上海市金山区单季稻田杂草发生及防除措施

通过田间普查和问卷调查以及大农户、技术员和专家讨论会等方式．对近年来金山区单季晚稻田杂争种类、发生情况、防除现状进行了调查。结果发现水苋菜、千金子为当前直播稻田优势危害种类．假稻、杂草稻危害程度上升速度较快,已成为稻田主要危害种类之一.并针对当前除草技术掌握难度大、防除成本高等技术难题提出了建议和思考。     

Patchy weed distribution and site-specific weed control in winter cereals

Site-specific weed control in winter cereals was performed on the same fields every year over a 5-year period (1999–2003). The most common weeds (Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Viola arvensis) were counted by species, at grid points which were georeferenced and the data were analysed spatially. For weed control, weeds were grouped into three classes: grass, broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine), and Galium aparine. Based on weed distribution maps generated by the spatial analyses, herbicide application maps were created and site-specific herbicide application was carried out for grouped and or single weed species. This resulted in a significant reduction in herbicide use. Averaging the results for all fields and years, the total field area treated with herbicides was 39% for grass weeds, 44% for broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine) and 49% for Galium aparine. Therefore, site-specific weed control has the potential to reduce herbicide use compared to broadcast application, thus giving environmental and economic benefits.     

An on-farm approach to quantify yield variation and to derive decision rules for site-specific weed management

Grain yield often varies within agricultural fields as a result of the variation in soil characteristics, competition from weeds, management practices and their causal interactions. To implement appropriate management decisions, yield variability needs to be explained and quantified. A new experimental design was established and tested in a field experiment to detect yield variation in relation to the variation in soil quality, the heterogeneity of weed distribution and weed control within a field. Weed seedling distribution and density, apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) and grain yield were recorded and mapped in a 3.5 ha winter wheat field during 2005 and 2006. A linear mixed model with an anisotropic spatial correlation structure was used to estimate the effect of soil characteristics, weed competition and herbicide treatment on crop yield. The results showed that all properties had a strong effect on grain yield. By adding herbicide costs and current grain price into the model, thresholds of weed density were derived for site-specific weed control. This experimental approach enables the variation of yield within agricultural fields to be explained, and an understanding of the effects on yield of the factors that affect it and their causal interactions to be gained. The approach can be applied to improve decision algorithms for the patch spraying of weeds.     

当前花生田杂草发生趋向及化学防除探讨

本文概括介绍了有关花生田中杂草的发生种类、危害规律等方面的一些研究结果,简短回顾了我市花生田化学除草的发展历程及现状,提出了目前花生田化学除草存在的问题及对策。     

26%灭松·二甲(莎阔净)水剂水稻田间药效试验研究

经两年两地田间小区对比试验,明确了26%灭松·二甲水剂药效和杀草谱,对水稻田多种恶性杂草雨久花、野慈菇、泽泻、狼巴草、萤蔺、扁秆草均有特效,除草效果稳定在90%以上,在莎草科杂草基数低于50株/m2的地块,每公顷用量585g(有效成分),超过50株的地块每公顷用量为702～780g(有效成分)即可。施药时期为插秧后20～30d(待阔叶和莎草科杂草出齐至20cm以下),施药前排水,对水450kg/hm2,如田间后期有高龄稗草需同时防治,可加二氯喹啉酸(快杀稗)一起喷雾,可达到一次用药全田无杂草的效果。     

Performance evaluation of a crop/weed discriminating microsprayer

An intelligent real-time microspraying weed control system was developed. The system distinguishes between weed and crop plants and a herbicide (glyphosate) is selectively applied to the detected weed plants. The vision system captures 40 RGB images per second, each covering 140 mm by 105 mm with an image resolution of 800 × 600 pixels. From the captured images the forward velocity is estimated and the spraycommands for the microsprayer are calculated. Crop and weed plants are identified in the image, and weed plants are sprayed. Performance of the microsprayer system was evaluated under laboratory conditions simulating field conditions. A combination of maize (Zea mays L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and scentless mayweed (Matricaria inodora L.) plants, in growth stage BBCH10, was placed in pots, which were then treated by the microspray system. Maize simulated crop plants, while the other species simulated weeds. The experiment were conducted at a velocity of 0.5 m/s. Two weeks after spraying, the fraction of injured plants was determined visually. None of the crop plants were harmed while 94% of the oilseed rape and 37% of the scentless mayweed plants were significantly limited in their growth. Given the size and shape of the scentless mayweed plants and the microsprayer geometry it was calculated that the microsprayer could only hit 64% of the scentless mayweed plants. The system was able to effectively control weeds larger than 11 mm × 11 mm.     

百草枯和草甘膦不同施药液量对柑橘园杂草防除效果的研究

200g/L百草枯水剂200mL/667m2、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂200mL/667m2,分别兑水30L、40L、50L、60L,使用带扇形单喷头的背负式手摇喷雾器喷雾施药。结果表明百草枯以兑水40、50L的效果最好,药后7d的株数防效分别为96.87%和95.68%,药后15d的鲜重防效分别为96.83%和95.41%;草甘膦异丙胺盐以兑水30、40L的效果最好,药后15d的株数防效分别为96.80%和96.08%,药后30d的鲜重防效分别为96.75%和95.98%。     

谷子田除草剂除草试验初报

进行了谷子田除草剂除草试验。结果表明：播后苗前施药,44％谷友可湿性粉剂除草效果较好,总防效85．99％。苗后施药,56％2甲4绿钠可湿性粉剂对阔叶杂草的防效较好,总防效达92．14％,但对禾本科杂草的防效较差,总防效为-29．7％。     

几种除草剂在红花直播田的除草效果

[目的]为了探讨既对红花生长无明显影响又能有效防除红花田杂草的化学除草剂。[方法]2007年用43%豆亿EC等4种除草剂对红花进行了播后苗前土壤处理,对各类杂草除草效果和红花的安全性调查。[结果]43%豆亿EC和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC对红花田杂草的防除效果最好,株防效分别为93.0%和85.9%;鲜重防效分别为90.8%和80.6%。[结论]43%豆亿EC和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC可以应用于红花田除草。     

农田杂草鉴别系统的研制

系统收集整理了771种杂草的图文资料,包含了成株分科检索、幼苗分科检索及杂草模糊识别三大功能模块.软件在Visual Basic 6.0支撑下开发,使用可视化与面向对象编程技术,拥有良好的界面,操作简单,调试和维护方便,大大提高了农田杂草鉴别的效率和可靠性.     

Hyperspectral species mapping for automatic weed control in tomato under thermal environmental stress

This work studied the impacts of variations in environmental temperature on hyperspectral imaging features in the visible and near infrared regions for robust species identification for weed mapping in tomato production. Six major Californian processing tomato cultivars, black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were grown under a variety of diurnal temperature ranges simulating conditions common in the Californian springtime planting period and one additional treatment simulating greenhouse growing conditions. The principal change in canopy reflectance with varying temperature occurred in the 480-670 and 720-810 nm regions. The overall classification rate ranged from 62.5% to 91.6% when classifiers trained under single temperatures were applied to plants grown at different temperatures. Eliminating the 480-670 nm region from the classifier’s feature set mitigated the temperature effect by stabilizing the total crop vs. weed classification rate at 86.4% over the temperature ranges. A site-specific recalibration method was also successful in alleviating the bias created by calibrating the models on the extreme temperatures and increased the classification accuracy to 90.3%. A global calibration method, incorporating all four temperature conditions in the classifier feature space, provided the best average total classification accuracy of 92.2% out of the methods studied, and was fairly robust to the varying diurnal temperature conditions.     

宁夏地区羊草除草剂研究

羊草苗期易受到杂草侵害,妨碍其生长。2012—2013年进行了一年生和两年生羊草除草剂的试验研究,结果表明:在一年生羊草的芽前封闭试验中,苄嘧·唑草酮、湖北地质大学除草剂处理1 m行长内有羊草61株、杂草28株,适合大田使用;咽嘧·莠去津1 m行长内有羊草23株,杂草195株,效果次于苄嘧·唑草酮和湖北地质大学除草剂。对两年生羊草来说,禾本科杂草,苄嘧·唑草酮360 g/hm2除草效果较好,且药效适当,湖北地质大学除草剂药效次之;对于阔叶杂草,2,4-D丁酯750 m L/hm2、烟嘧磺隆1 500 m L/hm2除草效果较好,且对两年生羊草危害较小,只有3%的羊草基部叶片变红。     

篱架型作物高效施药技术自适应控制系统的研究与实现

针对目前我国果园施药成本高、效益低、药液流失污染严重等问题,设计并实现了一种篱架型作物高效施药技术的自适应控制系统.该系统由DM642视觉处理器、ARM控制器和F2806信号控制器组成,采用基于嵌入式系统的图像处理技术和多传感器技术,通过视觉传感器和超声波传感器探知作物的疏密度和施药距离;由系统自动控制电机带动喷头组的移动,调整最佳喷药距离,选择最佳喷药压力.实验结果表明,该系统实时性好、控制有效、能耗小、成本低,能够稳定可靠地实现喷药过程中的监测和控制.     

3种除草剂对罗布麻田杂草的防除效果

[目的]探讨3种除草剂对罗布麻田杂草防除效果。[方法]采用专杀禾本科杂草的盖草能、精喹禾灵乳油和专杀阔叶杂草的白阔净进行了2年生罗布麻田杂草的除草试验。[结果]高效盖草能对禾本科杂草具有较好的防治效果,施药后其对稗草和狗尾草的杀灭效果均在35.0%以上;精喹禾灵对稗草和狗尾草的杀灭效果分别为14.8%和28.6%;白阔净对藜具有较好的杀灭效果,防治效果达到30.8%,且未对罗布麻造成药害。[结论]为完善罗布麻栽培技术提供了理论依据。     

中国农田杂草可持续治理的现状与展望

农田草害一直是阻碍农业生产快速、持续发展的一个重要因素 ,虽然我国农田杂草综合治理已经取得了长足进步 ,但杂草危害、演替、抗药性、除草剂药害等问题仍相当严重 ,应进一步加强杂草生物学、生态学应用基础和生态调控、生物防治、化学防治、农业防治等方面的研究。     

细胞色素P450酶系介导的除草剂抗性研究进展

细胞色素P450酶系在生物界中广泛分布,并且是大多数除草剂代谢第一阶段的重要酶系,对除草剂抗性的形成发挥着重要作用。结合国内外细胞色素P450酶系在除草剂代谢中的研究进展,对细胞色素P450酶系参与的杂草抗性形成及其在抗除草剂转基因作物培育中的应用等方面的研究进行了综述,旨为该领域的相关研究提供参考。     

除草药肥对麦田杂草防效及小麦生长的影响

通过盆钵栽培和田间小区试验 ,研究新型高效复配小麦专用除草药肥对麦田杂草防效和小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明 ,除草药肥对麦田杂草有很好的防除效果 ,并对小麦有较高的安全性。杂草株总防效为 6 5 .3 %～ 92 .7% ,鲜重防效为89.0 %～ 93.5 %。除草药肥能促进小麦生长发育 ,改善经济性状 ,提高产量。盆栽试验增产 9.15 %～ 14 .5 % ,田间试验平均增产率为 9.15 %～ 14 .5 %。     

阔叶净防除麦田杂草技术

通过多种新型除草剂田间药效比较试验,证明阔叶净是麦田除草剂替代2.4—D丁酯的理想品种,同时证实河北宣化农药厂生产的10％阔叶净可湿性粉剂对麦田杂草的控制作用及使用后的增产效果不亚于美国杜邦公司的75％阔叶净干燥悬浮剂(巨星)。使用10％阔叶净可湿性粉剂防治麦田杂草的最佳施药期为小麦起身至拔节初期,适宜剂量为每亩6～10g。     

不同除草剂对烟田杂草防除效果的研究

[目的]筛选高效、低毒、无药害的烟田除草剂。[方法]进行不同除草剂防除烟田杂草的对比试验。[结果]施药后3、7、15 d,各药剂均未对烟苗产生明显药害。施药后20 d,72%大田净乳油1 500 g/hm2和25%宝成干悬浮剂75 g/hm2对杂草株数的防除效果分别为77.19%和78.28%,优于70%都尔乳油1 350 g/hm2处理,但处理间差异不显著。药后40 d,3种药剂处理对杂草株数防效均较好,处理间差异不显著;3种药剂对杂草鲜重防效存在较大差异,其中,72%大田净乳油1 500 g/hm2处理的防效最高(达86.86%),25%宝成干悬浮剂75 g/hm2处理防效最低(仅为34.72%,显著低于其他药剂处理)。[结论]72%大田净乳油安全性好、防效高、持效期长,可进一步示范推广使用。     

冬小麦田杂草防除技术

近年来杂草对小麦生产的为害不断加重。为把杂草为害降到最低限度,对田间工作进行了总结,分析了杂草为害的原因。针对杂草防除中的常见问题,推荐各具特点的除草剂,并简要介绍了配药的关键技巧、施药的最佳时间及注意事项。