宁夏灌淤土对磷吸附的初步研究

本文报道了宁夏灌淤土12个代表性土样对磷的等温吸附与解吸特性。实测吸附曲线与Preundlich、Langmuir和Temkin三种等温吸附方程都很吻合。全部供试样品的相关系数变化在0.931-0.999之间,均达极显著水平(p<0.01)。其中Langmuir等温式与本实验资料最为吻合。供试土壤对磷的最大吸附量(X_m)变化在172-460μgP/g之间,平均为347±28μgP/g。影响其大小的因子主要是物理性粘粒和CaCO₃,含量,均达极显著正相关。灌淤土不同土层的吸磷量大小依次为:剖面24>23>21>22,而解吸磷能力大小依次为:剖面23>22>21>24。磷的解吸量与吸附量之间呈极显著正相关。根据本试验数据,土壤对磷的等温吸附曲线可以用来预测土壤需磷量。     

Evaluation of Adsorption Isotherm Models for Potassium Adsorption under Different Soil Types in Wolaita of Southern Ethiopia

Adsorption isotherm is essential for predicting its mechanisms, which are important for potassium (K) fertilizer application and to recommendation appropriate rates for acidic soils. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate K adsorption characteristic of the selected soils by comparing different adsorption models with soil properties of the soil in different districts (Sodo Zurie, Damot Gale, Damot Sore and Boloso Sore) in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Four adsorption isotherms are: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Van Huay were used to describe adsorption processes. Composite surface (0-20 cm) depth soil samples from four districts sites were collected. The results revealed that the K adsorption data coincide with both models with (r² = 0.99). However, Freundlich model was better in describing K adsorption than the other model. The adsorption maxima(ad_(max), distribution coefficient, buffer capacity (BC), and adsorption capacity(a_(capacity) values of soils ranged from -333 to334.5,0.54 to78.7,159.9 to 389.3, and 327 to 417mg Kkg^-1 respectively, these results showed that Sodo Zurie, Bolos Sore and Demote Sore were effective model parameters. Van Huay a_(capacity) 417mg Kkg^-1 while the bonding energy constant Langmuir is -0.075mg Kkg^-1 in Bolos Sore soil compared to other soils, which were found to be more valuable in discriminating between high K adsorption soils. Correlation between some soil properties with ad_(max) were positively a highly correlated with clay, pH, organic carbon (OC) and exchangeable potassium with r² = 0.92**, 0.93**, 0.95** and 0.96 ** respectively, but negatively correlated with bonding energy with r²= -0.79, -0.80,-0.77 and -0.72 respectively, while calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was very highly correlated with ad_(max) r²= 0.99***). The Freundlich constant, Temkin BC, and Van Hauy a_(capacity) were correlated with CaCO3 content soils with r²=0.12,-0.01,and 0.12,respectively, while slope (1/n) was significantly negatively correlated with soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), CaCO₃, clay contents and exchangeable K and Mg²⁺ with r²= 0.04, -0.67, -0.78, -0.69, and –0.69, respectively. These findings reveal the extent of K depletion in the soils of Wolaita providing a baseline for K rates required for crop production and validation of all models through real-time experiments in the field; this is recommended before the models are used on a large scale basis.     

Zinc Adsorption by Mineral Soils of Finland

Abstract

Zinc adsorption by 10 (pH 4.0–6.5) cultivated mineral soils from Finland was studied in batch experiments. Additions of Zn ranged up to 600 mg kg^?1 of soil and the corresponding equilibrium concentrations were 0.1–13 mg 1^?1. In each soil, Zn adsorption conformed to the Freundlich isotherm. Despite a relatively low initial Zn adsorption by the acidic soils, each of the soils proved to have a high potential to adsorb Zn, but the capacity was highly pH dependent. In addition to the conventional Freundlich adsorption isotherms, calculated separately for each soil, extended Freundlich-type isotherms that also incorporate soil pH and other soil characteristics were used to describe Zn adsorption of several soils simultaneously in one equation. The pH-dependent Freundlich adsorption isotherm proved to serve as a practical tool to assess Zn adsorption by soils varying in pH and other characteristics.     

Adsorption of Atrazine and Alachlor to Aquifer Material and Soil

Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methyl)-1,3,5 triazine-2,3-diamine] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide] are agricultural herbicides used in large quantities and, as a consequence, are common contaminants in groundwater and surface water. The retention of these herbicides in soils and their degradation in aqueous environments is highly dependent upon their adsorption to solid surfaces. The adsorption of atrazine and alachlor was investigated on three typical Kansas and underlying aquifers known to be vulnerable to contamination. More alachlor was adsorbed to the soils and sediments than atrazine. The adsorption coefficients for atrazine were 2 to 5 times higher for soils than for aquifer sediments. For alachlor, the adsorption coefficients were 4 to 20 times higher for soil than for aquifer solids. Both linear and Freundlich isotherms represented the adsorption data well in all cases. The slope of the Freundlich isotherms, 1/n, was close to one, with the exception of alachlor adsorption onto the Topeka aquifer sediment (1/n = 0.67). The K _d values found in these studies were comparable to the lower range of those reported in the literature.     

Effects of Biochar and Biosolid on Adsorption of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium in Two Soils

Increasing the retention of nutrients by agricultural soils is of great interest to minimize losses of nutrients by leaching and/or surface runoff. Soil amendments play a role in nutrient retention by increasing the surface area and/or other chemical processes. Biochar (BC) is high carbon-containing by-product of pyrolysis of carbon-rich feedstocks to produce bioenergy. Biosolid is a by-product of wastewater treatment plant. Use of these by-products as amendments to agricultural soils is beneficial to improve soil properties, soil quality, and nutrient retention and enhance carbon sequestration. In this study, the adsorption of NH₄-N, P, and K by a sandy soil (Quincy fine sand (QFS)) and a silty clay loam soil (Warden silty loam (WSL)) with BC (0, 22.4, and 44.8 mg ha^?1) and biosolid (0 and 22.4 mg ha^?1) amendments were investigated. Adsorption of NH₄-N by the QFS soil increased with BC application at lower NH₄-N concentrations in equilibrium solution. For the WSL soil, NH₄-N adsorption peaked at 22.4 mg ha^?1 BC rate. Biosolid application increased NH₄-N adsorption by the WSL soil while decreased that in the QFS soil. Adsorption of P was greater by the WSL soil as compared to that by the QFS soil. Biosolid amendment significantly increased P adsorption capacity in both soils, while BC amendment had no significant effects. BC and biosolid amendments decreased K adsorption capacity by the WSL soil but had no effects on that by the QFS soil. Ca release with increasing addition of K was greater by the WSL soil as compared to that by the QFS soil. In both the soils, Ca release was not influenced by BC amendment while it increased with addition of biosolid. The fit of adsorption data for NH₄-N, P, and K across all treatments and in two soils was better with the Freundlich model than that with the Langmuir model. The nutrients retained by BC or biosolid amended soils are easily released, therefore are readily available for the root uptake in cropped soils.     

Michaelis constant of soil acid phosphatase

In heterogeneous systems enzyme reactions must be studied in relation to their molecular environment. A particular case is the adsorption of a substrate by soil surfaces. In a phosphatase activity determination p-nitrophenyl phosphate was adsorbed according to the Freundlich law. Taking into account the substrate adsorption an equation is derived for K_m value determinations.The corrected K_m values are smaller than found in homogeneous solution and in the organic soils selected the corrected K_m values are close to values reported for plants and microorganisms.     

土壤对磷的吸附与解吸及需磷量探讨

本文探讨了不同质地土壤对磷的吸附与解吸。根据Langmuir方程式求出不同土壤对磷的最大吸附量。影响磷吸附的土壤理化性质主要为粘粒含量、碳酸盐含量和有效磷含量。以Freundhich方程式X=ac^b中的c值为每克土中含P0.2μg时而计算出的X量可做为施磷量的依据。     

Relationship between Freundlich isotherm Coefficients,log K F and 1 / n for atrazine desorption from soils in Japan

Desorption experiments were conducted on 21 soils at 3 atrazine concentrations. The Freundlich isotherm was used to estimate atrazine desorption. For the relationship between Freundlich isotherm coefficients, log K _F and 1 / n, 1 / n was also represented by a linear regression of log K _F as in the case of atrazine adsorption. All the linear regression lines of desorption exhibited larger slopes and intercepts than those of adsorption. When the atrazine concentration was high, the slope and intercept values were smaller than those for the desorption regression lines. The results showed that the larger the capacity of a soil to adsorb atrazine, the lesser the amount of atrazine desorbed. For the cultivated soils except for Andisols, the percentages of atrazine taken from solutions using the sequential exchange method after the first adsorption experiments, were the same as those desorbed from soils in relation to the initial amount adsorbed. Thus, reversible adsorption occurred in the soils due to weak physical adsorption.     

Phosphate sorption by Greek alkaline soils evaluated with a modified Freundlich Equation

Phosphate adsorption of calcareous and non calcareous alkaline Greek soils was studied using the Freundlich Equation modified as to take also into account q, the quantity of phosphorus (P) already existing in these soils. Relatively high amounts of phosphate added were adsorbed, with a minimum of 44.5% at the highest level of P addition, being 600 μg P/g soil. The fit of the modified Freundlich Equation to the experimental data was best, when the values of bicarbonate extractable P were assigned to q, in comparison to both lower and higher values, Correction for q as above, resulted also in a statistically significant positive relationship between the Freundlich coefficient a, a capacity term with respect to P adsorption, and OM of the soils studied.     

Adsorption-desorption of atrazine on four soils of Hyderabad

The adsorption-desorption equilibrium of atrazine (2-chloro, 4-ethylamino, 6-isopropyl amino-1, 3, 5 triazine) was studied by the batch equilibration method at 27 ± 1 °C on four soils of Hyderabad. Adsorption isotherms conformed to the Freundlich equation (A = KC^1/n ). K increased in the same order as the organic C content of the soils. Desorption studies were conducted by repeated replacement of 5 mL of the supernatant equilibrium solutions after adsorption, with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Desorption isotherms showed considerable hysteresis which was more prominent when the desorption was carried out with higher adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption from the lowest level of adsorbed atrazine (3 to 5 μg g^?1 soil) was close to the adsorption isotherm. The cumulative desorption after four desorption steps covering five days was significantly different at the 1% level, for different initial adsorbed concentrations of atrazine. Desorption was significantly higher at the lowest adsorbed level of atrazine. The soils differed significantly at 6% level for desorption and the amount desorbed decreased in the inverse order of organic C. Desorption isotherms also conformed to Freundlich equation but K andn values were both higher than that for adsorption and increased with increase in initially adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption thus confirmed the irreversible nature of the adsorption of atrazine on these soils. The quantitative factors and reasons for desorption are discussed.     

Verification of the prediction technique for the amount of adsorbed linuron on soils

The Freundlich isotherm was used to estimate the adsorption of the herbicide linuron on 39 Japanese soils to confirm the suitability of the prediction technique used in atrazine adsorption. Linuron was adsorbed on the soils according to the Freundlich isotherm. In conjunction with the log K _F prediction equation derived from the soil characteristics, it was possible to predict the linuron adsorption. Comparison of the equations for linuron with those for atrazine, indicated that the difference in the intercept of the 1 / n regression line against log K _F reflected the adsorptive characteristics of the herbicides.     

Boron adsorption and desorption in some acid soils of West Bengal,India

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of soil properties on adsorption and desorption of boron (B) as well as to estimate the degree of reversibility of adsorption reactions. The utility of Freundlich and Langmuir equations for characterizing the plant availability of applied B in soils was established using soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as a test crop. The adsorption-desorption study revealed that Fe₂O₃ and clay were primarily responsible for retaining added B in all the 25 different soils under investigation. Organic carbon, pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) positively influenced the adsorption of B while free Fe₂O₃, organic carbon and clay retarded release of B from these soils. The degree of irreversibility (hysteresis) of B adsorption/desorption increased with increase in organic carbon and CEC of these soils. Freundlich isotherm proved more effective in describing B adsorption in soils as compared to Langmuir equation. The split Langmuir isotherm demonstrated that any of the adsorption maxima, calculated from lower, upper or entire isotherm, could be of practical use. Contrary, bonding energy coefficient, calculated either at lower or higher equilibrium concentration failed to show any practical benefit. Regression models as a function of B application rate and adsorption equation parameters to predict B uptake from applied B, demonstrated the utility of Langmuir and Freundlich equation parameters.     

Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Adsorption and Insecticidal Activity of Toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis

With the large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxin in the world, the problem of environmental safety caused by these Bt crops has received extensive attention. The effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on the adsorption and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin in variable- and constant-charge soils (red and brown soils, respectively) were studied. Organic carbon in the soils was removed using hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2). After H_2O_2 treatment, the SOM in the red and brown soils decreased by 71.26% and 82.82%, respectively. Mineral composition of the H_2O_2-treated soils showed no significant changes,but soil texture showed a slight change. After SOM removal, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH decreased, while the specific surface area (SSA), point of zero charge (PZC), and zeta potential increased. The adsorption isotherm experiment showed that the Bt toxin adsorption on the natural and H_2O_2-treated soils fitted both the Langmuir model (R~2≥ 0.985 7) and the Freundlich model (R~2≥ 0.984 1), and the amount of toxin adsorbed on the H_2O_2-treated soils was higher than that on the natural soils. There was a high correlation between the maximum adsorption of Bt toxin and the PZC of soils (R~2= 0.935 7); thus, Bt toxin adsorption was not only influenced by SOM content, but also by soil texture, as well as the SSA, CEC, PZC, and zeta potential. The LC_(50) (lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the larvae) values for Bt toxin in the H_2O_2-treated soils were slightly lower than those in the natural soils, suggesting that the environmental risk from Bt toxin may increase if SOM decreases. As the measurement of insecticidal activity using insects is expensive and time consuming, a rapid and convenient in vitro method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays is recommended for evaluating Bt toxin degradation in soils in future studies.     

Molybdenum Determination in Mehlich‐1 and Mehlich‐3 Soil Test Extracts and Molybdenum Adsorption in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The extractant Mehlich‐1 is routinely used in Brazil for determination of soil nutrients, whereas Mehlich‐3 has been suggested as a promising extractor for soil fertility evaluation. Both were used for extraction of molybdenum (Mo) in Brazilian soils with Mo dosage by the KI+H₂O₂ method. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study soil Mo adsorption. Mehlich‐1 extracted more Mo than Mehlich‐3 in soils with high contents of organic matter, clay, and iron (Fe) oxides. Mehlich‐3 and Mehlich‐1 extractions correlated positively and significantly with amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and organic matter. Molybdenum recovering rates correlated to crystalline Fe oxides and clay contents but not to organic matter, pH, and Mo adsorption capacity. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides, clay, and organic matter were responsible for most of the Mo adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm described better the Mo adsorption to soil amorphous Fe oxides and organic matter than the Freundlich isotherm.     

汞在山东省三种森林土壤上的吸附解吸特征研究

As one of the most toxic heavy metals with persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in environment, mercury and its envi- ronmental problems have caused a global concern. To fully understand the behavior and fate of mercury (Hg)(Ⅱ) in forest soils, a series of batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Hg(Ⅱ) by three dark brown forest soils from Mount Taishan, Laoshan Mountain, and Fanggan Village in Shandong Province, China. The adsorption solution was prepared using 0.1 mol L-1 NaNO3 as background electrolyte, with Hg(Ⅱ) at rising concentration gradients of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mg L-1 . Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was adopted to characterize the soil samples and soil-Hg complexes. It was found that Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The soil from Mount Taishan had the largest potential Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption capacity, though with less adsorptive intensity. The percentages of Hg(Ⅱ) desorbed from all soil samples were less than 0.6%, which suggested that all the soils studied had a high binding strength for Hg(Ⅱ). The soil from Mount Taishan had a higher Hg(Ⅱ) desorption capacity than the other soils, which indicated that the Hg(Ⅱ) deposited on the topsoil of Mount Taishan from atmosphere may easily discharge to surface water through runoff. Results of the FTIR spectroscopy showed that the three soils contained the same functional groups. The relative absorbencies of soil-Hg complexes changed significantly compared with those of the soil samples and the adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ) mainly acted on the O-H, C-O, and C=O groups of the soils.     

Manganese retention by selected calcareous soils as related to soil properties

Abstract

Calcareous soils often need supplemental manganese (Mn) to support optimum plant growth, but some reports show that the apparent recovery of applied Mn is very low in such soils, i.e., nearly all of the applied Mn is retained in the soil. This experiment was conducted to find the relationship between the retained Mn and selected properties of calcareous soils. Eleven surface (0–20 cm) soil samples with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.1 and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranging from 20 to 50% were used in the Mn adsorption study. Two‐gram subsamples of each soil were equilibrated with 20 mL of 0.01M CaCl₂ solutions initially containing 10 to 200 mg Mn L^‐1. The Mn that disappeared from solution (after 6 h shaking at 25°C) was considered as adsorbed (retained) Mn. The adsorption data showed a highly significant fit to Freundlich and also to the two‐surface Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The coefficients of both isotherms showed significant positive correlations with cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and CCE of the soils indicating that OM and calcium carbonate are the sites of Mn retention in calcareous soils. Comparison of the adsorption data of this experiment with those of plant Mn uptake of the same soils (published earlier) shows that as the Langmuir second surface adsorption maxima (maximum retention capacity) of the soils increase the plant Mn concentration and uptake decrease.     

应用Langmuir等温式解释我国东北某些土壤对磷酸离子的吸附作用

目前应用Langmuir吸附等温式来探讨土壤对磷酸离子的吸附作用,较为广泛.自从Olsen(1957)系统地报道以来,从机理到结合生产实际的研究已有大量的报道,我国近年来也有研究.由于土壤本身组成的复杂性,多数学者用纯物质(如纯粘土或铁与铝的含水氧化物等)进行吸附等温式的机理研究,已取得了很多结果.     

土壤对磷的吸持特性及其与土壤供磷指标之间的关系

本试验测定了浙江省几种代表性土壤对磷的等温吸持特性。实测值与Frundlich、Langmuir、两项式Langmuir和Temkin方程都很符合,相关系数变化范围在0.919-0.999之间,都达到极显著水平。其中以简单Langmuir等温式与本实验资料最为吻合。从Langmuir方程得到的土壤吸持特性值(k×q_m)被认为与土壤供磷特性有关。几种供试样品的(k×q_m)值是:针铁矿21100>黄筋泥4218>黄筋泥田991>青紫泥798>粉泥田660>高岭石485>老黄筋泥田423>泥质田298。根据土壤吸持特性值以田菁进行盆栽试验来估算作物磷肥需要量,结果表明,供磷强度0.3ppm P基本能满足田菁早期生长的需要。为使不同土壤达到相同的供磷强度,(k×q_m)值大的土壤要求更高的有效磷值。供试土壤的几种磷素指标:E值、Bray1-P值和(NaOH-Na₂C₂O₄)法值对(k×q_m)值的变化比较敏感,而EDTA-P和Olsen-P指标对(k×q_m)值的变化较为迟钝。     

Phosphate desorption from flooded and reoxidized soils as compared with adsorption characteristics

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to show how phosphorus (P) desorption can bring further information to what is inferred from adsorption experiments. A simple calculation procedure is proposed to predict the P amount that would be desorbed by washing with salt solution if adsorption was completely reversible. Consequently, the interpretation of P desorption can focus on the irreversible part of adsorption. This approach is applied to samples of acid sulfate soil from Vietnam that have been submerged for different periods of time, at 20°C and 30°C, and also to samples that were reoxidized after flooding. Phosphate desorption linearly increases with P concentration in solution and exponentially decreases with increasing adsorption capacity as expressed by the Freundlich coefficient of adsorption isotherms. These two types of relationships are correctly predicted by our calculation procedure. As far as reversibility is concerned, we find that with respect to calculated desorption, the proportion of irreversible adsorption greatly differ according to treatments. In relative terms, adsorption reversibility is lowest in the reoxidized soils and highest in the wet soils incubated at 30°C. This is related to the type and crystallinity of Fe‐oxihydroxides and consequent differences in P‐bonding energies.     

Evaluation of phosphorus sorption by an allophanic soil

Solutions containing different P concentrations were equilibrated with samples of an allophanic soil from Navarra (Spain) to determine whether P sorption conformed qualitatively and quantitatively to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sokolowska isotherms.Phosphorus sorption conformed to the Langmuir isotherm. When the sorption d data were plotted according to the conventional and Hofstee forms, two linear relationships were obtained. At the lower equilibrium P concentrations the K₁ parameter determined by regression analysis was higher than those corresponding to higher equilibrium P concentrations. The values obtained for K₁ and K₂ by the conventional and Hofstee equations were different. A procedure for evaluating the coefficients for higher equilibrium P concentrations was proposed. The K₁ and K₂ values so obtained allowed us to generate an experimental curve by addition of calculated adsorption data. This suggests that the curve-splitting technique is satisfactory.The sorption data also conformed to the Freundlich and Sokolowska equations, but in the latter it was necessary to evaluate two different sets of parameters.The same experimental data can be adjusted to the three different equations, in one case with only one set of constants and in the other two cases with two different sets of parameters, one for the lower P concentrations and the other for the higher ones. Besides, to fit the experimental data to the Langmuir and Sokolowska equations, it was necessary to split the isotherm into two regions and these two regions were different for the Langmuir and the Sokolowska equations. This suggests that the parameters do not have any chemical signification and that they are only “curve fitting”.A study of the effect of pH on the P sorption indicated that low pH notably increased the P sorption.The soil samples had very high phosphate sorption capacity probably due to the very large specific surface and reactivity of the allophane.