不同硅制剂水培处理对小麦白粉病的作用效果及其机理的初步研究

 The effect of silica nano-particles, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and sodium silicate in solution culture on wheat powdery mildew and its action mechanism to pathogen attack were studied. The results showed that wheat seedlings cultured in nutrient solution with silicon compounds alleviated wheat powdery mil-dew, the control efficacies of TEOS and sodium silicate treatments were 54.08% and 51.36%, respectively, but that of silica nano-particles treatment was only 1.02%. Scanning electron micrograph and X-ray energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDX) showed that wheat leaves cultured in nutrient solution with TEOS and sodium silicate had more silicon deposition than that of silica nano-particles. It indicated that wheat possessed the equal good imbibe ability to TEOS and sodium silicate, but poor to silicate nano-particles. When wheat leaves were infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici, silicon might has a physical prohibition effect to pathogen spore penetration.     

Warming effects on plant biomass allocation and correlations with the soil environment in an alpine meadow,China

Alpine meadow ecosystem is fragile and highly sensitive to climate change.An understanding of the allocation of above-and below-ground plant biomass and correlations with environmental factors in alpine meadow ecosystem can result in better protection and effective utilization of alpine meadow vegetation.We chose an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China as the study area and designed experimental warming plots using a randomized block experimental design.We used single-tube infrared radiators as warming devices,established the warming treatments,and measured plant above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) during the growing seasons (May to September) in 2012 and 2013.We determined the allocation of biomass and the relationship between biomass and soil environment under the warming treatment.Biomass indices including above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) ,and soil factors including soil moisture and soil temperature at different depths were measured.The results showed that (1) BGB of the alpine meadow had the most significant allometric correlation with its AGB (y=298.7x~ (0.44) ,P0.001) ,but the relationship decreased under warming treatment and the determination coefficient of the functional equation was 0.102 which was less than that of 0.188 of the unwarming treatment (control) ; (2) BGB increased,especially in the deeper soil layers under warming treatment (P0.05) .At 0–10 cm soil depth,the percentages of BGB under warming treatment were smaller than those of the control treatment with the decreases being 8.52% and 8.23% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.However,the BGB increased 2.13% and 2.06% in 2012 and 2013,respectively,at 10–50 cm soil depths; (3) BGB had significant positive correlations with soil moisture at 100 cm depth and with soil temperature at 20–100 cm depths (P0.05) ,but the mean correlation coefficient of soil temperature was 0.354,greater than the 0.245 of soil moisture.R/S ratio had a significant negative correlation with soil temperature at 20 cm depth (P0.05) .The warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers increased the biomass allocation to above-ground plant parts,which leading to the increase in AGB;whereas the enhanced thawing of frozen soil in deep layers causing by warming treatment produced more moisture that affected plant biomass allocation.     

Clonostachys rosea 67-1液生孢子形成及其抗性研究

 The growth and sporulation of Clonostachys rosea strain 67-1 in PD broth was observed and figured out. A large amount of submerged spores were obtained in shake flask with proprietary Czapek me-dium. Meanwhile, the colonies of strain 67-1were cultured in PDA plate and aerial spores were collected by elution. Resistances of submerged spores and aerial spores to high temperature, dry condition and UV treatment were determined. The results showed that the survival of the submerged spores kept in 60℃ for 30 min was 76.7%, while the aerial spores were hardly germinated in the same condition. After two weeks' drying treatment, the spore activities were 89.2% and 29.3%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of submerged spores was 72.6% and that of aerial spores was 19.7% when exposing to UV for 1 min. It is illuminated that deep submerged fermentation is more efficient than solid culture for strain 67-1 to produce chlamydospores, which act as main component in biopesticide mass production.     

Growth and sustainability of Suaeda salsa in the Lop Nur,China

Extremely saline soils are very harsh environments for the growth and survival of most plant species, however, halophytes can grow well. The underlying mechanism of halophyte to resist high saline is not well understood by us. This study was conducted at the potash mine near the Lop Nur, China, where the effects of the halophyte Suaeda salsa L. on the saline-alkaline soils and its growth and sustainability were investigated. Four plots(in which the salt encrustation layers were removed), with different soil treatments were evaluated:(1) undisturbed soil, with no additional treatment(T1);(2) the slag soil zone, in which a 40-cm layer of slag was placed on the undisturbed soil surface(T2);(3) slag+sandy soil, in which a 20-cm layer of slag was placed in the lower layer and 20 cm of sandy soil, taken from an area about 70 km away from Lop Nur potash mine, where Tamarix species were growing, was placed in the upper layer(T3); and(4) a 40-cm sandy soil layer taken from the area where Tamarix species were growing was placed on undisturbed soil(T4). Soil nutrient contents increased in the four treatments, but salt content only decreased in the T1 treatment. Salt content in the T4 treatment increased over the two-year period, which may be partly attributed to salt deposition from wind-blown dust within the mine and salt accumulation within the surface soil(0–20 cm) in response to high evaporative demands. The S. salsa plants exhibited greater improvements in growth under the T4 treatment than under the T1, T2, and T3 treatments, which demonstrated that low levels of salinity are beneficial for the growth of this species. The T1 treatment was sustainable because of its low cost and superior soil improvement characteristics. Therefore, S. salsa plants not only reduced soil salinity and increased soil nutrient levels, but also ameliorated the plant growth environment, which would be beneficial for both the ecological restoration of the Lop Nur area and similar areas throughout the world.     

Changes in aggregate-associated organic carbon and nitrogen after 27 years of fertilization in a dryland alfalfa grassland on the Loess Plateau of China

Changes in the distribution of soil aggregate sizes and concentrations of aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) in response to the fertilization of grasslands are not well understood. Understanding these changes is essential to the sustainable development of artificial grasslands. For understanding these changes, we collected soil samples at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths from a semi-arid artificial alfalfa grassland after 27 years of applications of phosphorus(P) and nitrogen+phosphorus+manure(NPM) fertilizers on the Loess Plateau of China. The distribution of aggregate sizes and the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in total soils were determined. The results showed that NPM treatment significantly increased the proportions of 2.0 mm and 2.0–0.25 mm size fractions, the mean geometric diameter(MGD) and the mean weight diameter(MWD) in the 0–20 cm layer. Phosphorous fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of 2.0 mm size fractions, the MGD and the MWD in the 0–20 cm layer. Long-term application of fertilization(P and NPM) resulted in the accumulation of OC and N in soil aggregates. The largest changes in aggregate-associated OC and N in the 0–20 cm layer were found at the NPM treatment, whereas the largest changes in the 20–40 cm layer were found at the P treatment. The results suggest that long-term fertilization in the grassland leads to the accumulation of OC and N in the coarse size fractions and the redistribution of OC and N from fine size fractions to coarse size fractions.     

Combined effects of snow depth and nitrogen addition on ephemeral growth at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

Water and nitrogen(N) inputs are considered as the two main limiting factors affecting plant growth.Changes in these inputs are expected to alter the structure and composition of the plant community,thereby influencing biodiversity and ecosystem function.Snowfall is a form of precipitation in winter,and snow melting can recharge soil water and result in a flourish of ephemerals during springtime in the Gurbantunggut Desert,ChinaA bi-factor experiment was designed and deployed during the snow-covering season from 2009 to 2010.The experiment aimed to explore the effects of different snow-covering depths and N addition levels on ephemerals.Findings indicated that deeper snow cover led to the increases in water content in topsoil as well as density and coverage of ephemeral plants in the same N treatment;by contrast,N addition sharply decreased the density of ephemerals in the same snow treatment.Meanwhile,N addition exhibited a different effect on the growth of ephemeral plants:in the 50% snow treatment,N addition limited the growth of ephemeral plants,showing that the height and the aboveground biomass of the ephemeral plants were lower than in those without N addition;while with the increases in snow depth(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition benefited the growth of the dominant individual plants.Species richness was not significantly affected by snow in the same N treatment.However,N addition significantly decreased the species richness in the same snow-covering depth.The primary productivity of ephemerals in the N addition increased with the increase of snow depth.These variations indicated that the effect of N on the growth of ephemerals was restricted by water supply.With plenty of water(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition contributed to the growth of ephemeral plants;while with less water(50% snow treatment),N addition restricted the growth of ephemeral plants.     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.     

Tolerance to Zn deficiency and P-Zn interaction in wheat seedlings cultured in chelator-buffered solutions

Zinc deficiency is a common constraint for wheat production in the regions with limited precipitation,particularly in the regions with high levels of available phosphate (P) in soil.Two experiments were conducted using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions to characterize differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency among three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L).genotypes and to investigate the relationship between P and Zn nutrition in wheat species.Four indices,Zn efficiency,relative shoot-to-root ratio,total Zn uptake in shoot,and shoot dry weight were used to compare the tolerance to Zn deficiency among three wheat genotypes.The results indicated that the four indices could be used in breeding selection for Zn uptake-efficient genotypes.The genotype H6712 was the most tolerant to Zn deficient,followed by M19,and then X13.Specifically,H6712 had the highest Zn uptake efficiency among the three genotypes.The addition of P to the growth medium increased Zn uptake and translocation from roots to shoots.Total Zn content of the wheat plant was 43% higher with 0.6 mmol/L P treatment than that of control with 0 mmol /L P treatment.The Zn translocation ratios from roots to shoots were increased by 16% and 26% with 0.6 mmol/L P treatment and 3 mmol/L P treatment,respectively,compared with 0 mmol/L P treatment.In contrast,high Zn concentrations in the growth medium inhibited P translocation from roots to shoots,but the inhibitive effects were not strong.Sixty-six percent of P taken up by wheat plants was translocated to the wheat shoots at 0 μmol/L Zn treatment,while the percent was 60% at 3 μmol/L Zn treatment.The result may be due to the fact that the wheat plants need more P than Zn.     

2008年我国部分麦区小麦白粉病菌群体对温度的敏感性

 The sensitivity of 113 isolates of wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) sampled from 6 provinces or cities in 2008 to temperature was tested by detached leaf segment method with setting up 5 different temperatures indoor. The results showed the mean ET₅₀ (which represents the temperature that is required to obtain 50% of the maximum effect) of all isolates tested was 23.02℃. ET₅₀ values of 17.70% isolates were more than 24℃. The highest and the lowest ET₅₀ of isolates were 25.22℃ and 19.42℃, respectively. There were a certain differences for isolates sensitivity to temperature among different provinces or cites. It was also found that when temperature increased during 22-26℃, the latent period of isolates prolonged, and the latent period of different isolates was different at the same temperature, too. These results will provide a reference for the oversummering division of wheat powdery mildew, as well as the effect of climate to the disease.     

FM4-64在植物病原真菌和卵菌的细胞膜及囊泡染色中的应用

 FM4-64,a kind of membrane-selective fluorescent dye,was utilized to stain the membrane structure of Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici.The effect of FM4-64 on hypha was observed under confocal microscope.The results indicated that the plasma membrane,speta and vesicles of the hyphae could be stained with FM4-64 at the concentrations of 1 to 20 μmol/L.The optimal dye concentration was 6 μmol/L for the both pathogens.At the same concentration of FM4-64,the staining of organelles was in a time-dependent manner and the different organelles were stained in diferrent times.The staining of plasma membrane and vesicles should be completed in 5 minutes,as other organelles can be stained after 10 minutes.     

应用激光共聚焦显微扫描术研究小麦矮腥黑穗病菌和小麦网腥黑穗病菌冬孢子的自发荧光特性

本文应用共聚焦激光扫描显微术(CLSM)对小麦矮腥黑穗病(TCK)和小麦网腥黑穗病菌(TCT)冬孢子的自发荧光特性进行了研究。研究表明:在这两种冬孢子中,它们各自都含有自发荧光物质,而且都能在488nm、543nm这2种波长激发光激发下,分别在相应的510～530nm、580～600nm范围中得到相应发射光,只是在488nm波长激发光激发下,两种冬孢子发射出的光荧光强度最高,荧光光分布均匀,大体形态清楚;但层切扫描发现自发荧光在这两种冬孢子的空间分布存在明显差异:TCK冬孢子的自发荧光物质主要分布在外孢壁和网脊上,而在原生质中分布少;TCT冬孢子的自发荧光物质主要分布在原生质中,孢壁分布少,而网脊上不分布。应用CLSM在实际TCK检测工作中,能克服荧光显微镜存在的检测重复性较差、可靠性小的缺点,提升了TCK检验检疫的技术水平。     

应用激光共聚焦显微扫描技术鉴别小麦矮腥黑穗病病菌和小麦光腥黑穗病病菌冬孢子

应用激光共聚焦扫描显微术(CLSM)对小麦矮腥黑穗病病菌(TCK)和小麦光腥黑穗病病菌(TFL)冬孢子的自发荧光特性进行了研究。结果表明,两种冬孢子各自都含有自发荧光物质,均能在488 nm激发光下,分别在510~550 nm、530~600 nm中得到相应的发射光,且呈现的荧光分布均匀,大体形态清晰;而层切扫描发现自发荧光在这两种冬孢子的空间分布存在明显差异:TCK冬孢子的自发荧光物质主要分布在外孢壁和网脊上,而在原生质中分布少;TFL冬孢子的自发荧光物质主要分布在孢壁,原生质中分布少。     

中美小麦矮腥黑穗病菌鉴定合作研究:II.比较形态学研究

 对美国135个小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa Kuehn,以下简称TCK)及小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T.caries Tul.以下简称TCT)进行的比较形态学研究表明,网脊高度最具有鉴别意义。在中美双方所测的近万个数据中,TCK与TCT菌株的平均网脊高度值很少交叉,两个种在网脊高度上的区别具有种间的规律性和鉴别性。经人工污染样品及市场样品对各种模型的检测证明,根据逻辑方程推导出的临界网脊值可用于市场样品检验中对TCK的判别和鉴定,从而为准确、快速地鉴定进口粮中少量的或混合的TCK、TCT冬孢子提供了新途径。     

中美小麦矮腥黑穗病菌鉴定合作研究 Ⅱ.比较形态学研究

对美国135个小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa Kuehn,以下简称TCK)及小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T.caries Tul.以下简称TCT)进行的比较形态学研究表明,网脊高度最具有鉴别意义。在中美双方所测的近万个数据中,TCK与TCT菌株的平均网脊高度值很少交叉,两个种在网脊高度上的区别具有种间的规律性和鉴别性。经人工污染样品及市场样品对各种模型的检测证明,根据逻辑方程推导出的临界网脊值可用于市场样品检验中对TCK的判别和鉴定,从而为准确、快速地鉴定进口粮中少量的或混合的TCK、TCT冬孢子提供了新途径。     

中美小麦矮腥黑穗病菌鉴定合作研究:I.自发荧光显微学特性研究

 中美双方为探讨适用于进口粮检疫的小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa Kuehn,以下简称TCK)准确简便的鉴定方法,于1989~1992年进行联合试验。本文以美国不同时期和不同地域所收集的小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(TCK)和小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T.caries Tul.,以下简称TCT)共135个菌株为材料,对这两种病菌的自发荧光显微学特性,作了比较研究,建立了数学模型,并在人工污染样品中进行了应用研究,结果表明,自发荧光显微学法和LI-F方程,可以有效地鉴别TCK或TCT菌株,但如应用于鉴别进口粮中混合的或少量的TCK、TCT冬孢子,则其准确率随孢子含量的下降而降低。     

土壤湿度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(TCK)冬孢子萌发的影响

通过土壤湿度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletiacontronversa Kühn,TCK)萌发率的影响试验研究表明,其冬孢子在土壤质量含水量为1%～28%(相对含水量3.57%～100%)范围内均可萌发,其适宜萌发的土壤质量含水量范围为10%～25%(相对含水量17.85%～89.3%),最佳土壤相对含水量范围在65%～75%之间;不同分离物在相同土壤湿度培养下,多数分离物冬孢子的萌发率之间差异不显著。根据分离菌T_t1和T_t2在不同土壤湿度下培养50d和60d的冬孢子萌发率,建立了TCK冬孢子萌发率与土壤相对含水量的关系模型,此结果为TCK的风险评估提供了基础数据。     

中美小麦矮腥黑穗病菌鉴定合作研究 Ⅰ.自发荧光显微学特性研究

中美双方为探讨适用于进口粮检疫的小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia controversa Kuehn,以下简称TCK)准确简便的鉴定方法,于1989～1992年进行联合试验。本文以美国不同时期和不同地域所收集的小麦矮腥黑穗病菌(TCK)和小麦网腥黑穗病菌(T.caries Tul.,以下简称TCT)共135个菌株为材料,对这两种病菌的自发荧光显微学特性,作了比较研究,建立了数学模型,并在人工污染样品中进行了应用研究,结果表明,自发荧光显微学法和LI-F方程,可以有效地鉴别TCK或TCT菌株,但如应用于鉴别进口粮中混合的或少量的TCK、TCT冬孢子,则其准确率随孢子含量的下降而降低。     

黑麦草腥黑粉菌分子检测方法的研究

寄生于黑麦草属植物有4种腥黑粉菌,分别是小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia.Controversa(TCK))、黑麦草腥黑粉菌(T.lolli)、黑麦草粒腥黑粉菌(T.walkeri)和新种(T.vankyi)。其中TCK、T.lolli和T.vankyi冬孢子形态非常相似,难以区分。本研究以寄生于黑麦草上的这3种腥黑粉菌为研究对象,设计T.lolli的特异引物,成功建立了T.lolli冬孢子的套式特异PCR检测方法。     

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发的影响

温度对小麦矮腥黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发影响的试验结果表明,TCK冬孢子在-2～12℃范围内都可以萌发,5℃为最佳萌发温度。同一分离菌冬孢子在不同温度处理的萌发特性和萌发率有差异;不同分离菌冬孢子在相同温度下的萌发特性和萌发率有很大差异。在5℃下5个分离菌中,冬孢子萌发起始时间最短的为15 d,最长为35 d,培养60 d时分离菌T_t1、T_t2、T_y、T_m和T_u冬孢子的萌发率分别为86.4%、23.9%、23.3%、44.3%和81.0%。根据分离菌T_t2不同温度下培养50 d时的萌发率,建立了萌发率(Y)与温度(X)的模型为Y=0.150 8 exp[-0.02949(X-4.957 6)]2,此结果为TCK的风险评估提供了基础数据。     

小麦矮腥黑粉菌及其近缘种的RPB2基因片段序列分析

以小麦矮腥黑粉菌（Tilletia controversa Kühn）及其近缘种小麦网腥黑粉菌［T. caries （DC.）Tul.］、小麦光腥黑粉菌(T. laevis Kühn)和其他6种黑粉菌的DNA为模板,用RNA聚合酶II的第2亚基RPB2基因的通用引物RPB2-740F/RPB2-1365R进行PCR扩增。结果表明,3种小麦腥黑粉菌均能扩增出617 bp大小的DNA片段,供试的其他6种黑粉菌没有任何扩增产物。利用DNAMAN软件进行序列分析结果表明,3种小麦腥黑粉菌的RPB2蛋白基因序列的相似性为99.08%,存在17个碱基的差异。利用RPB2基因的通用引物作为小麦腥黑粉菌的内置对照引物,与小麦矮腥黑粉菌的特异引物CQUTCK2/CQUTCK3相结合可提高小麦矮腥黑粉菌检测的准确性。