柑橘三种蚜虫取食行为的EPG分析

为探究柑橘3种蚜虫取食行为差异,利用刺吸电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和绣线橘蚜Aphis citricola van der Goot在椪柑上的取食行为进行了测定。结果表明:3种蚜虫均产生8种取食波形,依次为非刺探波(np波)、路径波(A、B、C波)、电位下降波(pd波)、韧皮部分泌唾液波(El波)、韧皮部被动吸食波(E2波)以及木质部主动吸食波(G波)。棉蚜开始取食的第1次刺探时间最早,绣线橘蚜刺探的次数最多,且C波时间最长。褐色橘蚜pd波出现的次数最少,棉蚜次之,绣线橘蚜最多,显著高于褐色橘蚜。与其它2种蚜虫相比,绣线橘蚜于木质部主动吸食汁液(G波)时间最长,有G波的个体比例最高。3种蚜虫E1波次数和总持续时间差异均不显著,但褐色橘蚜E2波的持续时间217.01±27.56 min显著长于棉蚜142.49±27.85 min和绣线橘蚜116.64±20.05 min。初步推断3种蚜虫对柑橘衰退病毒的传毒效率与E2波有关。     

球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响

室内评价了一株球孢白僵菌Bb0062对天敌昆虫烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响。直接喷雾接菌进行生物测定,结果表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂具有较高毒性,随着接种剂量的增加,致死中时(LT50)缩短。利用烟蚜茧蜂寄生接菌和未接菌的桃蚜,发现寄生蜂对健康桃蚜的寄生率为52.54%,明显高于对接菌桃蚜的寄生率40.19%,表明球孢白僵菌可通过侵染蚜虫间接影响寄生蜂的寄生行为。以喷雾接菌当天(0天)、1、3和5天的寄生蜂寄生桃蚜,寄生率分别比对照下降21.0%、17.2%、33.3%和30.4%,寄生时间分别比对照下降35.9%、38.7%、53.1%和39.7%。由此表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂的寄生行为有不利影响。     

蚜虫的生物防治

蚜虫是同翅目中较大的一个类群,全世界已知约4000种。农林经济作物上大都有蚜虫取食,如桃蚜Myzus persicae、豆蚜Aphis craccivora、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、麦长管蚜Macrosi-phum avenae等等,都是著名大害虫。蚜虫不仅吸取大量汁液,引起植物营养恶化,而且能传带上百种植物病毒病及其他病害,造成严重的间接为害。蚜虫排泄的蜜露常盖满植物表面影响植物的呼吸和光合作用,还能引起霉菌孳生,诱发烟霉病。本文简要介绍蚜虫生物防治的一些情况,并对今后的工作提出一些建议,供参考。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜取食行为的影响

为了明确新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜拒食作用的差异,通过铷标记法、蜜露法以及两种蚜虫体内总糖、总脂含量的测定研究了新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜取食的影响。结果表明,铷标记法和蜜露法测定的新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜的拒食率均在80%以上,而对棉蚜的拒食率均在25%以下。蚜虫体内总糖总脂含量测定结果表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理后麦长管蚜体内总糖、总脂含量均显著低于对照,而棉蚜体内总糖、总脂含量与对照均无显著差异。三种方法测定结果一致表明新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜具有很强的拒食作用,而对棉蚜没有明显的拒食作用。     

植物病毒病对蚜虫种群增长与翅型分化的影响

蚜虫是植物病毒病的主要媒介昆虫。有人用300种蚜虫对相同数目的植物病毒病进行传毒传毒试验,结果表明有180种蚜虫可以传播病毒病(Harris 1980)。在所研究过的蚜虫中,以桃蚜Myxus persicae(Sulzer)传播的病毒病最多(78种);棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover,也可传播55种。由于蚜虫传播了如此之多的     

长沙地区7种寄主蚜虫的快速鉴定及其亲缘关系分析

以线粒体基因COI片段为基础,分别通过DNA条形码及PCR-RFLP(经Dra I,Hinf I,Ssp I,Taq I 4种限制性内切酶酶切)两种方法对长沙湖南农业大学地区7种寄主上的蚜虫进行了快速鉴定。两种鉴定方法结果均表明,7种寄主上的蚜虫分属豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)、桃粉大尾蚜(Hyalopterus pruni)、棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)、蚊母新胸蚜(Neothoracaphis yanonis)、绣线菊蚜(Aphis spiraecola)及莴苣指管蚜(Uroleucon formosanum)6种。其中,豆蚜、棉蚜、绣线菊蚜推测为同一个属,与传统分类结果一致。通过对比发现,在蚜虫分类鉴定上,PCR-RFLP技术不仅具有与DNA条形码相同的准确性,且有更加经济快速的优点。     

福州地区柑桔蚜虫的种群动态

福州地区为害柑桔的蚜虫有7种。绣线菊蚜 Aphis citricola van der Goot为秋季重发型;棉蚜 A.gossypii Glover春、夏发生为主,桔蚜 Toxoptera citricidus(Kirkaldy)为全年轻发型。春季蚜虫的虫源以迁入为主。有翅蚜梢率和有翅胎生蚜的数量与受害程度之间有显著相关性。柑桔新梢的抽发时期、数量和成熟的快慢对蚜虫种群的变动产生重要影响。     

大规模扩繁烟蚜茧蜂的蚜类寄主筛选研究

烟蚜茧蜂是蚜类害虫的优势寄生性天敌,室内大规模扩繁条件下,开展了烟蚜茧蜂对7种寄主蚜虫的寄生率与子代发育特征研究,比较了以不同寄主繁育的烟蚜茧蜂在体型大小、回接寄生率、羽化率和性比等重要生物学特性上的差异。结果表明,烟蚜茧蜂对棉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的寄生率极低,分别为0.5%和0;对烟蚜和麦二叉蚜的寄生率较高,分别为53.13%和51.83%,且显著高于其它处理。利用麦二叉蚜繁育的烟蚜茧蜂羽化率为90.34%,雌蜂发育历期为11.47 d,雌性比例为61.08%,与利用烟蚜繁育的烟蚜茧蜂无显著差异,且其对烟蚜亦有较高寄生率。结合考虑扩繁周期、成本、时-空利用率等因素,麦二叉蚜有望作为扩繁寄主应用于烟蚜茧蜂的规模化繁殖生产。     

几种内吸杀虫剂用作土壤施药对马铃薯棉蚜防治效果的比较

在印度,桃蚜Myzus Persicae Sul-zer;棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和豆卫矛蚜Aphis fabac Scop.是马铃薯上的重要蚜虫(Verma,1977)。而且,由于这些蚜虫吸取植物汁液,还起着病毒病传病媒介的作用,使马铃薯块茎退化而不适宜作种用(Rutaul和Misra,1979)。在印度,由于卷叶病毒和马铃薯y病毒造成的马铃薯产     

O3浓度升高对棉蚜取食行为的影响

在加倍O3浓度的开顶式气室(OTC)中培养抗虫棉GK12幼苗30 d,正常O3浓度处理为对照。应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术,对棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)在苗期棉花上的取食行为进行了比较研究。结果表明：蚜虫在加倍O3浓度下生长的棉苗上取食的过程中,C波数量显著减少,pd波首次出现时间明显提前,被动取食持续时间(E2波的总时间)明显拉长。棉蚜的取食适合度明显提高的原因可能是加倍O3浓度对棉花叶片组织结构和体内营养物质的变化有影响。     

Stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in cucumber mosaic virus

The stability of the aphid transmission phenotype in seven field isolates of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was studied, using aphids Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae . Field isolates, obtained from four vegetable crops, were propagated in squash and Nicotiana glutinosa , and passaged by either aphid transmission or mechanical transfer. All seven isolates were transmissible by both aphids and this aphid transmission phenotype was stable after 20–24 mechanical passages. Upon further mechanical passaging, one of the seven isolates, CMV-2 A1-MT 60x, lost its transmissibility by Myzus persicae but was still transmissible by Aphis gossypii , although at a reduced rate. Isolates maintained by both aphid transmission and mechanical transfer were transmitted more efficiently by Aphis gossypii than by Myzus persicae . A comparison of the RNA profiles showed no major differences among the CMV isolates before and after mechanical passage.     

Transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus by three aphid species

The transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) by three aphid vectors (i.e., Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and Myzus persicae) was studied. Efficiency was measured by single-aphid inoculation, group inoculation (using five aphids), duration of virus retention, and the number of plants following a single acquisition access period (AAP) to which the aphids could successfully transmit the virus. Single-aphid inoculation studies indicated that M. persicae (56%) and A. gossypii (53%) were significantly more efficient in transmitting PRSV than A. craccivora (38%). Further, in the former two species, the time required for initiation of the first probe on the inoculation test plant was significantly shorter compared to A. craccivora. PRSV transmission efficiency was 100% in all three species when a group of five aphids were used per plant. There was a perceptible decline in transmission efficiency as the sequestration period increased, although M. persicae successfully transmitted PRSV after 30 min of sequestration. A simple leaf-disk assay technique was employed for evaluating the transmission efficiency of three species of aphids. The results of leaf-disk assays also indicated that A. gossypii (48%) and M. persicae (56%) were more efficient PRSV vectors than A. craccivora. Using leaf-disk assays, the ability of individual aphids to inoculate PRSV serially to a number of plants was studied. Following a single AAP on an infected leaf, M. persicae was more efficient than the other two species with 52.5% transmission after the first inoculation access period (IAP). However, its inoculation efficiency significantly decreased with the second and subsequent IAPs. A. gossypii was able to transmit PRSV sequentially up to four successive leaf disks, but with significantly declining efficiency. Since A. gossypii is reported to be the numerically dominant vector in south India in addition to being a more efficient vector capable of inoculating PRSV to multiple plants, it should be the target vector for control strategies.     

棉黑蚜为害诱导棉花抗蚜性的研究

本文对棉花苗期棉黑蚜为害诱导作用下,棉花蕾期受棉蚜为害程度、生理状态和营养成分的变化进行了研究。结果表明,棉黑蚜为害后的棉株再受棉蚜为害时,田间蚜量和受害程度明显低于只受一次棉蚜为害的棉株,棉黑蚜―棉蚜为害处理较仅棉蚜为害处理棉株的抗生物质脯氨酸含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性都显著提高,氨基酸、氮含量有所下降。     

棉蚜抗药性现状及治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。     

Serological detection of plant viruses in their aphid vectors and host plants in Tunisia

DAS-ELISA was used to study the presence of viruses in four aphid species ( Aphis gossypii , Aphis craccivora , Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae ) and in their host plants potato, capsicum and tomato. Samples were collected in different regions in Tunisia: north, Cap Bon, Sahel, centre and south. A. gossypii and M. persicae carried all the viruses detected: Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus , Tomato aspermy cucumovirus , Tobacco etch potyvirus , Potato Y potyvirus , Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and Potato leafroll polerovirus . These two aphids were also those that occurred most frequently on the crops concerned.     

杠柳的不同溶剂提取分离物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和毒杀作用

以生物活性跟踪法测定了杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge 的不同溶剂提取液及其不同馏份对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和毒杀活性。结果表明,杠柳根皮的乙醇提取液和氯仿提取液对小菜蛾具有较强的拒食和毒杀活性,该生物活性高于石油醚提取液。乙醇提取物水溶后分别用苯、正丁醇溶剂萃取。生物测定结果显示,苯萃取物对小菜蛾的活性最高,表明其活性成分主要分布在苯萃取物中。苯萃取物通过硅胶柱层析分离,淋洗液为石油醚、石油醚/乙酸乙酯不同比例混合液、乙酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯/甲醇不同比例混合液和甲醇,根据颜色和极性,将收集到的淋洗液分成8个馏份,其中5、6、7号3个馏份对小菜蛾幼虫具有强烈的拒食和毒杀作用,其200倍液对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食率分别为99.8%、99.1%和98.6%,校正死亡率分别为92.1%、91.5%和100%。     

紫茎泽兰提取物对棉蚜的毒力及其灭蚜机理研究

紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum提取物对棉蚜Aphis gossypii有很高的毒杀作用。紫茎泽兰乙醇总提物、其氯仿萃取物以及从氯仿萃取物中分离得到的紫茎泽兰素A对棉蚜无翅成蚜的致死中浓度(LC_(50)浸渍法)分别为167.9、224.7、362.8mg/L。试验表明,紫茎泽兰素A对棉蚜钠-钾-三磷酸腺苷酸酶(Na-K-ATPase)活性有明显的抑制作用。棉蚜经2.00mg/ml紫茎泽兰素A溶液处理12h后,其体内的Na-K-ATPase活性仅为对照组棉蚜Na-K-ATPase活性的21.60％。     

Early intracellular punctures by two aphid species on near-isogenic melon lines with and without the virus aphid transmission (Vat) resistance gene

The Vat resistance gene (in Cucumis melo L.) inhibits the transmission of non-persistent viruses by Aphis gossypii Glover, but does not affect transmission by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). To see whether this difference was behaviourally determined, we investigated the stylet penetration behaviour of these two aphid species by recording EPGs (Electrical Penetration Graphs) of 8 and 20 min on two sets of susceptible and resistant isogenic melon lines. During the 20 min EPG study, inoculation with CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus) was also investigated. For both sets of isogenic lines, the two aphid species were able to detect the presence of Vat. The mean duration of individual intracellular punctures on the resistant genotypes was significantly reduced for both M. persicae and A. gossypii (-10% and -8% respectively for duration of pattern ‘pd’ in the 20 min experiment); this reaction appeared faster for M. persicae, a species for which melon was not a suitable host-plant. Therefore, in contrast to Vat's anti-transmission effect, this behavioural effect was not aphid species-specific. Also, the frequency of intracellular punctures on the resistant genotypes was significantly reduced in A. gossypii (but not in M. persicae): on average, this frequency dropped from ≈0.65 pd.min^-1 on the susceptible genotypes to ≈0.5 pd.min^-1 on the resistant ones. It was concluded that (intracellular?) chemical cues were detected very early by aphids probing on the resistant genotypes carrying the Vat gene. However, a comprehensive analysis of the behavioural traits of both aphids on the two genotypes could not alone account for the complete inhibition of transmission which was found only to occur for A. gossypii on resistant genotypes. None of the differences detected (between aphid species or between plant genotypes) could account for the Vat phenotype, although they may explain quantitative differences in transmission efficiencies between aphid species. It was thus concluded that Vat effect was primarily chemically mediated. Finally, some intracellular punctures bearing typical subphases have been identified in both aphid species and were designated as ‘long potential drops’ (pd-L). For A. gossypii, these were observed early after plant contact and their mean duration was twice that of standard intracellular punctures (≈8.5 s vs ≈4.2 s). Although not necessary for CMV inoculation, the duration of such phases was positively correlated with a high transmission efficiency by A. gossypii on the susceptible genotype. The nature of this pattern and a putative mechanism of action of the Vat gene are discussed.     

棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构与动态及其对棉蚜的控制效应

采取不同的棉苜间作方式,研究了棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构及种群动态规律、棉蚜与天敌的消长动态,以及棉苜间作对棉田蚜虫的控制效应。与常规单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量大幅度增长,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm苜蓿带处理区为甚,分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%。间作或邻作苜蓿的棉田天敌群落的物种丰富度、丰富度指数及多样性指数均高于常规单种棉田,表明间作和邻作苜蓿带并适时刈割,可以提高棉田内天敌群落的丰富度和多样性。刈割苜蓿带对棉田棉蚜及瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌的数量动态影响较大。在棉蚜上升初期刈割苜蓿带,使棉田内瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌数量急剧上升,棉蚜数量大幅下降,从而有效地控制了棉田棉蚜的暴发。