凤山县坡心地下河流域的资源、环境与发展途径

广西凤山坡心地下河流域石山分布广泛、土地资源分布不均,通过对该地区的调查,介绍了该地区现有土地资源利用方式,发现传统的以粮食作为基础的生产方式不仅经济效益低,更导致水土流失、土地质量下降、地下河管道淤塞,使得大面积优质土地无法耕种,良田受淹,严重影响该地区的可持续发展。同时介绍了该地区其他资源,诸如:旅游资源、药用植物资源、畜牧业资源,重点介绍了该地区的天坑、溶洞、天生桥、谷地等特有的岩溶旅游资源,并根据该地区的自然资源特点以及景点分布,设计了一条以坡形地下河出口即三门海景点为起点经过平乐、江洲、那社,最终到达甲篆的岩溶景观组合旅游路线。为该地区改变以粮食生产为主的传统的生产模式,大力发展旅游业、畜牧业和中草药产业进行新农村建设提出建议。     

区域农业水土资源复杂适应系统配置研究——以三江平原为例

针对三江平原农业用水、用地结构不合理,难以发挥系统最大效能问题,以农垦建三江分局2011年数据为基础,运用复杂适应系统的思想,构建了三江平原农业水土资源复杂适应性配置模型,并对不同地下水开采方案下的农业水土资源优化配置进行了演化分析。结果表明:随着地下水开采量的增加,农业产值和粮食产量都有所增加,生态面积在一定范围内有所减少。随着地下水开采量的减少,其高效利用的土地面积会随之减少,造成大量的土地不能有效得到利用,严重阻碍了区域水资源与土地资源的耦合与当地经济的发展,上述非线性关系以及各子系统对水量变化敏感程度的不同正是其适应性的表现。研究成果对于指导三江平原科学合理的开发利用农业水土资源,提高农业水土资源的利用效率具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

城市化进程中水土资源系统耦合配置研究

在当前城市水土资源供需矛盾日趋尖锐的背景下,开展水土资源系统耦合研究,可使区域内系统水资源和土地资源利用实现优化配置。通过建立水土资源系统耦合配置模型,并运用遗传算法解决多目标求解问题,对模型进行计算,最大限度地挖掘资源系统内在的潜力,实现水土资源可持续利用的发展目标。以西安市浐灞生态区为例进行了实证求解,得出了水土资源耦合最优结果,为城市化进程中水土资源系统耦合的配置研究提供依据。     

黑龙港地区水土资源经济系统耦合协调评价研究

区域水土资源经济系统是一个具有复杂结构和功能的耗散系统,各子系统间存在着能量流、物质流和信息流的密切交换,各要素因子间相互依存,彼此影响,协同演化.从系统耦合与协同的角度,建立了区域水资源、土地资源和农业经济系统耦合协调模型,并利用熵值赋权法和ArcGIS 10平台,对黑龙港地区水土资源经济系统开展了耦合协调分析.结果显示,黑龙港全区水土资源经济系统耦合协调状况较差,主要属于初级协调 中级协调发展类型,部分地区属于勉强协调发展类型和濒临失调衰退类型.分析结果与黑龙港地区水土资源条件和农业经济发展状态相吻合,能够为区域资源开发和经济发展提供支持和借鉴.     

“北土南运”的设想

我国南北地区土壤资源分布不平衡,北方地区土地面积广袤,土壤资源富足,尤其是黑土地,土壤肥沃,土层深厚;而南方地区土地面积相对较少,土壤资源匮乏,土壤质量低下。若能效仿南水北调、北煤南运、西气东输、西电东送等工程,将"北土""南运",不仅可以对解决我国土地资源分布不均衡问题起到很好的作用,还可以提高我国土地资源整体土壤质量、土壤肥力,从长期来讲,对于农业生产与经济社会发展都具有重要意义。本文设想了"北土南运"的内容,分析了"北土南运"的必要性、可行性及设想实施的现实问题和潜在风险,恳请批评指正。     

国际荒漠化协会联合主席，水土保持专家王飞先生论基于土盐-水盐双分离的旱区盐碱地水土资源管理模式

[目的]从区域资源综合利用与水土资源管理角度探讨干旱地区土壤盐碱地治理问题,旨在寻求旱区盐碱地治理与开发利用新模式,以创新旱区盐碱地治理观念与技术,为旱区农业可持续发展、生态保护和环境治理提供支撑。[方法]根据在陕西、宁夏和新疆等省区的野外调查和研究经验,结合有关水土资源高效利用研究成果,通过综合分析目前国内外盐碱地治理方法中存在的主要问题,提出了一种旱区盐碱地水土资源高效利用的管理新模式。[结果]旱区盐碱地水土资源管理新模式是通过高效水调控促进土盐—水盐分离(简称:旱区盐碱地双分离治理模式),可以综合概括为"减少区域水损失,低耗水充分洗盐,集约化水盐分离,水土资源高效利用"。其中"减少区域水损失"是旱区水资源管理与生态保障的前提,"低耗水充分洗盐"是节省洗盐的时间成本和水资源成本的基础,"集约化水盐分离"是实现水盐分离和水盐分别再利用的核心技术,"水土资源高效利用"是旱区农业发展用水的核心经济原则。[结论]旱区盐碱地双分离治理模式通过集约化水土资源管理,可以提高水盐分离效率,提升土地和水资源利用效率,其资源、环境和生态风险小,治理效益持续时间长,有助于维持和提升盐碱地治理的区域经济功能和生态系统服务价值。     

荒漠绿洲边缘土地合理利用与沙产业发展技术体系研究

通过水土资源现状的分析评价,发现2005年民勤绿洲粮经草比例为36.94∶45.16∶17.90,与1991年相比,土地利用格局正向粮经草比例优化和农林牧协调方向发展;民勤绿洲土地资源的限制性因素主要为水分、土质、盐碱和肥力;对水资源现状分析发现民勤绿洲年缺水量达3.921 8亿m3。根据民勤绿洲自然条件和沙产业发展的理论要求,引进并筛选出适宜民勤绿洲边缘栽培的"中苜1号"、"兰热莱恩德"、"苜蓿54"、"德宝"4个紫花苜蓿品种和乌拉尔甘草、中麻黄、沙葱等优良、节水、抗旱的植物种和品种;提出了民勤绿洲边缘土地合理利用和沙产业的发展方向——节水农业和生态产业,主要包括通过合理的林草、林药间作和草田轮作制度,提高水土资源利用率和光能利用率;培育并发展苜蓿、麻黄、甘草、葡萄、马铃薯、棉花、舍饲肉羊等多种形式的荒漠生态产业。通过这些措施的实施,在民勤绿洲及其边缘地区建立"土壤-环境系统,植物-品种系统,节水栽培及产业化发展的技术措施系统"相互耦合的沙产业技术体系,逐步形成粮经草1∶1∶1的土地利用格局,促进民勤绿洲生态经济型沙产业的可持续发展。     

河南省农业生态资源保护与农业可持续发展

分析了河南省农业面临的水土资源、森林与草地资源及生物多样性等问题,指出实施"科教兴豫"战略,控制人口增长,合理利用土地和水资源,保护生态环境,逐步建立起结构和功能不断优化的农业生态经济复合系统,是实现河南省农业生态经济良性循环和可持续发展的有效途径.     

基于GIS的土地利用与土壤侵蚀的耦合关系研究——以粤北岩溶山区为例

在GIS技术的支持下,通过对遥感影像解译,获取了2010年粤北岩溶区廊田镇南部的土地利用与土壤侵蚀数据,对研究区域的土地利用与土壤侵蚀的耦合关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：不同的土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀的发育有着不同的影响,土地利用与土壤侵蚀存在耦合关系,而形成土壤侵蚀的一个重要原因是土地利用方式不当。优化土地利用结构,选择合理的土地利用方式,对于高效利用土地资源,控制水土流失,实现区域经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于宏微观尺度的三江平原区域农业水土资源承载力

针对现有的农业水土资源承载力评价中将农业水、土资源视为独立系统分别进行研究容易导致系统超负荷运行的问题,该文将农业水、土资源作为一个整体系统,提出了从微观和宏观尺度进行农业水土资源承载力评价的新思路。在构建微观和宏观农业水土资源承载力评价指标体系的基础上,建立了农业水土资源承载力微观和宏观计算模型,其中微观模型用于求解农业水土资源支撑的最大粮食产量和最大人口数量,宏观模型用于评价区域农业水土资源承载力的相对等级,并将宏微观模型应用于三江平原农垦建三江分局的农业水土资源承载力分析中。结果表明该模型求得的建三江地区宏观和微观农业水土资源承载力大小和制约因素,很好地反映出建三江分局农业水土资源承载力的实际水平,表明该模型切实可行,并为区域农业水土资源系统整体效能的充分利用提供了依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.