants by 61–97%, and Glomus and Gigaspora by 45–72% over the control. PtKACC gave the highest root colonization and promoted the highest growth and concentration of most nutrients. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with plant dry weight, Na, Fe and Cu concentrations and N, P, K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cu contents. In conclusion, the results provide strong evidence for benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation on A. mangium seedlings under glasshouse conditions. The Korean Pisolithus isolates (particularly PtKACC), and two AM fungi (AMKFRI and AMM6) are potential mycorrhizal inoculants but their effectiveness and persistence should be determined on degraded lands in tropical countries where A. mangium is being planted for rehabilitation.     

西澳州桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂接种潜力研究(英文)

对澳大利亚西澳州桉树人工林菌根类型及其形成情况进行了调查 ,并采用生物测定法 (Bioas saymeasurement)研究了桉树林地土壤菌根菌剂的接种潜力 .根系菌根检查和生物测定法试验均表明 ,在自然条件下桉树可以和不同真菌共生而形成三种类型的菌根 ,即外生菌根、VA菌根和混合菌根 ;林分成熟程度与菌根形成有一定的相关性 ,与共生体的类型也有一定影响 .在幼林中 ,桉树根系主要与内囊霉菌共生形成VA菌根 ,而成熟林主要与担子菌共生形成外生菌根 ,混合菌根表现为一种中间类型 .在收集的林地土壤中移植的菌根诱饵植物 (三叶草和蓝桉 )分别检测出土壤中存在有一定量的VA菌根菌和外生菌根菌 ,但菌根菌繁殖体数量及接种潜力相对较小 ,并且也揭示了按树年龄对土壤菌剂的相对接种潜力影响较大 .本文对桉树人工林土壤菌剂接种潜力进行了评价 ,并就引进优良菌根菌对桉树人工林生产的重要性进行讨论     

Composted biosolids as a source of iron for hybrid poplars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> sp.) grown in northwest New Mexico

Composted sewage sludge (biosolids) supply plant available Fe and may represent a sustainable alternative to more costly chelated Fe fertilizers currently used to supplement nutrition in hybrid poplar test plots of elevated soil pH. To test the response of poplars, field plots were amended with composted biosolids at two agricultural rates: 22.75 and 44.5 Mg ha⁻¹. Iron EDDHA served as a fertilizer check and control plots received no amendment. The hybrid poplar OP-367 (Populus deltoides × P. nigra) was planted on a 3.6 m grid spacing. Significant amounts of P and Fe originating from the sewage treatment process were detected in soils 13 months after amending. Chlorosis evaluated with a SPAD-502 meter, showed that poplars amended with biosolids remained the least chlorotic and had greater tree growth when compared to Fe EDDHA and control plots during two growing seasons. Biosolids show promise as a cost effective alternative for the remediation of Fe chlorosis in hybrid poplar agroforestry plantations and present new opportunities in northwestern New Mexico for municipalities seeking solid waste land disposal options.     

Natural Resistance of Two Plantation Woods Populus × canadensis cv. and Cunninghamia lanceolata to Decay Fungi and Termites

Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three testing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. After the decay test using Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, Chinese fir and the I-214 poplar showed 34% and 69% of mass loss, respectively, indicating they should be classified as slightly durable and non-durable wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the fungus cellar test and the field test. Like the performance in the decay test, I-214 poplar showed no resistance to termites either in the laboratory or in the field, whereas Chinese fir would be classified as moderately resistant. [Supported by Sino-Japanese Technical Cooperation Project Titled “Studies on Chinese Plantation Wood” (JICA PROJECT/033-1418-E-O)]