柱花草高产栽培综合农艺措施的研究

试验采用5因素二次正交旋转组合回归设计,对柱花草高产栽培的综合农艺措施进行研究,并建立了干物质产量与种植密度、收割次数、施过磷酸钙量、施复合肥量、喷施钼酸铵浓度等5项农艺措施之间的数学模型,通过模型解析和寻优,得出在试验条件下,5项农艺措施对热研2号柱花草产量影响的程度依次为:收割次数>种植密度>施复合肥量>施过磷酸钙量>喷施钼酸铵浓度,并得出高产栽培组合方案.     

播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响

在橘园间作条件下,采用裂区试验设计,经连续两年试验,研究了不同播种期、播种量对豆科绿肥山黧豆(Lath yrus sativus)鲜草产量、种子产量及农艺性状的影响.结果表明,1)播期、播量对山黧豆鲜草和种子产量均有显著影响(P＜0.05),播量影响大于播期;2)山黧豆的鲜草和种子产量随播期推迟显著降低(P＜0.05),9月20日播种的鲜草产量最高,达29 406.0 kg·hm-2,种子产量则以9月30日播种的最高,为1 616.1 kg·hm-2.早播(9月播种)时,株高、单株分枝数、单株根瘤数、结实率和千粒重等农艺性状均优于晚播(10月播种);3)播量为45.0 kg·hm-2时,其鲜草和种子产量均最高,拯种量过大对产量和农艺性状均有负向作用.综上,山黧豆在四川西充与橘园间作下的适宜播种期在9月,最佳播种量为45.0 kg·hm-2.     

饲用小黑麦产量与播量、施肥关系的研究

本试验采用“多元二次回归正交旋转组合设计”方法，研究了小黑麦产量与播量、施肥关系，建立了一般耕作和管理条件下，小黑麦产量、投资效益等函数模，运用微机寻优，筛选出亩产量大于370千克、400千克，投资效益在于12千克／元的高产稳产农艺措施；播量17．5千克／亩，基肥磷酸二铵12．5千克／亩，抽穗期追施纯N9．2千克／亩，分蘖期与灌浆期少追或不追N肥，试验还对诸因子的效应，进行剖析。     

高寒牧区多叶老芒麦高产栽培技术研究

采用3因素二次饱和—D最优设计方法,研究多年生人工草地栽培措施与生产性能之间的关系,通过测定播种密度、叶面喷施“常乐”益植素日期、播种行距3因素条件下试验的各项参数,建立不同播种密度、不同叶面喷施“常乐”益植素日期、不同播种行距对高寒牧区多叶老芒麦地上部分牧草产量、种子产量关系的函数模型:y1=3.43+0.177x1+0.133x2+0.097x3+0.024x1x2+0.06x1x3-0.02x2x3+0.168x12-0.1x22-0.22x32,y2=49.6+1.2x1-1.9x2+2.2x3+3.3x1x2+3.1x1x3+7.3x2x3-7.7x12-6.9x22+4.9x32,并提出高寒牧区多叶老芒麦高产的农艺措施,即播种密度411～929株丛/平方米、播种行距24～31cm、叶面喷施“常乐”益植素日期6月12日～7月5日。     

红三叶种植技术

<正>红三叶,豆科三叶草属短寿命多年生草本植物。广泛栽培于世界温带、亚热带地区,是重要的豆科牧草之一。红三叶草质柔嫩,适口性好,各类家畜喜食。其营养丰富,开花期干物质中粗蛋白质含量17%。再生性强,一年可刈割4~6次。产草量高,鲜草产量3 000~4 000公斤/亩,折合干草500~800公斤/亩;在高水平管理条件下,鲜草产量可达4 000~5 000公斤/亩,折合干草800~1100公斤/亩。     

小麦套作菊苣高产栽培技术研究

采用二次饱和D最优设计方法,选取菊苣密度、氮肥施用量2个因子为研究对象,研究种植小麦条件下套作普那菊苣鲜草产量与其密度、氯肥施用量间的关系,建立了试验因素与菊苣鲜草产量的数学模型,通过对模型解析和模型寻优,获得普那菊苣鲜草产量≥105000kg／hm^2的优化栽培方案为：菊苣2007年3月1日育苗,施有机肥22500kg／hm^2,种植密度173565～219585株侩顷,每次刈割后次日施氮量52．88～104．03kg／hm^2。合理密植,适当增施氮肥,对提高普那菊苣鲜草产量、改善菊苣品质具有积极的促进作用。     

柱花草高产栽培综合农艺措施的研究

试验采用５因素二交正交旋转组合回归设计,对柱花草高产栽培的综合农艺措施进行研究,并建立了千物质产量与种植密度,收割次数、施过磷酸钙量、施复合肥量、喷施钼酸铵浓度先进５项农艺措施之间的数学模型,通过模型解析和寻优,得出在试验条件下,５项农艺措施对热研２号柱花草产量影响的程度依次为：收缩次数〉种植密度〉复合肥量〉施过磷酸钙量〉喷施钼酸铵浓度,并得出高产栽培组合方案。     

小麦套作菊苣不同密度及施氮量试验

采用二因素饱和D最优设计,研究小麦套作菊苣不同密度及施氮量对菊苣产量(鲜草产量,下同)的效应关系,建立了菊苣产量与密度、施氮量的数学模型。解析模型得知,影响菊苣产量的主要因素是密度,其次为施氮量。经优化组合频数分析与模拟选择,得出菊苣产量≥150000㎏/hm2的种植密度、施氮量为:密度177645～223035株/公顷、每次刈割后施氮量59.22～107.85kg/hm2。经济效益分析种植牧草菊苣纯收入为15327.33元/公顷,产投比2.056。     

青贮玉米品种产量与农艺性状相关性研究

试验对8个青贮玉米品种的鲜草产量结果进行了方差分析、各农艺性状与鲜草产量的相关性分析及各个农艺性状之间的相关性分析.结果表明,金岭80、中北410和北青贮1号鲜、干草产量均较高,适宜在河北省沧州市推广应用;单株鲜重、单株鲜叶重、单株干重、带苞单穗重、秆粗是影响鲜草和干草产量的重要因素;各个农艺性状之间存在很大的相关性.     

不同播量、行距及播种方式对青燕1号燕麦饲草产量的影响

为明确青燕1号燕麦（Avena sativa L.）饲草生产适宜播量、行距和播种方式,本研究采用播量和行距两因素试验设计,设4个播量水平和5个行距水平,探究不同播量、行距下饲草产量变化,完善该品种在生产推广中的高产栽培技术。结果表明：播量和行距对鲜草和干草产量影响显著（P<0.05）,同一播量下,二者产量随行距增大而减小,相同行距下,鲜草和干草产量随播量增大而增大;各处理间以播量S4、行距R1最优。不同播种方式下撒播以播量S4鲜草和干草产量最高,分别达36.324 t·hm^-2和11.330 t·hm^-2;与撒播相比条播增产效益明显,条播鲜草、干草最高产量、最低产量均显著高于撒播最高产量。不同收获时期下,以乳熟期鲜草和干草产量最佳,分别达102.562 t·hm^-2和30.504 t·hm^-2,较抽穗期高4.51倍和3.81倍。不同播量、行距下,株高、茎粗、叶面积和总分蘖数随播量增加先增大后减小,随行距增加株高、茎粗呈上升趋势,叶面积则先升高后降低,总分蘖数变化规律不明显。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein