Wetting Patterns and Nitrate Distributions in Layered-Textural Soils Under Drip Irrigation

Laboratory experiments were conducted in different sequence and thickness of the soil layers to investigate the effects of layered-textural soils on wetting patterns and water and nitrate distributions from a surface point source under various combinations of application rate and applied volume. Three layered soils, including a sandy-over-sandy loam (SL), a sandy loam-over-sandy (LS), and a sandy loam-sandy-sandy loam (LSL), and two uniform soils (a uniform sandy loam and a uniform sandy soil) were tested. In the experiments, the application rate was varied from 0.69 to 3.86 L h-1 and the applied volume from 5.7 to 12.1 L. The experimental results demonstrated that the wetting patterns and water and nitrate distributions were greatly affected by the sequence and thickness of soil layers as well as the application rate and volume applied. An interface existing in the layered soils, whether a fine-over-coarse or a coarse-over-fine, had a common feature of limiting downward water movement and of increasing horizontal water movement. For the fine-over-coarse layered soils of LS and LSL, water and nitrate were uniformly distributed at a given depth in the top layer soil. For a coarse-over-fine layered soil of SL, however, water accumulated in the sublayer soil underneath the interface and a zone of lower nitrate concentration was observed. The effect of application rate on water distribution pattern was dependent upon soil layering. A minor influence of application rate on water distribution for the fine-over-coarse layered soils (LS and LSL) than for the uniform soils was found. To obtain a greater wetted depth through selecting the emitters having a smaller application rate, which is a common method in the system design for a uniform soil, may not be necessarily applied for the layered soils.Measurements of nitrate distribution showed that nitrate accumulated toward the boundary of the wetted volume for both the uniform and the layered soils. This suggests the importance of optimal management of drip fertigation because nitrate is susceptible to the movement out of the root zone by mismanagement of fertigation. The information obtained from this research is useful in the design, operation, and management of a drip fertigation system.     

滴灌土壤湿润范围的研究及应用

本文为滴灌土壤水分湿润土体的定量描述和计算,给出了计算公式和有关数值,并举例说明其在滴灌规划设计中的应用     

滴灌冬小麦不同滴灌量土壤水分时空分布及冠层特征响应

【目的】研究滴灌冬小麦不同滴灌量土壤水分时空分布及冠层特征响应,为北疆滴灌小麦灌溉制度、滴灌参考指标提供科学理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验,设不同滴灌量处理,研究滴灌后土壤含水量时空扩散特征,离滴灌带不同距离麦行土壤含水量在不同生育期动态变化特征及冬小麦冠层特征响应。【结果】在不同时段0～20 cm表土层土壤水分变化最为剧烈,且随滴灌量的增加而趋于缓和;滴灌方式20～80 cm土层为主要储水层;滴灌量为2 475 m³/hm²滴灌后远离滴灌带麦行土壤水分补充极少,该趋势在表土层更加明显;通过增加滴灌量使水分更早向远管麦行扩散;滴灌量低于3 750 m³/hm²进入扬花期后0～60 cm土层土壤含水量低于15.0%,滴灌量低于3 150 m³/hm²进入灌浆期后0～60 cm土层土壤含水量接近10%,不利于籽粒灌浆和产量形成;总叶面积指数近管麦行较远管麦行高水处理增加9.50%,中水处理增加7.40%,低水处理增加5.72%;不同处理冬小麦倒三节茎粗近管麦行＞远管麦行位置,高水近管麦行为0.210 cm,低水远管麦行为0.182 cm。【结论】北疆冬麦区随滴灌量降低土壤水分明显下降,影响了小麦叶面积、株高、穗长、茎粗等个体生长发育;冬小麦返青后滴灌量3 750 m³/hm²缩小近管麦行、远管麦行位置土壤水分差异,减少远离滴管带麦行土壤水分亏缺对小麦生长发育的影响;滴灌量低于3 150 m³/hm²北疆冬小麦种植区扬花期后0～60 cm土层会出现水分亏缺,显著影响小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成。     

砾土质戈壁滴灌湿润模型研究

[目的]通过对砾土质戈壁进行滴灌试验,研究不同灌溉时间和滴头流量对土壤湿润体特征的影响,为滴灌系统的科学设计和水分精确管理制度提供理论依据.[方法]以砾土戈壁土质为研究对象,设计不同灌溉时间(4、6和8 h)与不同滴头流量(4.0、6.0和8.0 L/h)的双因素试验,观测土壤湿润体水平扩散距离和垂直入渗深度.[结果]砾土戈壁滴灌湿润体近似旋转抛物体,随着灌溉时间和滴头流量的增加,土壤湿润体水平扩散距离和垂直入渗深度均呈现增加的趋势;并得出湿润模型的非线性回归方程D=( 17.353+0.788q)Q0.512 (R =0.954,P＜0.001)和H=(56.887+1.541q)Q0.271(R=0.966,P＜0.001),根据经验公式计算出滴头流量为5.0 L/h为宜,灌水时间以6～8h为宜,不宜超过8h,滴头间距为100 cm左右.[结论]初步探索出砾土质戈壁滴灌湿润模型,为滴灌设计参数和滴灌灌溉制度的确定提供一定理论依据.     

盐渍土利用过程中土壤磷素的累积与利用

通过对长期定位试验的研究测定，研究了盐渍土培肥过程中土壤磷素的收支平衡以及磷素累积及其形态。同时，探讨了盐渍土的磷肥利用率。结果表明：通过长期培肥特别是施用磷肥，土壤含磷量有较大幅度的提高，其中大量的磷素被转化为无效的Ｃａ１０－Ｐ，占无机磷总量的４８％。而提高氮肥使用量，合理氮磷配比，有助于降低无效态的Ｃａ１０－Ｐ的比例。同时，表明作物对磷的需求能力并不因磷肥投入量增加而增加，在一定施磷水平以上，     

Effects of Drip System Uniformity and Irrigation Amount on Water and Salt Distributions in Soil Under Arid Conditions

The dynamics of water and salt in soil were monitored in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons of cotton to evaluate the salinity risk of soil under drip irrigation in arid environments for different management practices of drip system uniformity and irrigation amount.In the experiments,three Christiansen uniformity coefficients(CU) of approximately 65,80,and 95%(referred to as low,medium,and high uniformity,respectively) and three irrigation amounts of 50,75,and 100% of full irrigation were used.The distribution of the soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity(EC b) was monitored continuously with approximately equally spaced frequency domain reflectometry(FDR) sensors located along a dripline.Gravimetric samples of soil were collected regularly to determine the distribution of soil salinity.A great fluctuation in CU of water content and EC b at 60 cm depth was observed for the low uniformity treatment during the irrigation season,while a relatively stable variation pattern was observed for the high uniformity treatment.The EC b CU was substantially lower than the water content CU and its value was greatly related to the water content CU and the initial EC b CU.The spatial variation of seasonal mean soil water content and seasonal mean soil bulk electrical conductivity showed a high dependence on the variation pattern of emitter discharge rate along a dripline for the low and medium uniformity treatments.A greater irrigation amount produced a significantly lower soil salinity at the end of the irrigation season,while the influence of the system uniformity on the soil salinity was insignificant at a probability level of 0.1.In arid regions,the determination of the target drip irrigation system uniformity should consider the potential salinity risk of soil caused by nonuniform water application as the influence of the system uniformity on the distribution of the soil salinity was progressively strengthened during the growing season of crop.     

膜下滴灌不同灌水控制下限对设施土壤团聚体分布特征的影响

【目的】灌溉是设施土壤水分的主要来源,也是影响土壤结构稳定性的重要因子。探究不同灌水控制下限对设施土壤团聚体分布特征和稳定性的影响,为设施农业合理水分调控、促进设施土壤结构改善提供理论依据。【方法】选用6年膜下滴灌试验地为对象,供试作物为番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.),种植模式为沟垄覆膜。设置了3个灌水控制下限,其土壤水吸力值分别为20、30及40 k Pa(分别记为D20、D30、D40),灌水控制上限均为6 k Pa。各小区以埋设深度30 cm的张力计指示土壤水分变化,确定灌水时间和灌水量。通过干筛法和湿筛法测定了土壤团聚体的组成,0.25 mm团聚体含量(R0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)、以及土壤结构破坏率(RDS)和不稳定团粒指数(El T)。【结果】在0—30 cm土层,D40处理的土壤电导率(EC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和容重都显著低于D20和D30处理(D40D30D20);D20处理的p H显著低于D30和D40处理(D40D30D20)(P0.05)。通过干筛法和湿筛法对团聚体数量和大小的测定发现,在0—30 cm土层,土壤机械稳定性团聚体主要集中在2和1—0.25 mm粒级(23.01%—39.98%),而水稳性团聚体主要集中在1—0.25和0.25—0.053 mm粒级(31.08—47.27%)。在0—20 cm土层,D30处理的R0.25、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均高于D20和D40处理;但在20—30 cm土层,D20处理的水稳性团聚体的含量高于D30和D40处理。不同灌水控制下限下的土壤结构破坏率(RDS)和不稳定团粒指数(El T)随土壤深度增加而增加,且RDS与El T的变化规律相似。在0—20 cm土层,D30处理的土壤结构破坏率(RDS)和不稳定团粒指数(El T)显著低于D20和D40处理(P0.05)。但在20—30 cm土层,D20处理的土壤结构破坏率(RDS)比D30和D40处理分别低了12.2%和16.8%。干筛下在10—20 cm土层内,D20、D30、D40处理的分形维数最小,分别是2.13、2.08、2.19;湿筛下在10—20 cm土层内,D40、D30、D40处理的分形维数最小,分别是2.31、1.99、2.12。结果表现出,与D20和D40处理相比,D30处理显著降低了团聚体中的分形维数(D)。【结论】在保证设施番茄产量和节约用水的条件下,将土壤水吸力30 k Pa作为膜下滴灌灌水控制下限,有利于土壤结构的形成和稳定。     

不同土壤湿度对膜下滴灌棉花根系生长和分布的影响

 【目的】精量制定膜下滴灌棉花的田间水分管理制度和揭示滴灌棉花的增产机理。【方法】以田间试验为基础,设置90%θf、75%θf和60%θf（θf田间持水量）3个土壤湿度处理,在棉花不同生育阶段采用双向切片法测定棉花根系和根冠比;用时域反射仪测定土壤水分;最终测棉花产量。【结果】3个土壤湿度所对应的棉花根系生长过程呈“S”形变化,但是,由于75%θf处理的棉田土壤含水量始终处于适宜范围内,全生育期棉花根系生长速度快及最终根重大;90%θf处理的土壤水分太充足,根系生长速度缓慢,其根区土壤中根重最小;60%θf处理的根重介于其它2处理的根重之间。3个处理的棉花根重垂直分布呈锥形负指数递减模式,且随土壤湿度提高,深层根重减小幅度大,根系变浅。0～30 cm土层中,75%θf处理的棉花根系所占总根重比例最高。水平方向上棉花根系主要分布在膜下窄行和宽行土壤中,膜外裸地中根重很小;各土壤湿度处理中,75%θf处理下膜下窄行或宽行的根重都比90%θf和60%θf处理的根重大。棉花根冠比随着土壤湿度的增加有减少的趋势。不同土壤湿度处理对棉花产量有不同的影响,75%θf处理下的产量最高。【结论】膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分持续维持较高水平,对棉花根系生长及产量有不利的影响。     

不同滴灌年限小麦土壤速效养分空间变异特征

【目的】研究小麦不同滴灌年限土壤速效养分积累的变化规律,了解其空间分布特征。为科学管理滴灌小麦土壤调查和施肥技术体系提供理论和数据参考。【方法】以1、3、5、7 a滴灌小麦农田土壤为研究对象,分析不同滴灌年限小尺度土壤盐分空间的分布特征。采集土壤剖面(0~60 cm)样品,结合连续性定位监测、描述性统计和地统计分析,研究不同滴灌年限土壤速效养分时空变异规律。【结果】不同滴灌年限速效养分的最大值在0~20 cm土层,最小值在40~60 cm土层;不同土壤层的速效养分含量呈弱变异和中等变异。半方差函数表明,滴灌1、3、5、7 a土壤速效养分含量符合球状模型和高斯模型,呈明显空间自相关和中等空间相关性,块金系数在15.28%~65.15%。【结论】不同滴灌年限土壤速效养分随年限的增加呈现下降趋势,其空间分布主要受人为因素和随机因素的共同影响。     

Effects of Soil Water Content on Cotton Root Growth and Distribution Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

The relation between soil water content and the growth of cotton root was studied for the scheme of field water and cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation. Based on the field experiments, three treatments of soil water content were conducted with 90%, 75%θf, and 60%θf （θfis field water capacity）. Cotton roots and root-shoot ratio were studied with digging method, and the soil moisture was observed with TDR （time domain reflector）, and cotton yield was measured. The results indicated that the growth of cotton root accorded with Logistic growth curve in the three treatments, the cotton root grew quickly and its weight was very high under 75%θf because of the suitable soil water condition, while grew slowly and its weight was lower under 90%θf due to water moisture beyond the suitable condition, and the root weight was in between under 60%θf For the three water treatments, the cotton root weight decreased with soil depth, and decreased more significantly in deeper soil layer with the soil moisture increasing. And the ratio of cotton root weight in 0-30 cm soil layer to the total root weight was the highest under 75%θf. The cotton root system was distributed mainly in the soil of narrow row and wide row mulched with plastic film, and little in the soil outside plastic film. The weight of cotton root was the highest in the soil of narrow row or wide row mulched with plastic film under 75%θf. Root-shoot ratio decreased with the soil moisture increasing. The soil water content affected cotton yields, and cotton yield was the highest under 75%θf. The higher soil moisture level is unfavorable to the growth of cotton root system and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.     

膜下滴灌和地下滴灌棉田土壤NH4+-N空间分布特征研究

以田间试验为基础,从时间、垂直和水平空间分布的角度对膜下滴灌、地下滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮含量进行了分析.结果表明,两种不同节水灌溉方式下,棉田土壤铵态氮含量随生育期的变化特征、垂直分布特征和水平分布特征均有异同点.0～5 cm土层铵态氮含量最高,35～55 cm含量普遍较低.水平方向土壤铵态氮随滴灌水扩散,分布在离滴灌带40 cm左右.     

膜下滴灌技术的相关探讨

从膜下滴灌技术的好处以及对作物增产的影响进行相关的探讨。     

阿瓦提丰收灌区无排水条件下葡萄滴灌土壤水盐运移规律研究

以新疆阿瓦提县丰收灌区为例，对葡萄滴灌的土壤盐分运移进行了监测研究，结果表明：干旱区尤排水条什下，宽行葡萄实施滴灌灌溉，干排盐功能和压盐、抑盐作用明显。在土壤盐分含量较高的干旱区引用地面水实施滴灌，系统的设计必须考虑压盐、抑盐水量，同时采用高频滴灌制度，确保供水保证率，才能达到林果业可持续发展的目的。     

调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响

【目的】研究调亏灌溉对干旱区滴灌核桃树土壤温度的影响,分析最有利的灌水模式。【方法】研究3个不同灌水量(正常灌水ET_C、轻度缺水75% ET_C和中度缺水50% ET_C),7个处理不同程度水分亏缺对土壤温度、SPAD值、果实体积和产量的影响。【结果】调亏度越大,土壤温度越高,在调亏的生育期内有增温的效果。油脂转化期(Ⅴ)之前,随着土层深度的增加,土壤温度在降低,表现为5 cm>10 cm>20 cm>30 cm>40 cm。在油脂转化期(Ⅴ)和成熟期(Ⅵ)时,开花坐果期+果实膨大期(Ⅱ + Ⅲ)进行中度缺水土壤温度最高。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)调亏时,灌前与灌后的土壤温度差最小。调亏灌溉促进SPAD值的增加,在开花坐果期(Ⅱ)进行调亏果实体积最大。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水获得最高产量为4 150.70 kg/(hm²),水分利用效率(WUE)最高,达到9.25 kg/(hm²·mm)。【结论】结合土壤温度、果实体积、产量及WUE情况,开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水是最有益处的处理。     

新疆沙井子灌区膜下滴灌棉花早衰原因分析及对策

近年来,随着新疆沙井子灌区膜下滴灌技术的推广应用,棉花种植面积逐年增加,部分棉田早衰现象有加重趋势,导致棉花植株矮小,蕾、铃脱落严重,铃质量减轻、纤维品质下降。针对沙井子灌区棉花膜下滴灌的种植模式,阐述了膜下滴灌条件下造成棉花早衰的主要原因,并介绍了应对棉花早衰的措施。     

论新疆膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分布

新疆棉花的膜下滴灌技术从开始试验到实地应用的全过程经历着实地的研究验证、全面的推广应用、大面积的膜下滴灌棉花种植全过程。     

Effects of Irrigation Water Quality and Drip Tape Arrangement on Soil Salinity,Soil Moisture Distribution,and Cotton Yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Mulched Drip Irrigation in Xinjiang,China

More and more attention is being focused on saline water utilization in irrigation due to the shortage of fresh water to agriculture in many regions. For purpose of reducing the risks of using of saline water for irrigation, the mechanism of soil moisture and salinity distribution and transport should be well understood for developing optimum management strategies. In this paper, field experiments were carried out at Junggar Basin, China, to study the effects of drip irrigation water quality and drip tape arrangement on distribution of soil salinity and soil moisture. Six treatments were designed, including two drip tape arrangement modes and three irrigation water concentration levels (0.24, 4.68, and 7.42 dS m-1). Results showed that, soil moisture content (SMC) directly beneath the drip tape in all treatments kept a relatively high value about 18% before boll opening stage; the SMC in the narrow strip in single tape arrangement (Ms) plot was obviously lower than that in the double tapes arrangement (Md) plot, indicating that less sufficient water was supplied under the same condition of irrigation depth, but there was no significant reduction in yield. Mulching had not significant influence on salt accumulation but the drip tape arrangement, under the same condition of irrigation water depth and quality, compared with Md, Ms reduced salt accumulation in root zone and brought about relatively high cotton yield.     

滴灌棉花水肥耦合效应的田间试验研究

对滴灌条件下夏棉水肥耦合效应进行了田间试验,结果表明,根据夏棉不同生育阶段的需水特征和土壤水分状况可分别采用滴灌和畦灌方式,比常规棉田畦灌节水２３．３％～２８．７％,对于中等肥力的棉田,在每ｈｍ＾２施纯氮３００ｋｇ的范围内,随施肥量增加皮棉产量呈增加的趋势,在每ｈｍ＾２施纯氮１５０～２２５ｋｇ区间内,其产量增加较快。     

新疆棉田地下滴灌土壤水盐运移变化规律的研究

为探讨新疆棉田地下滴灌方式地下滴灌下土壤水盐运移的规律,在棉花不同生育期运用烘干法和电导法,从水平方向和垂直方向测定棉田距离滴灌带不同距离的土壤含水量和土壤盐分,结果表明地下滴灌条件下棉花整个生育期土壤含水量的运移规律为:0~35 cm各土层苗期与蕾期较低,盛花期较高,吐絮期又较低,35~55 cm各土层在苗期与蕾期较低,花铃期至吐絮期均较高;土壤盐分含量的变化与土壤含水量的变化刚好相反。     

不同垦复时间毛竹林土壤性质变化特征研究

应用典型样地调查及实验室分析相结合的方法,以江西省安福县不同垦复时间的毛竹林为研究对象,对未垦复、垦复3年、垦复10年的毛竹林土壤理化性质特征进行研究,并应用土壤综合指数(IFI)法对不同垦复时间毛竹林土壤综合肥力进行了评价。结果表明:垦复可以改善毛竹林地土壤物理性质,尤其是表土层土壤的物理性质。垦复极显著的降低了0～20 cm土壤容重,提高了土壤非毛管孔隙度。垦复降低了土壤的活性酸度,可以减缓土壤养分元素的流失;提高了有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮、速效磷的含量,增加了土壤养分供给能力,为毛竹林的立地生产力维持提供了重要保障。不同垦复时间毛竹林土壤肥力综合评价指数的排列大小顺序为垦复10年0.463 5、垦复5年0.418 4、未垦复毛竹林地土壤0.354 8,垦复对土壤具有明显的改良效果。