5 - 氨基乙酰丙酸和金雀异黄素促进苹果果皮花青素形成的效应

 无论是树上的苹果果实还是离体果皮, 5 - 氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA) 处理均能显著促进果皮花青素积累, 而金雀异黄素(GNT) 促进离体果皮花青素积累的效应比ALA还明显。光照、ALA和GNT处理均诱导果皮PAL活性短时上升, 表明花青素积累涉及到合成酶活性的诱导。     

L-谷氨酸促进富士苹果花青素积累的效应

为了探索更为经济适用的果实增色技术,以13年生富士苹果为材料,在果实着色初期(9月中旬)用200～800mg/L谷氨酸(Glu)溶液处理,然后分批取样,分析结果表明,不同浓度谷氨酸处理均能明显促进果皮花青素积累,增加果实着色面积,并明显增加果实可溶性糖含量。分析果实中内源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)含量,发现Glu能够促进内源ALA含量提高,推测Glu促进苹果着色可能与其促进ALA生物合成有关。分析果实着色过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性,没有观察到这些抗氧化酶活性与果实着色之间存在着明显的相关关系。     

采前5-氨基乙酰丙酸处理对杧果果实理化特性和颜色发育的影响

以8年生矮化"Valencia Pride"杧果为材料,采前20 d,分别用5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)0、100、200、300、400 mg/L浸果,20 d后采摘,室温贮藏15 d,随机抽样测定果实理化性质指标。结果表明,ALA处理增加了果皮L~*和a~*值,降低了H°;提高了果实抗氧化酶活性、可溶性固形物含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,提高了固酸比;同时显著提高了感官评价员对杧果果实的接受性。以ALA 300 mg/L处理对供试杧果果实着色和品质提高效果最佳。     

5–氨基乙酰丙酸促进桃果皮提前着色机制研究

 在‘早白花’桃果实着色前,用300、100和50 mg · L^-1的5–氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）溶液涂布果实。结果表明：ALA处理可促进果皮提前着色,促使果实提前成熟,且以300 mg · L^-1效果最为明显,比对照早约5 d。ALA处理还显著促进了UFGT、DFR、LDOX和CHS的提前表达,并且基因表达水平与花色素苷的积累趋势具有很好的一致性。据此推测ALA可能参与了桃果实成熟以及花色素苷合成的调控,对果皮花色素苷提前合成具有促进作用。     

S-诱抗素处理对'巨峰'葡萄果实花青素含量及品质的影响

为研究S-诱抗素对'巨峰'葡萄果实生长、果实着色效果、果实品质、花青素含量及相关酶活性变化的影响,指导S-诱抗素在'巨峰'葡萄生产上合理使用,采用不同质量浓度(0、100、200、300、400 mg/L)的S-诱抗素在葡萄果实转色初期进行茎叶喷雾处理。结果表明:S-诱抗素处理后外观色泽得到有效改善,葡萄果皮着色指数(CIRG)、花青素、叶绿素含量显著提高;随着时间推移,果实可溶性固形物、维生素C含量有不同程度的提高,可滴定酸含量明显下降;花青素合成相关酶PAL、CHI活性提高。葡萄果实转色初期(第2次膨大期,转色面积为50%～10%)不同浓度S-诱抗素处理对葡萄着色存在低促高抑的影响,其中用300mg/LS-诱抗素茎叶喷雾处理1次作用效果最好。     

春雪桃果实膨大期喷施多效唑对果实品质的影响

以桃品种春雪为试材,在果实膨大期喷施不同浓度(1 000、1 500 mg/L)多效唑,以喷清水为对照,研究其对果实品质的影响。结果表明:喷施15%多效唑可湿性粉剂1 000、1 500 mg/L处理单果重、果肉起始硬度、果肉平均硬度均显著高于对照,核果比率均显著低于对照,果皮硬度、果皮脆性均高于对照,果皮破裂距离均低于对照;喷施15%多效唑可湿性粉剂1 000 mg/L处理果实可溶性糖、维生素C含量及固酸比、糖酸比均显著高于对照,可滴定酸含量显著低于对照,显著改善了果实风味;喷施15%多效唑可湿性粉剂1 000、1 500 mg/L处理果实中农药残留量分别为0.29、0.64mg/kg,其中15%多效唑可湿性粉剂1 000 mg/L处理低于限量标准(MRL≤0.5 mg/kg)。综合来看,以喷施15%多效唑可湿性粉剂1 000 mg/L效果较佳。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对兔眼蓝莓光合性能及果实产量和品质的影响

以12年生兔眼蓝莓品种‘园蓝’为试材,研究了花后喷施5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对植株光合性能及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:喷施300mg/L ALA处理对兔眼蓝莓光合能力和产量的促进作用最大,叶片叶绿素含量相对值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别比对照提高4.5%、19.8%、19.4%和19.5%,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的有效光量子产额[Y(Ⅱ)]分别比对照上升0.7%、10.9%,果实纵径、横径、单果重和单株产量分别比对照高3.0%、3.3%、8.3%和8.1%。适量外源ALA可在一定程度上提高兔眼蓝莓果实可溶性糖含量,降低果实酸度,果实维生素C含量因果实变大而降低,低浓度和高浓度ALA处理果实总酚和总黄酮含量较高。由此推测适量ALA通过增强兔眼蓝莓光合效能,提高果实大小,从而提高产量,并改善部分品质指标。     

苹果成熟期间果皮花青素含量与果实品质的关系

以８年生陆奥、王林和富士苹果为试材,经套袋处理使三者果实着红色,对果皮花青素含量与果实品质之间的关系进行了研究,回归方程的拟合结果表明：所有供试品种及处理,花青素含量与可滴定酸含量、ｐＨ值以及固酸比之间分别呈显著或极显著的抛物线相关关系;而与可溶性固形物含量只有陆奥达极显著相关。着色果皮的红色与果实硬度之间不存在相关关系。     

外源脱落酸对巨玫瑰葡萄着色及浆果品质的影响

本文以避雨栽培巨玫瑰葡萄为试验材料,在转色期用脱落酸(ABA)溶液100 mg/L、500mg/L和1 000mg/L处理果穗,并对成熟过程中果皮花色苷含量、果汁可溶性固性物含量(TSS)、可滴定酸含量和pH值进行了测定。结果表明,三种浓度ABA处理均能促进果皮的着色和果实成熟,但却抑制果汁可溶性固形物含量提高和单粒重的快速增加。其中,ABA 500mg/L处理在显著提高巨玫瑰葡萄果皮中的花色苷含量,降低可滴定酸含量的同时,其可溶性固形物超过上市的最低质量标准,并且能使葡萄果实提早10天成熟,整体上提高了果实品质。     

山葡萄种质资源原花青素分布及其含量动态变化

采用香草醛-HPLC结合法对39份山葡萄种质资源及"贝达"的种子、果皮中原花青素含量进行测定,比较了山葡萄种质资源间原花青素含量和分布的特点与差异,并对其中4个山葡萄品种"双优"、"双红"、"双丰"和"双庆"的叶片、茎皮、果皮和种子原花青素动态含量进行测定,分析了原花青素在山葡萄各器官中的变化规律。结果表明:山葡萄种质资源原花青素含量存在较大变异,成熟果实种子与果皮原花青素含量变化幅度较大,变化范围分别为0.42～8.00mg/gFW和1.2～14.7mg/g FW;野生资源与选育品种间、不同花性种质间、不同地域种质间原花青素含量差异均不显著;果皮中原花青素含量高于种子,且差异显著;4个山葡萄品种不同器官原花青素含量动态变化与欧亚种酿酒葡萄存在明显差异,叶片原花青素含量在青果期升高,转色期下降,成熟期小幅度升高;茎皮原花青素含量在青果期升高,转色期、成熟期下降;果皮中原花青素含量在青果期,转色期缓慢升高,成熟期迅速升高;种子原花青素含量在青果期、转色期升高,成熟期下降。     

Delayed harvest improves red blush development and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple

The poor red blush development on ‘Cripps Pink’ (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apple fruit at commercial maturity (CM) reduces the economic return to apple growers in warmer regions of the world. The effects of delayed harvest maturity up to 6 weeks following CM on the development of red blush and fruit quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated at two locations in Western Australia during 2003 and 2004. The red blush, export-grade fruit, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin of apple fruit skin tissues increased with advancement of harvest maturity at both locations in both years, whereas hue angle, concentration of phloridzin, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) of apple fruit tissues decreased with delayed harvest. The internal ethylene concentration was elevated with the delayed harvest. The concentrations of quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside increased up to 2 weeks following CM, and then declined in 2003 at both locations and at Perth Hills in 2004. Delayed harvest resulted in improved development of red blush on the fruit surface, accumulation of total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides in fruit skin, SSC:TA ratio and reduced fruit firmness possibly due to the increased ethylene production.     

Harvest parameters to improve the storability of high quality ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple

Summary

‘Reinette du Canada’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which has been declared a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product throughout the European Community, is severely affected by bitter pit during storage, but increasing demand for organic produce requires chemical post-harvest treatments to be replaced with organic practices. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum stage of fruit maturity to improve the storability of high quality ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple during storage without applying post-harvest treatments. Seasonal conditions influenced fruit quality and the occurrence of storage disorders in ‘Reinette du Canada’. Harvest maturity also influenced the quality of ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple during storage, with later harvests reducing the development of bitter pit and increasing the soluble solids content:titratable acidity (SSC:TA) ratio. This study suggests that the SSC:TA ratio was a useful parameter for determining the optimum harvest maturity for high acidity, ‘Reinette du Canada’ apple. High quality fruit were obtained after long-term storage when the SSC:TA ratio exceeded 11.0, and fruit firmness at harvest exceeded 90 N. If these thresholds were not achieved, the quality of harvested ‘Reinette du Canada’ apples may not be sufficient to market fruit with the PDO designation. The results of our study also suggested that skin hue angle (hº) measurements may provide a quick and useful index that could replace fruit firmness measurements in the future.     

不同时期套袋对鄂梨2号果实品质的影响

分别于谢花后20、30、40、50、60d对鄂梨2号[中香×(伏梨×启发),Pyrus pyrifolia Nskai.cv.Eli No.2)]进行套袋处理,结果表明,套袋时期越早,果皮越厚,果面亮度值越高,L值越大,同时果点覆盖值越小,单位面积果点数越少,果面越光洁,外观越漂亮。套袋时期越早,果实平均单果质量有降低的趋势,果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)、可溶性糖(SS)含量降低,风味变淡;同时果实SSC/TA、SS/TA、果肉硬度有增加的趋势。各时期处理果实维生素C含量差异不显著。综合评价得出,鄂梨2号最适宜的套袋时期为谢花后30～40d。     

不同时期摘袋对'富士'苹果着色的影响

通过测定不同时期摘袋'富士'苹果果实着色生理指标的变化规律,探讨对其着色的影响.结果表明:盛花后130 d(熊岳9月20日左右)开始到月底(9月30日)摘袋,果实着色快,且随着摘袋时间的推迟,着色有加快趋势.摘内袋后10～15 d,果皮花青苷含量迅速上升且着色快,但果实含糖量尚未达到理想值,辽宁熊岳地区10月20～25日左右采收,可溶性固形物可达16%～17%,此时采收果实品质风味较佳.     

红富士苹果采后二氧化氯处理的保鲜作用

研究了二氧化氯(ClO2)处理对红富士苹果在冷藏条件下的防腐保鲜效果的影响,为ClO2应用于红富士苹果采后防腐保鲜提供一定的理论依据和技术参考.分别用浓度(有效成分)O、20、50、80 mg·L1的ClO2溶液采后处理红富士苹果,定期测定果实生理品质指标,并在贮藏末期观察统计其腐烂指数.结果表明,适宜浓度的ClO2采...     

The effect of rootstock on yield and quality of ‘Mutsu’ apples

Summary

Yield and fruit quality parameters were studied during three years in a rootstock trial with ‘Mutsu’ apple. M.9 provided the highest total yield per tree as well as the highest quantity of intermediate and yellow fruit as compared with J.9, M.26 and B.9. Within similar colour categories, significant differences among rootstocks were also recorded for fruit starch degradation pattern (SDP), firmness, titratable acidity (TA), and soluble solids concentrations (SSC). Generally, the lowest SDP and highest fruit firmness was found in fruits from trees on rootstocks M.26 and B.9. The highest TA was found in fruits from trees on rootstocks M.26 and J.9 and the highest SSC in fruits from trees on rootstocks J.9 and B.9. However, considerable variations among years were also recorded. Correlation coefficients between rootstock and several yield and quality parameters revealed high correlation to SSC for green fruit and TA for medium and yellow fruit and some correlation to yield and number of fruits per tree.     

不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响

研究了相同光强下不同光质对丰香草莓生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同光质膜处理对草莓的生长结果、干物质分配和果实品质均有影响。与中性膜相比,绿膜和红膜下草莓植株的叶柄长度和叶面积显著增加,而蓝膜的叶柄长度和叶面积明显较低。光质不同也影响草莓干物质的分配,干物质向叶片和叶柄分配比例绿膜最高,蓝膜最低,其它膜之间相近。而干物质向果实、冠状茎和根系中的分配比例均以蓝膜最高,其次为红膜,绿膜最低,黄膜与中性膜相近。红膜下生长的草莓,产量最高、果实最大;蓝膜下可溶性固形物含量、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比最高;而绿膜下则产量最低、果实最小、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比最低。抗坏血酸含量的高低与不同膜中的紫外和蓝紫光的比例一致,与红光/蓝光比值相反。     

采后热空气处理对金冠苹果后熟衰老及病害的影响

金冠苹果采用38℃,72h或96h热空气处理,可降低0℃贮藏中果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,延缓非溶性果胶的降解,维持较高的硬度、脆度,同时也会加速果皮的褪绿变黄和固酸比的上升,尤其是38℃96h处理的作用效果更为明显,显著提高了货架期后(20℃7d)苹果的质地品质和可接受程度,延缓衰老。苹果分别接种扩展青霉、灰葡萄孢霉,0℃和20℃条件下其病害发生率和腐烂均很严重,采用38℃96h热空气处理可以完全控制病害的发生,避免腐烂。可见,热空气处理一方面能延缓金冠苹果的后熟衰老,另一方面还能控制贮期病害的发生。