木荷裸根苗和容器苗造林效果对比分析

采用一年生木荷容器苗和裸根苗在不同造林地类型上造林,比较造林效果。结果表明:木荷容器苗造林成活率和保存率在不同的造林地类型中均明显优于裸根苗。木荷容器苗造林树高生长和地径在不同的造林地类型中均明显优于裸根苗,并且差异显著。不同的造林地类型中,采伐迹地的成活率、保存率、树高生长量和地径生长量最好,其次为林冠下,再次为生物防火带。     

两株外生菌根真菌对盐渍土壤中黑松幼苗生长的影响

为了研究外生菌根真菌对宿主植物黑松幼苗耐盐性的影响,采用盆栽实验,将成功侵染菌种土生空团菌(Cg)、紫晶蜡蘑(La)的黑松幼苗移栽于盐渍土壤中,培育3个月后,测定相关生理指标。结果表明:1)与非菌根化幼苗相比,接种菌根真菌Cg和La显著提高了针叶叶绿素a(由0.78 mg/g FW增加到1.27 mg/g FW和1.47 mg/g FW)和叶绿素b(由0.28 mg/g FW增加到0.40 mg/g FW和0.43 mg/g FW)的含量,增加了宿主体内脯氨酸含量(地上部:La> Cg> NM;地下部:La> Cg> NM),增强了K^+的吸收、转运,有效地维持(Cg菌种)或是降低(La菌种)了宿主地上部分Na^+/K^+的比值;显著(P <0.05)降低了宿主幼苗地下部的Na^+/K^+比值(由0.70降低到0.47和0.64)。2)外生菌根真菌有利于松树幼苗的生长,提高了其耐盐性,但因菌种而异(La> Cg)。深入研究不同菌种对不同宿主植物耐盐性的影响,将会成为后续菌根技术研究的一个重要方向,为沿海滩涂盐碱地的植被恢复提供理论依据及技术支持。     

Seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus patula and P. radiata inoculated with spores of Helvella lacunosa,Russula brevipes or Lycoperdon perlatum

Seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus radiata and P. patula seedlings growing in nursery containers with two application rates of spores of 3 different ectomycorrhizal fungi, Helvella lacunosa, Russula brevipes and Lycoperdon perlatum, was evaluated at 5 and 12 months. At 5 months of growth P. patula was less susceptible than P. radiata to colonization by fungi and percentage of ectomycorrhizal feeder roots was lower in all treatments. Growth response (either volume or top dry weight) to treatments was different among pines species. A significant seedling growth response was observed after 5 months in both pine species with the double rate of spores of either H. lacunosa or L. perlatum; this response was sustained in P. patula at 12 months with Helvella only. P. radiata seedlings inoculated with the double rate of spores of R. brevipes showed a significant growth response at 12 months.

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Resumen Se estudió en dos intervalos del crecimiento de Pinus patula y P. radiata, en envases de vivero, la inoculación con dos dosis de esporas de los hongos ectomicorrícicos Helvella lacunosa, Russula brevipes y Lycoperdon perlatum. P. patula se mostró, en la temprana edad (5 meses) menos susceptible a la colonización radicular por bongos; la proporción de sus raicillas micorrizadas es, en todos los tratamientos, mas baja que la del otro pino. La respuesta a la inoculación (volumen o peso seco) es diferente en las dos especies de pinos; a los 5 meses se observa en ambos un respuesta significativa a la doble dosis de esporas tanto de Helvella como de Lycoperdon. Esta respuesta es consistente a los 12 meses solo en P.patula inoculado con esporas de Helvella; en esta misma etapa, las plantulas de P.radiata inoculadas con la doble dosis de esporas de Russula mostraron una respuesta significativa en su crecimiento.

     

Frequencies and patterns of browsing by large herbivores on conifer seedlings

Browsing by large herbivores on planted and naturally regenerated conifer seedlings (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) was recorded in 104 clear‐cuts in east‐central Sweden during 1990 and in 47 clear‐cuts in 1991. The number of seedlings browsed and the browsing patterns were analysed in relation to seedling type. Browsing frequencies were also compared between forest stands with different site productivities and subjected to different management practices. The variation in the number of seedlings browsed in 1990 was explained mainly by seedling category. Among both planted and naturally regenerated seedlings, pine was browsed more than spruce. Two‐year‐old containerized seedlings of spruce was browsed more than 4‐yr‐old bare‐rooted spruce. In 1991, browsing was more equal among species and seedling types. Number of seedlings with their leader browsed and the amount of biomass left after browsing differed significantly between seedling types. Seedlings that had been browsed in 1990 experienced significantly higher browsing frequencies in 1991 when compared with unbrowsed seedlings. The effects of stand characteristics were not found to be significant.     

赤霉酸对3种针叶树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

研究了用浓度分别为0，10，50，100，500mg／L的赤霉酸（GA3）溶液浸种对3种针叶树幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响。试验结果表明，GA3能促进樟子松、鱼鳞云杉、红皮云杉幼苗的生长，株高（PH）、根系体积（RV）和干物质积累（DW）明显增加。同时，GA3能调节3种针叶树幼苗的代谢，提高脱氢酶（阴G）和硝酸还原酶（NR）的活性，增加可溶性糖（SS）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、自由氨基酸（FAA）的含量。GA3最适宜的处理浓度是50—1130ms／L的水溶液。     

Effect of shading and fertilisation on the development of container-grown Nothofagus glauca seedlings,a threatened species from central Chile

Nothofagus glauca is an endemic tree of the Mediterranean zone of Chile and is a threatened species. Currently, available information for the propagation and nursery cultivation of this species is conspicuously lacking. This study examined the effect of four levels of shade (18%, 35%, 65% and 80% with Raschel® plastic net) and four rates of slow-release fertiliser (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g l^?1 of Basacote® Plus 9M) on container-grown seedlings after one growing season. Growth was significantly affected by shade and fertilisation. Seedlings grown under 18% or 35% shade were larger in diameter and had more roots than those grown under 80% shade and fertilisation with 2.5–5 g l^?1 of media were smaller than those fertilised with 7.5–10 g l^?1.     

Inoculation of Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings with vegetative inocula of ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus (L.: Fr.) O. Kuntze and Inocybe lacera (Fr.) Kumm.

Perlite-peat substrate (2:1 v:v) fumigated with Basamide was inoculated with vegetative inocula (a mixture of perlite and peat moistened with the MMN liquid medium) of ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus (isolate TUZ 105) and Inocybe lacera (isolate X/14) immediately before seeding with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a nursery bed. Suillus inoculum was applied at rates of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 litres per m², Inocybe inoculum at rates of 0.5 and 1.5 litres per m². At the end of the first growing season, all inoculation treatments showed a significantly greater mycorrhizal infection of bareroot seedlings compared to that found in both fumigated and unfumigated controls. The ectomycorrhizal 1-year-old seedlings were transplanted into containers. At the end of the second year, ectomycorrhizal infection of the 2-year-old container-grown seedlings was considerably less than that of the 1-year-old barerooted seedlings, probably as a consequence of too high fertility and/or insufficient porosity/aeration of pure peat moss medium. There was no difference in seedling growth between inoculated and uninoculated seedlings throughout the experiment.     

Prevalence and incidence of the root-inhabiting fungi, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon and Pythium, on container-grown Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings in British Columbia

Surveys were made at the end of the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons for root-inhabiting fungi in the genera Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon and Pythium from the roots of one year-old container-grown Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. In the 1990 survey of four nurseries, it was found that 61–97% of both Douglas-fir and spruce roots were colonized with Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon or Pythium. There were significantly (p0.05) more Douglas-fir roots than spruce roots colonized by Fusarium at all nurseries, however, there were significantly (p0.05) more spruce roots than Douglas-fir roots colonized by Cylindrocarpon and Pythium. Root colonization of Douglas-fir and spruce by the three fungal genera during 1991 varied from 0–82% at three nurseries, however, only at a south coastal nursery was there significantly (p0.05) more spruce than Douglas-fir roots colonized by Cylindrocarpon. Significantly more seedlings were infected in 1990 than in 1991. In 1991, there were few significant differences between Douglas-fir and spruce, in the percentage of seedlings with colonized roots and in the percentage of growth medium colonized by the fungi. However, there were significant differences between nurseries.     

Effect of different nitrogen and carbon sources and concentrations on the mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi under in-vitro conditions

Effect of different nitrogen and carbon sources and their concentrations in liquid media on the mycelial growth of six different ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species was studied. Differences were found in the utilization of the different nitrogen and carbon sources between the fungal species. All the species showed better mycelial growth in the medium containing ammonium as nitrogen source. Growth was low in all species in medium in which nitrogen was supplied in nitrate form. All the ECM isolates investigated showed reduced growth in the medium containing maleic acid as the carbon source. The effect of glucose and di-ammonium hydrogen orthophosphate concentrations on mycelia growth of all the six fungal species was studied with ranges for glucose of 2–40 g/l, and for di-ammonium hydrogen orthophosphate of 2–20 g/l. Cortinarius fulvoconicus and Cortinarius flexipes showed maximal mycelial growth at a glucose concentration greater than 20 g/l. Suillus luteus, Scleroderma citrinum, Laccaria laccata, and Tricholoma aurantium showed maximal growth at a glucose concentration of 20 g/l. All six species showed maximal mycelial growth at 5–10 g/l of di-ammonium hydrogen orthophosphate concentration and with increased concentration mycelial growth in all species decreased.     

外生菌根菌对巨桉人工林土壤理化性质的影响

该文调查了四川乐山沙湾、眉山丹棱巨桉人工林下外生菌根菌土,测定了土壤养分情况。结果表明：两地所采集的菌根土的理化指标与对照相比有明显变化,样地Ⅰ菌根土pH值显著高于对照土,有机质含量与对照相比并不显著,样地ⅡpH值显著低于对照,而有机质含量明显高于对照;两样地菌根土的全N、水解N、全P和有效P含量均显著高于对照;大孢硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量与对照相比并不显著,彩色豆马勃和马勃状硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量均显著低于对照（P〈0.05）;样地Ⅰ菌根土速效K含量与对照差异不显著,样地Ⅱ菌根土速效K含量显著低于对照。由此可见,巨桉外生菌根真菌对提高巨桉人工林的土壤肥力,维护人工林地力具有一定作用。     

First year field growth of chemically root pruned containerized seedlings

Containers deform seedling root systems and have a potential to inhibit tree growth after outplanting. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa), western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) were grown in containers coated with latex paint containing different concentrations of cupric carbonate and outplanted in a forest. Treatment effects on seedling growth and root morphology were determined after one growing season in the field. Seedling height was unrelated to treatment and stem diameter was not significantly affected (p0.05). New root growth in the upper portion of the root plug was significantly increased (p0.05). The optimal concentration of cupric carbonate for seedling root growth in the upper portion of the root plug was estimated by multiple regression.     

Relationship between plant hormone level excreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of poplar NL-895

To explore the effects of plant hormones levels excreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on the growth of poplars, Populus × euramericana cv. NL-895 seedlings were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi. We investigated the status of ectomycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on poplar growth, and using the HPLC method, we measured the contents of four kinds of plant hormones, indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in both the culture filtrate and the mycelium of these fungi. The results showed that the effects of nine ECM fungi on the growth of poplar NL-895 varied. The inoculated seedlings, whether or not obvious mycorrhizas were developed, grew better than those non-inoculated ones. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi excreted the four plant hormones, but at different levels. The hormone contents in culture filtrate were higher than that in mycelium, which showed a definite relationship with poplar growth. Significantly, correlation analysis suggested the height and stem diameter of the poplar were positively correlated with zeatin contents in the mycelium, and were negatively correlated with the levels of ABA or IAA in the mycelium. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 43–49 [译自:林业科学]     

Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama

The survival of bare-root and container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings exceeded 90% when outplanted in March at two sites in Lee County, Alabama. At both sites, soil moisture and seedling survival were greater in March than in May. A March herbicide application reduced weed biomass by 75–80% at both sites. At the moist site, herbicide application did not affect survival. However, at the drier site, a reduction in weed biomass increased both the percent soil moisture and the survival of May-planted bare-root seedlings. When soil moisture at planting time was less than 13% on a dry weight basis container-grown seedlings survived better than bare-root seedlings. At both sites, reduced weed competition resulted in greater seedling heights and diameters.Alabama Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9-85802.     

外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

Fusarium root infection of container-grown Douglas-fir: effect on survival and growth of outplanted seedlings and persistence of the pathogen

Greenhouse-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.glauca [Beissn.] Franco) seedlings with roots infected with eitherFusarium oxysporum Schlect. orFusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg were outplanted on a forest site in northern Idaho, U.S.A. No residentFusarium populations were detected in the forest soil.Fusarium persisted the first four years on roots initiated during the greenhouse phase, but occurred sparingly or was absent on roots that grew after outplanting. Height growth was unaffected, and mortality was not often associated withFusarium. A seasonal pattern ofFusarium activity was observed. Low levels (10–40%) of initial root infection apparently have little adverse effect on outplanting performance of Douglas-fir seedlings.University of Idaho, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station Contribution No. 640.     

Mycorrhizal formation of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar cuttings

In order to discover which ectomycorrhizal-(ECM) fungi have better growth-promoting effects on poplars, cuttings from four poplar species were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi by three methods. We investigated the status of mycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on the growth of the poplars. The results show that Xrocomus chrysentero (Xc), Boletus edulis (Be), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Laccaria amethystea (La) formed clear ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the poplar seedlings. Among these four ECM fungi, Xc had the greatest ability to develop mycorrhizae with all four poplar species. Be shows a greater ability to form mycorrhizae with Populus deltoides Bartr cv. ‘Lux’ (Poplar I-69). Pt and La had relatively weaker abilities of colonization. The other five ECM fungal species, i.e., Scleroderma luteus (Sl), Leccinum scabrum (Ls), Boletus speciosus (Bs), Calvatia craniiformis (Cc) and Rhizopogen luteous (Rl) could not easily form mycorrhizae with poplar seedlings grown in sterilized substrates, but could do so in non-sterilized soil. With the method of drilling and injecting liquid inoculum, a simple operation, the mycorrhizal infection rates were higher than with the other two methods, applying solid inoculum as fertilizer at the bottom of the pots and dipping roots in the inoculum slurry. P. simonii Carr. formed mycorrhizae with most of the nine ECM fungi. P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ’san Martino’ (Poplar I-72) and P. deltoids Harvard x P. deltoids Lux (Poplar NL-351) had the highest compatibility with Pt. Poplar I-69 shows the highest compatibility with Xc. The study indicates that the optimal ECM fungi for poplars I-69, I-72 and NL-351 were Be, Xc and Pt, respectively. The optimal fungi for P. simonii Carr. were Xc and Be. These ECM fungi promoted the growth of the poplar seedlings significantly. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, 31(6): 29–33 [译自: 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)]     

The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth of Pinus pinea seedlings

Seedlings of Pinus pinea L. growing in plastic containers were treated with seaweed concentrate (SWC). Different concentrations of SWC were applied, 0 to 3 times, to the roots or shoots of the seedlings. Shoot application increased plant weight mainly by increasing shoot growth. This was manifested as increased shoot length and weight and a decrease in the root/shoot ratio. Root drenches did not change the total plant weight but it accelerated root growth and increased lateral root dry weight. Root growth capacity (RGC) tests for both shoot and root applications indicated an increase in root length and some increases in root number when applied as a root drench. This study indicates that root application of SWC improved seedling quality and increased the ability of seedlings to survive transplanting into pots.Abbreviations GC-MS Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - RGC root growth capacity - SWC seaweed concentrate     

Ectomycorrhizal development on pine by Pisolithus tinctorius in bare-root and container seedling nurseries

Vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) produced by Sylvan Spawn Laboratories (C:N 50) and by research methods (IMRD), spore-encapsulated seeds, spore pellets, and sprayed spores were compared for efficacy in forming Pt ectomycorrhizae on pines in operational bare-root nurseries in South Carolina, Florida, and Indiana and in microplots and containers in Georgia. Two rates of application (0.33 and 0.16 liter/m² of soil) of both sources of vegetative inoculum were similar in effect and formed abundant Pt ectomycorrhizae (Pt index > 50) and fruit bodies in all studies. Spore treatments formed consistently fewer Pt ectomycorrhizae than vegetative inoculum. The most effective spore treatment was spore encapsulated seeds. These results indicate that at a bed density of 270 seedlings/m², 0.6 to 0.7 liter of vegetative inoculum is needed to obtain Pt indices > 50 on 1,000 pine seedlings.     

林业苗圃地连作和轮作对苗木生长及土壤肥力影响的研究

研究了林业圃地连作与轮作培育杉木、酸枣、厚朴等苗木的生长状况及土壤肥力的变化。结果表明:用水稻等作物与杉木轮作后,杉木苗生长状况改善,土壤有效养分和速效养分增加。     

褐环乳牛肝菌对轻基质营养包樟子松和油松苗的促生效应

为提高轻基质营养包樟子松和油松幼苗的出棚成活率以及对恶劣环境的适应能力,有效的增强其抗逆性,人工接种外生菌根真菌技术可以有效解决以上难题.用实验室生产的褐环乳牛肝菌优良菌株Suillus luteus SP4,SP7,SP8以及SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌液,应用蘸根的方法对1年生轻基质营养包樟子松幼苗和1年生轻基质营养包油松幼苗进行接种,试验结果表明,SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种两种幼苗的菌根侵染效果好于单独使用一种菌剂侵染,且接种油松幼苗的效果好于樟子松幼苗;相应的用SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种的樟子松幼苗和油松幼苗的生长指标提高幅度最大.