两株外生菌根真菌对盐渍土壤中黑松幼苗生长的影响

为了研究外生菌根真菌对宿主植物黑松幼苗耐盐性的影响,采用盆栽实验,将成功侵染菌种土生空团菌(Cg)、紫晶蜡蘑(La)的黑松幼苗移栽于盐渍土壤中,培育3个月后,测定相关生理指标。结果表明:1)与非菌根化幼苗相比,接种菌根真菌Cg和La显著提高了针叶叶绿素a(由0.78 mg/g FW增加到1.27 mg/g FW和1.47 mg/g FW)和叶绿素b(由0.28 mg/g FW增加到0.40 mg/g FW和0.43 mg/g FW)的含量,增加了宿主体内脯氨酸含量(地上部:La> Cg> NM;地下部:La> Cg> NM),增强了K^+的吸收、转运,有效地维持(Cg菌种)或是降低(La菌种)了宿主地上部分Na^+/K^+的比值;显著(P <0.05)降低了宿主幼苗地下部的Na^+/K^+比值(由0.70降低到0.47和0.64)。2)外生菌根真菌有利于松树幼苗的生长,提高了其耐盐性,但因菌种而异(La> Cg)。深入研究不同菌种对不同宿主植物耐盐性的影响,将会成为后续菌根技术研究的一个重要方向,为沿海滩涂盐碱地的植被恢复提供理论依据及技术支持。     

Frequencies and patterns of browsing by large herbivores on conifer seedlings

Browsing by large herbivores on planted and naturally regenerated conifer seedlings (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) was recorded in 104 clear‐cuts in east‐central Sweden during 1990 and in 47 clear‐cuts in 1991. The number of seedlings browsed and the browsing patterns were analysed in relation to seedling type. Browsing frequencies were also compared between forest stands with different site productivities and subjected to different management practices. The variation in the number of seedlings browsed in 1990 was explained mainly by seedling category. Among both planted and naturally regenerated seedlings, pine was browsed more than spruce. Two‐year‐old containerized seedlings of spruce was browsed more than 4‐yr‐old bare‐rooted spruce. In 1991, browsing was more equal among species and seedling types. Number of seedlings with their leader browsed and the amount of biomass left after browsing differed significantly between seedling types. Seedlings that had been browsed in 1990 experienced significantly higher browsing frequencies in 1991 when compared with unbrowsed seedlings. The effects of stand characteristics were not found to be significant.     

赤霉酸对3种针叶树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

研究了用浓度分别为0，10，50，100，500mg／L的赤霉酸（GA3）溶液浸种对3种针叶树幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响。试验结果表明，GA3能促进樟子松、鱼鳞云杉、红皮云杉幼苗的生长，株高（PH）、根系体积（RV）和干物质积累（DW）明显增加。同时，GA3能调节3种针叶树幼苗的代谢，提高脱氢酶（阴G）和硝酸还原酶（NR）的活性，增加可溶性糖（SS）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、自由氨基酸（FAA）的含量。GA3最适宜的处理浓度是50—1130ms／L的水溶液。     

Prevalence and incidence of the root-inhabiting fungi, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon and Pythium, on container-grown Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings in British Columbia

Surveys were made at the end of the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons for root-inhabiting fungi in the genera Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon and Pythium from the roots of one year-old container-grown Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. In the 1990 survey of four nurseries, it was found that 61–97% of both Douglas-fir and spruce roots were colonized with Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon or Pythium. There were significantly (p0.05) more Douglas-fir roots than spruce roots colonized by Fusarium at all nurseries, however, there were significantly (p0.05) more spruce roots than Douglas-fir roots colonized by Cylindrocarpon and Pythium. Root colonization of Douglas-fir and spruce by the three fungal genera during 1991 varied from 0–82% at three nurseries, however, only at a south coastal nursery was there significantly (p0.05) more spruce than Douglas-fir roots colonized by Cylindrocarpon. Significantly more seedlings were infected in 1990 than in 1991. In 1991, there were few significant differences between Douglas-fir and spruce, in the percentage of seedlings with colonized roots and in the percentage of growth medium colonized by the fungi. However, there were significant differences between nurseries.     

Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama

The survival of bare-root and container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings exceeded 90% when outplanted in March at two sites in Lee County, Alabama. At both sites, soil moisture and seedling survival were greater in March than in May. A March herbicide application reduced weed biomass by 75–80% at both sites. At the moist site, herbicide application did not affect survival. However, at the drier site, a reduction in weed biomass increased both the percent soil moisture and the survival of May-planted bare-root seedlings. When soil moisture at planting time was less than 13% on a dry weight basis container-grown seedlings survived better than bare-root seedlings. At both sites, reduced weed competition resulted in greater seedling heights and diameters.Alabama Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9-85802.     

外生菌根菌对巨桉人工林土壤理化性质的影响

该文调查了四川乐山沙湾、眉山丹棱巨桉人工林下外生菌根菌土,测定了土壤养分情况。结果表明：两地所采集的菌根土的理化指标与对照相比有明显变化,样地Ⅰ菌根土pH值显著高于对照土,有机质含量与对照相比并不显著,样地ⅡpH值显著低于对照,而有机质含量明显高于对照;两样地菌根土的全N、水解N、全P和有效P含量均显著高于对照;大孢硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量与对照相比并不显著,彩色豆马勃和马勃状硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量均显著低于对照（P〈0.05）;样地Ⅰ菌根土速效K含量与对照差异不显著,样地Ⅱ菌根土速效K含量显著低于对照。由此可见,巨桉外生菌根真菌对提高巨桉人工林的土壤肥力,维护人工林地力具有一定作用。     

First year field growth of chemically root pruned containerized seedlings

Containers deform seedling root systems and have a potential to inhibit tree growth after outplanting. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa), western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) were grown in containers coated with latex paint containing different concentrations of cupric carbonate and outplanted in a forest. Treatment effects on seedling growth and root morphology were determined after one growing season in the field. Seedling height was unrelated to treatment and stem diameter was not significantly affected (p0.05). New root growth in the upper portion of the root plug was significantly increased (p0.05). The optimal concentration of cupric carbonate for seedling root growth in the upper portion of the root plug was estimated by multiple regression.     

Relationship between plant hormone level excreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of poplar NL-895

To explore the effects of plant hormones levels excreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on the growth of poplars, Populus × euramericana cv. NL-895 seedlings were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi. We investigated the status of ectomycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on poplar growth, and using the HPLC method, we measured the contents of four kinds of plant hormones, indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in both the culture filtrate and the mycelium of these fungi. The results showed that the effects of nine ECM fungi on the growth of poplar NL-895 varied. The inoculated seedlings, whether or not obvious mycorrhizas were developed, grew better than those non-inoculated ones. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi excreted the four plant hormones, but at different levels. The hormone contents in culture filtrate were higher than that in mycelium, which showed a definite relationship with poplar growth. Significantly, correlation analysis suggested the height and stem diameter of the poplar were positively correlated with zeatin contents in the mycelium, and were negatively correlated with the levels of ABA or IAA in the mycelium. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 43–49 [译自:林业科学]     

Fusarium root infection of container-grown Douglas-fir: effect on survival and growth of outplanted seedlings and persistence of the pathogen

Greenhouse-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.glauca [Beissn.] Franco) seedlings with roots infected with eitherFusarium oxysporum Schlect. orFusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg were outplanted on a forest site in northern Idaho, U.S.A. No residentFusarium populations were detected in the forest soil.Fusarium persisted the first four years on roots initiated during the greenhouse phase, but occurred sparingly or was absent on roots that grew after outplanting. Height growth was unaffected, and mortality was not often associated withFusarium. A seasonal pattern ofFusarium activity was observed. Low levels (10–40%) of initial root infection apparently have little adverse effect on outplanting performance of Douglas-fir seedlings.University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station Contribution No. 640.     

Ectomycorrhizal development on pine by Pisolithus tinctorius in bare-root and container seedling nurseries

Vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) produced by Sylvan Spawn Laboratories (C:N 50) and by research methods (IMRD), spore-encapsulated seeds, spore pellets, and sprayed spores were compared for efficacy in forming Pt ectomycorrhizae on pines in operational bare-root nurseries in South Carolina, Florida, and Indiana and in microplots and containers in Georgia. Two rates of application (0.33 and 0.16 liter/m² of soil) of both sources of vegetative inoculum were similar in effect and formed abundant Pt ectomycorrhizae (Pt index > 50) and fruit bodies in all studies. Spore treatments formed consistently fewer Pt ectomycorrhizae than vegetative inoculum. The most effective spore treatment was spore encapsulated seeds. These results indicate that at a bed density of 270 seedlings/m², 0.6 to 0.7 liter of vegetative inoculum is needed to obtain Pt indices > 50 on 1,000 pine seedlings.     

The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of Pinus pinea seedlings

Seedlings of Pinus pinea L. growing in plastic containers were treated with seaweed concentrate (SWC). Different concentrations of SWC were applied, 0 to 3 times, to the roots or shoots of the seedlings. Shoot application increased plant weight mainly by increasing shoot growth. This was manifested as increased shoot length and weight and a decrease in the root/shoot ratio. Root drenches did not change the total plant weight but it accelerated root growth and increased lateral root dry weight. Root growth capacity (RGC) tests for both shoot and root applications indicated an increase in root length and some increases in root number when applied as a root drench. This study indicates that root application of SWC improved seedling quality and increased the ability of seedlings to survive transplanting into pots.Abbreviations GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - RGC root growth capacity - SWC seaweed concentrate     

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON THE GROWTH OF LARCH SEEDLINGS

The primary purpose of fertilization in nursery soils is to assure production ofhigh—quality planting stock. Therefore,the appropriate information on fertilizers and their use aswell as their effects on seedling growth is important to nursery managers in their nursery practice.Inthis paper,larch seedling growth response to six fertilizers are discussed based on the results ofthree—year studies which were carried out at Dailing Forest Nursery in 1987.     

Effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on bacterial wilt of Eucalyptus

Bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum, is a very serious disease of Eucalyptus in southern China, mainly in Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi provinces. It causes the death of seedlings and young trees and the mortality may exceed 90 percent in some sites. Susceptible species include E. grandis, E. urophylla, hybrids between the two and E. citriodora. In nursery and field trials with E. urophylla and field trial with E. grandis x E. urophylla inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi was found to reduce the incidence of the disease. Some fungal isolates were more effective than others.     

施肥对树参苗木生长的影响

通过对2年生的树参扦插苗进行不同肥料种类(有机肥、复合肥、钙镁磷肥)和不同施肥方法(环施、撒施、穴施)的施肥效果试验对比,结果表明:肥料种类不同和施肥方法不同对树参扦插苗木生长具有极显著的影响,2次有机肥环施后树参扦插苗木生长效果最好,平均地径0.98cm、平均苗高59.7cm、平均高增长35.7cm。     

氯化钠胁迫对廊坊杨苗木生长特性的影响

为了选择抗盐性较强的树种,合理利用盐碱土,以廊坊杨3个无性系和其亲本之一山海关杨的1a生扦插苗为试验材料,用不同浓度的氯化钠溶液处理,分析了盐胁迫对苗木生长特性的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫下各无性系苗高随盐浓度的增加,单位时间内高生长量减小,各无性系苗高增长率随盐浓度的增加而逐渐减小。在浓度0.9%的氯化钠溶液处理下按相对增长率以廊坊杨3号最高,比对照山海关杨高3倍;盐胁迫抑制各无性系叶面积的扩展,但廊坊杨3号幼叶生长受影响最小;盐胁迫下各无性系总生物量逐渐减少且根、茎、叶生物量的分配比例发生了明显的变化,廊坊杨3个无性系根系生物量所占比例均增加,廊坊杨3号增加最多,而山海关杨的根、茎、叶分配比例变化不明显。     

Root-associated fungi of healthy-looking Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings in Swedish forest nurseries

The aim of this study was to assess fungal communities in roots of healthy-looking Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings in nine forest nurseries in Sweden using a combination of traditional culturing and direct sequencing of internal transcribed spacer of fungal ribosomal RNA (ITS rRNA) from the roots. Culturing from 1800 surface-sterilised root segments resulted in 2387 fungal cultures representing 42 different taxa. Direct sequencing from 180 root segments resulted in 119 ITS rRNA sequences representing 25 different taxa. In total, 55 different fungal taxa were detected using both methods. Although direct sequencing was more efficient than culturing in detecting different fungal taxa, both methods provided complementary information about fungal communities in roots since each detected rather different groups of fungi. The most dominant taxa detected by culturing were Trichoderma viride Pers. (19.5%), Phoma mucivora Davey & Currah (19.1%), Phialocephala fortinii Wang & Wilcox (17.4%) and Meliniomyces variabilis Hambl. & Sigler (10.2%), while Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. (26.1%), Unidentified sp. NS126 (25.2%) and Heliotales sp. C20 (10.1%) were most commonly detected by direct sequencing. In conclusion, results showed that forest nurseries in Sweden harbour diverse communities of fungi associated with the roots of healthy-looking P. sylvestris and P. abies seedlings. Although fungal communities were often dominated by saprotrophs and endophytes, several facultative pathogens were also detected indicating that under suitable conditions they may be a potential threat to the plants.     

栽培密度对喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗生物量及喜树碱含量的影响

栽培密度是植物生长的重要影响因子,能够显著影响植物的生长.2004年5月,将温室培养的喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗按照5种栽培密度(11、16、25、44、100株·m-2)移栽到田间,并于2004年9月中旬采收.我们对喜树幼苗的生长(包括株高和冠幅)、生物量分配、喜树碱含量和产量进行了研究.就5种栽培密度而言,喜树幼苗生物量、株高、冠幅及总叶面积均在密度为25株·m-2时最大.嫩叶喜树碱含量高于喜树幼苗其它各器官的喜树碱含量并且随栽培密度的改变有明显变化,在100株·m-2时达到最大,但其它器官喜树碱含量随栽培密度的变化不显著.栽培密度为25株·m-2时,喜树碱积累显著增强.结果显示,为得到较高喜树碱含量的喜树原料,喜树幼苗的最适栽培密度应为25株·m-2.     

Influence of different nursery container media on rooting of Scots pine and silver birch seedlings after transplanting

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with growth media based on medium-textured sphagnum peat, coarse perlite and fine sand. The seedlings were then planted into fine and coarse sandy soils in 2.2 l pots, which were subjected to two water-content treatments (only one for birch). After the seedlings had grown five weeks in a greenhouse, rooting into the surrounding soil and shoot growth were measured. Addition of perlite and sand to peat medium slightly affected rooting; thus suggesting minor effects on seedling establishment. However, nitrogen concentration of the seedlings varied between growth media and correlated positively with rooting into the soil. The particle size and water content of the soil affected considerably rooting of the seedlings. Seedling height at the time of planting did not affect rooting or shoot growth. The fact that the fewest out-grown roots occurred in the dry fine sandy soil, suggests that dry soil together with high strength and resistance to root penetration reduce rooting and water uptake by container seedlings most and may thus cause water and nutrient stresses to seedlings after outplanting.     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

Effect of planting density on plant growth and camptothecin content of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

C. acuminata seedlings cultivated in greenhouse were transplanted into the fields with 5 designed planting densities (11, 16, 25, 44 and 100 plants·m⁻²) in May of 2004 and were harvested in the middle of September of 2004. The seedling growth indexes including plant height and crown width, biomass allocation, camptothecin (CPT) content and CPT yield of different organs (young leaf, old leaf, stem, and root) were studied. For the 5 selected planting densities, the plant biomass, height, crown width, and total leaf area ofC. acuminata seedlings all showed highest values at the planting density of 25 plants·m⁻². CPT content in young leaves was higher than that in other organs of seedlings and presented an obvious change with the variation of planting densities and with the highest value at density of 100 plants·m⁻², while for other organs no significant variation in CPT content was found with change of planting density. The accumulation of CPT was enhanced significantly at the planting density of 25 plants·m⁻². It is concluded that for the purpose to get raw materials with more CPT fromC. acuminata, the optimal planting density ofC. acuminata seedlings should be designed as 25 plants·m⁻². Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 3970086) and Heilongjiang Province Foundation for Distinguished Youth Scholars (JC-02-11) Biography: Wei Huan-yong (1978-), male, Graduate in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong