Growth characteristics and grain yield of machine-transplanted medium indica hybrid rice with high daily yield

High-yield rice varieties with a suitable growth duration are required for mechanical transplanting in multiple cropping systems. Daily yield is an appropriate criterion for the selection of machine-transplanted rice varieties. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics and grain production in machine-transplanted medium indica hybrid rice with a high daily yield. We conducted a field experiment on 20 medium indica hybrid rice varieties in 2017 and 2018.Grain yield decre...     

Higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle were the primary morphological traits for yield advantage of japonica/indica hybrids

The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids (JIH) has been achieved over 13.5 t ha⁻¹ in large-scale rice fields, and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice (JI) and indica hybrid rice (IH) were also identified. To date, little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH. For this reason, three JIH, three JI, and three IH were field-grown at East China (Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) in 2015 and 2016. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had 14.3 and 20.8% higher grain yield, respectively, attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper, middle, and lower branches. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves, higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages, higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity, higher dry matter weight in leaf, stem, and panicle at heading and maturity stages, and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening. Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively, while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading, stem weight per tiller, and per unit length. Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening, and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.     

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.     

南方稻区优良食味与高产协同的单季晚粳稻品种特点研究

【目的】 旨在探究南方稻区不同食味值水平和产量类型单季晚粳稻产量与品质的差异,阐明南方稻区优良食味与高产协同的单季晚粳品种所具有的特征特性。【方法】 本文以南方稻区48个单季晚粳为材料,根据产量和食味值将其分为味优高产、味优中产、味中高产和味中中产4种类型,以实际生产需求为依据,选用味优高产、味优中产和味中高产3种类型进行产量和品质的比较研究。【结果】 味优高产类型的食味值比味中高产类型高26.69%,且味优类型食味值中的外观、黏度和平衡度分别比味中类型高出38.81%、36.30%和37.40%。与味中高产类型相比,味优高产类型的糙米率、整精米率与垩白粒率、垩白度分别高0.34%、7.13%、40.39%和47.56%;胶稠度长度长19.92%;直链淀粉、蛋白质含量低37.67%和33.08%。与味优中产类型相比,味优高产类型的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、灌浆结实期的日照时数、成穗率以及抽穗至成熟阶段生物积累量占总生物量的比例分别高4.47%、3.29%、5.72%、16.25%、11.09%、21.49%;叶面积衰减率低13.51%。抽穗至成熟阶段,味优高产的群体生长率、净同化率和光合势比味优中产分别高出24.46%、14.62%和19.01%。【结论】 南方优良食味与高产协同的单季晚粳品种的特征为加工品质达国标1级;透明度等级在3级;垩白粒率和垩白度分别在50%—85%与20%—35%;直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量与胶稠度长度分别在10.0%、8.0%与90.0 mm左右;RVA谱特征值中消减值在-500cP以下,回复值在550 cP—650 cP。产量构成中,味优高产类型品种的结实率在90.0%左右;千粒重在25.0 g以上;且在抽穗前期保持适宜的干物质积累,在抽穗期以后保证叶面积指数、干物质积累量及其所占全生育期的积累比例有较高的水平。     

Decreased panicle N application alleviates the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and grain quality

Light deficiency is a growing abiotic stress in rice production. However, few studies focus on shading effects on grain yield and quality of rice in East China. It is also essential to investigate proper nitrogen (N) application strategies that can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of light deficiency on grain yield and quality in rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of shading (non-shading and shading from heading to maturity) and panicle N application (N_DP, decreased panicle N rate; N_MP, medium panicle N rate; N_IP, increased panicle N rate) treatments on rice yield- and quality-related characteristics. Compared with non-shading, shading resulted in a 9.5–14.8% yield loss (P<0.05), mainly due to lower filled-grain percentage and grain weight. N_MP and N_IP had higher (P<0.05) grain yield than N_DP under non-shading, and no significant difference was observed in rice grain yield among N_DP, N_MP, and N_IP under shading. Compared with N_MP and N_IP, N_DP achieved less yield loss under shading because of the increased filled-grain percentage and grain weight. Shading reduced leaf photosynthetic rate after heading, as well as shoot biomass weight at maturity, shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity, and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the stem at maturity (P<0.05). The harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve of N_DP were increased under shading. Shading decreased (P<0.05) percentages of brown rice, milled rice, head rice, and amylose content while increasing (P<0.05) chalky rice percentage, chalky area, chalky degree, and grain protein. N_MP demonstrated a better milling quality under non-shading, while N_DP demonstrated under shading. N_DP exhibited both lower chalky rice percentage, chalky area, and chalky degree under non-shading and shading, compared with N_MP and N_IP. N_DP under shading decreased amylose content and breakdown but increased grain protein content and setback, contributing to similar overall palatability to non-shading. Our results suggested severe grain yield and quality penalty of rice when subjected to shading after heading. N_DP improved NSC remobilization, harvest index, and sink-filling efficiency and alleviated yield loss under shading. Besides, N_DP would maintain rice’s milling, appearance, and cooking and eating qualities under shading. Proper N management with a decreased panicle N rate could be adopted to mitigate the negative effects of shading on rice grain yield and quality.     

两系法杂交水稻物质运转和籽粒灌浆的动态特性及其相互关系研究

从单茎水平上探讨了25个水稻两系杂交组合灌浆期、茎鞘干物质运转和籽粒灌浆的动态变化特性,分析了两者的相关关系。结果表明：叶、茎鞘物质运转、籽粒千粒重、单茎籽粒总灌浆量的动态变化存在因组合不同而异的特点：抽穗后初期阶段叶片干物质进行一定的积累有利于籽粒充实度的提高;整个灌浆期维持较高的叶源量对于两系杂交组合单穗籽粒总产量的提高意义明显;抽穗后初期阶段茎鞘干物质的积累越多以及后期向籽粒调运率越高,对于两系法杂交组合籽粒充实和单穗总产量的提高越有利。本文还从干物质运转上探讨了两系法高产杂交组合选育的问题。     

Yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrids rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China

Although a lot of researches have been done on yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice, there is little information on differences of yield characteristics between different types of hybrid. To determine common characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice(JIHR) and identify the differences between different types of JIHR, the present study assessed yield characteristics, such as panicle trait, leaf area index(LAI), above-ground biomass accumulation, and nitrogen absorption and utilization, among three types of cultivar of JIHR. In our field experiments, three types of JIHR, e.g., Yongyou, Chunyou and Jiayouzhongke, were divided, and each of them has two cultivars, which were used as materials, meanwhile, using conventional japonica rice(CJR) Wuyingjing 31 and Sujing 9 were as controls. The results showed that the mean yield of those JIHR was above 12 t ha–1 in 2017 and 2018, and was 31.9 and 32.2%, respectively higher than that of CJR in the two years. Spikelet number per panicle of JIHR resulted in high yield. Higher yield of JIHR was likely contributed to greater panicle number and more spikelets per panicle. Higher yielding JIHR showed stronger tillering capacity, larger LAI and above-ground biomass accumulation from jointing to heading stages, which likely contributed to the higher number of spikelets per panicle. The long duration from heading to maturity stages allowed more nitrogen accumulation of higher yielding JIHR.     

Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm); equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm); and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha~(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha~(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha~(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.     

精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻产量与群体质量的影响

【目的】水稻产量在很大程度上受环境、栽培技术等多种因素的影响。根据各地的气候特点有针对性地采用栽培技术,可以充分挖掘水稻产量潜力,大幅度提高单产。论文旨在探明精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻群体质量及产量形成的影响效应。【方法】于2010-2011年在贵州省黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个不同生态稻区,以当地具有高产潜力的杂交籼稻品种为试材,设计精确定量施肥模式（accurate fertilizer,AF）与常规施肥模式（conventional fertilizer,CF）,通过对两种施肥模式的比较,研究不同施肥模式的群体质量及产量形成的差异。精确定量施肥模式以斯坦福（Stanford）方程为基础,根据目标产量需氮量、土壤供氮量及氮肥当季利用率计算总施氮量,各阶段的施肥量根据目标产量的阶段需氮量确定。精确施肥模式的总氮按照基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促花肥﹕保花肥为30%﹕20%﹕35%﹕15%施用,常规施肥模式氮素总量按基肥﹕分蘖肥﹕促保花肥为20%﹕60%﹕20%施用。在有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期分别取地上部分测定叶面积和干物质量,成熟期考查穗数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。【结果】精确定量施肥模式显著提高了黄平、绥阳、余庆、兴义4个点的水稻产量,增产幅度为12.4%-48.0%,从产量构成因素看,穗数和穗粒数均较常规施肥模式有不同程度提高,穗数增加8.1%以上,穗粒数增加2.5%以上,群体颖花量增加14.3%以上,而结实率和千粒重两种施肥模式的差异较小;比较分析两种施肥模式的穗型大小,精确定量施肥模式较常规施肥模式穗粒数小于100粒的小穗比例降低、100-250粒的大穗和250粒以上的特大穗比例增加,小穗比例减少了36.7%-100%,大穗比例提高了2.2%-11.4%,特大穗比例提高了23.3%-94.9%;在叶面积指数与粒叶比方面;精确定量施肥模式比常规施肥模式的群体叶面积指数拔节前有所降低（4.2%-11.8%）、抽穗期显著提高（4.2%-13.9%）;粒叶比明显增大,其中颖花/叶为9.3%-32.7%、实粒/叶为12.8%-35.7%、粒重/叶为10.1%-36.3%;干物质积累量表现为精确定量施肥模式比常规施肥模式拔节前有所降低,拔节至抽穗期提高了9.8%-50.8%,抽穗至成熟期提高了26.9%-62.7%。【结论】精确定量施肥模式显著提高了贵州杂交籼稻产量,其途径主要通过控制拔节前的群体生长,促进拔节后的群体发展,适度减小拔节前群体叶面积和干物质积累,扩大拔节后尤其是抽穗后群体叶面积和干物质积累,在稳定提高穗数的基础上,控制晚生小穗数量、促进大穗形成,提高穗粒数和粒叶比,实现抽穗后群体干物质的高积累,从而获得高产。     

Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特性

【目的】 明确不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特性,为西南稻区中籼杂交稻机插高产栽培和品种选育提供理论和实践依据。 【方法】 以西南稻区的20个中籼杂交稻品种为材料,依据日产量将供试品种聚类为高日产、中日产和低日产3个类型,进而研究了不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻间的氮素积累、分配、转运及氮素生产利用效率的差异及其与日产量的关系。【结果】（1）不同日产量类型机插杂交籼稻间氮素积累特性差异明显。较中日产和低日产类型,高日产类型机插杂交籼稻在拔节前（播种—拔节期）具有较低的氮素积累比例,但其能有效提高拔节期和齐穗期各器官及植株含氮量,成熟期穗部和植株含氮率,以及2017年拔节—齐穗阶段的氮素积累量和2018年齐穗—成熟阶段氮素积累速率,进而提高全生育期氮素积累速率,使全生育期植株氮素积累量分别增加了3.70%—5.97%和16.57%—18.63%。（2）高日产类型机插杂交籼稻具有较高的齐穗期茎鞘和成熟期穗部氮素分配比例,以及较低的成熟期叶片氮素分配比例,其地上部营养器官（特别是茎鞘）氮素转运量明显高于中日产和低日产类型。（3）低日产类型机插杂交籼稻显著提高了氮素干物质生产效率,而高日产类型则能有效提高氮素收获指数和偏生产力。（4）相关分析表明,随日产量增加,各生育时期植株含氮率,拔节—齐穗阶段植株氮素积累量和积累速率,齐穗期茎鞘氮素分配比例和氮素偏生产力均显著增加,拔节前氮素积累比例、成熟期叶片氮素分配比例和氮素干物质生产效率均显著降低。【结论】整体看来,拔节—齐穗阶段植株氮素积累速率快、积累量大,齐穗期茎鞘和成熟穗部氮素分配比例高,可作为高日产类型机插杂交籼稻的氮素吸收利用特征指标。     

不同生育期水稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异

 【目的】研究不同生育期类型水稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异,分析提高其氮素吸收利用的途径。【方法】在群体水培条件下,以88—122个常规籼稻品种（2001—2002）、94个常规粳稻品种（2008—2009）为材料,测定生育期、各器官干物重和氮素含量、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按播种到抽穗日数（为方便描述本文统称为生育期）从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 六类,研究各类品种氮素吸收利用的差异及其原因。【结果】生育期长的品种抽穗期和成熟期氮素累积量大（籼稻）或较大（粳稻）,但结实期吸氮量并无优势;生育期长的品种植株含氮率较低（粳稻）或品种间差异较小（籼稻）,单位面积穗数较少（籼稻）或品种间差异较小（粳稻）,但其生长日数多、干物质生产量大、单穗吸氮量较大、单穗吸氮强度大（籼稻）或较大（粳稻）,干物质生产量、单穗吸氮量、单穗吸氮强度对吸氮量的作用分别大于植株含氮率、单位面积穗数、生长日数对吸氮量的作用;生育期长的品种氮素籽粒生产效率低（籼稻）或中等偏大（粳稻）,氮素干物质生产效率较大（粳稻）;生育期长的品种抽穗期、成熟期茎鞘叶中氮素分配比例大,穗中氮素分配比例小或较小（成熟期粳稻）。【结论】生育期长的品种吸氮能力强（籼稻）或较强（粳稻）,氮素籽粒生产效率低（籼稻）或中等偏大（粳稻）。生育期长的品种植株含氮率、穗数或小或无优势,但生长日数、干物质生产量、单穗吸氮量、单穗吸氮强度大。促进干物质生产,提高单穗吸氮强度和单穗吸氮能力有利于提高生育期长的品种氮素吸收量。无论是籼稻品种还是粳稻品种,促进营养器官中氮素向穗部运转,减少茎鞘叶中氮素分配比例,均有利于生育期长的品种氮素利用效率的提高。对粳稻品种而言,成熟期较低的植株含氮率也是生育期长的品种氮素利用效率高的重要因素。     

Geographic variation in the yield formation of single-season high-yielding hybrid rice in southern China

Environmental conditions greatly affect the growth of rice. To investigate the geographic differences in yield formation of single-season high-yielding hybrid rice in southern China, experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in the upper and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River with 10–30 main locally planted high-yielding hybrid cultivars used as materials. Compared with rice planted in the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, rice planted in the upper reaches has a longer tillering duration, higher accumulated temperature(≥10℃) during tillering period, but lower accumulated temperature and solar radiation from initial booting to maturity. Yield traits comparison between the upper and the middle–lower reaches of Yangtze River showed that the former had 48.1% more panicles per unit area while the latter had 46.4% more grains per panicle; the rice yield in the former was positively correlated with the seed setting rate and the dry matter accumulation before heading, while the latter was positively correlated with grains per panicle and dry matter accumulation from booting to maturity. Comparison of the same variety Tianyouhuazhan planted in different regions showed there was a significant positive correlation between panicle number and the duration of and accumulated temperature during the tillering period(r=0.982~(**), r=0.993~(**), respectively), and between grains per panicle and accumulated solar radiation during booting period(r=0.952~*). In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, more than 90% of cultivars with an yield of greater than 11 t ha~(–1) had an effective panicle number of 250–340 m~(–2), and there was a significant negative correlation between seed setting rate and grains per panicle; therefore, the high-yielding rice production in these regions with a long effective tillering period(40 d) should choose varieties with moderate grains per panicle, adopt crop managements such as good fertilizer and water measures during vegetative growth period to ensure a certain number of effective panicles, and to increase the dry matter accumulation before heading. While in regions with a short effective tillering period(20 d) but good sunshine conditions during the reproductive growth period, such as the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, high-yielding rice production should choose cultivars with large panicles, adopt good water and fertilizer managements during the reproductive growth period to ensure the formation of large panicles and the increase of dry matter accumulation after heading.     

播期对再生稻次适宜区杂交籼稻食味品质的影响

【目的】明确播期对再生稻次适宜区杂交籼稻食味品质的影响,为再生稻次适宜区种植结构调整和优质栽培提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以川优6203、宜香优2115和F优498等3个杂交籼稻品种为试验材料,在四川再生稻次适宜区的隆昌和犍为设置播期试验,通过对稻米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量测定,以及米饭气味、外观、适口性、滋味、冷饭质地和综合评分等指标的分析,研究播期对再生稻次适宜区杂交籼稻食味品质的影响。【结果】（1）杂交籼稻食味品质受生态点、播期、品种及其互作共同调控。（2）在再生稻次适宜区,播期对不同品种食味品质的影响在不同生态点有差异,2年直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和滋味,以及2018年适口性和综合评分均表现为隆昌生态点显著低于犍为生态点。与常规播期相比,适当推迟播期能使水稻灌浆结实期避开高温胁迫,提高直链淀粉含量、改善适口性和滋味,进而提高综合评分,使食味品质更为接近再生稻。（3）相关分析表明,直链淀粉含量、适口性和滋味与抽穗后20 d至成熟阶段的日均最高、最低和平均温度,以及日照时数呈显著或极显著负相关关系,综合评分则与日均最低温度呈显著负相关。（4）GGE双标图分析表明,隆昌生态点采用第3播期,犍为生态点采用第2、第3播期具有较好的综合评分且稳定性好。【结论】在确保水稻产量基础上,隆昌生态点在第3播期（5月初）进行播种,犍为生态点在第2播期（3月20日至25日）进行播种,可以使水稻灌浆结实期避开高温胁迫,改善杂交籼稻的食味品质,优质食味品种宜香优2115、川优6203与适当推迟播期结合效果更好。     

双季晚稻甬优系列籼粳杂交稻超高产结构与群体形成特征

【目的】研究双季稻区晚稻季条件下,甬优系列籼粳杂交稻超高产结构与群体形成特征,以期为双季晚稻甬优系列籼粳杂交稻超高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以籼粳杂交稻有代表性的品种甬优538、甬优2640、甬优1538、甬优1540为试验材料,通过栽培措施的调控,形成超高产(≥10.50 t·hm-2)和高产(9.75 t·hm-2≤产量10.50 t·hm-2)群体,对产量及其结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长速率等方面进行系统比较研究。【结果】与高产群体相比,超高产群体表现穗数足、穗型大、群体颖花量多(50 000×104颖花/hm2以上)的显著特点,但结实率和千粒重略降低,差异不显著;群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长,至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量少,成穗率高(75%),此后群体下降平缓,至抽穗期达适宜穗数;群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢,最大值出现在孕穗期,为8.1左右,此后下降缓慢,抽穗期叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均极显著高于高产群体,成熟期叶面积指数仍保持在3.5以上;群体光合势生育前期较小,中后期较大,总光合势为580×104m2·d·hm-2以上,抽穗期至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的50.0%以上;群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓,拔节后干物质积累速度较快,至抽穗期群体生物量为10.0 t·hm-2左右,抽穗后积累量亦高,至成熟期干物重达19.0 t·hm-2左右;有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前,超高产群体群体生长率较高产群体大,有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期,超高产群体生长平稳,群体生长率较高产群体小,拔节以后,群体生长率极显著高于高产群体。【结论】超高产群体起点质量高,栽后分蘖早生快发,群体生长优势明显,特别是生育中后期光合生产能力强,物质积累多。超高产栽培水稻适宜产量构成应以足量穗数与较大穗型协调产出足够的群体颖花量,同时保持较高的结实率和千粒重。     

不同灌溉和施肥模式对水稻产量、氮利用和稻田氮转化特征的影响

【目的】阐明常规淹灌和干湿交替灌溉下,不同施肥模式对水稻关键生育期氮吸收转运、氮素利用率和稻田氮转化特征的影响及其与水稻产量的关系,以期为绿色高效稻田水肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】 2018—2019年连续进行2年,以杂交籼稻中浙优1号为供试材料,设常规淹灌（FI）、干湿交替（AWD）2种灌溉模式以及空白对照（N₀）、常规施氮（PUN₁₀₀）、减氮20%（PUN₈₀）、缓控释复合肥减氮20%+生物炭（CRFN₈₀-BC）和稳定性复合肥减氮20%+生物炭（SFN₈₀-BC）5种施肥模式,对比分析了不同灌溉和施肥模式下水稻产量、氮吸收利用及稻田氮转化特征。【结果】（1）与FI灌溉模式相比,AWD灌溉显著增加了各处理水稻产量（P<0.05）,CRFN₈₀-BC和SFN₈₀-BC处理水稻产量分别达9 721 kg·hm^-2、10 056 kg·hm^-2（2018年）和9 492 kg·hm^-2、9 907 kg·hm^-2（2019年）,且均显著高于PUN₈₀和PUN₁₀₀处理（P<0.05）,这可能与水稻穗粒数、有效穗增加密切相关。（2）与N₀、PUN₁₀₀和PUN₈₀处理相比,AWD灌溉显著提高了抽穗前CRFN₈₀-BC和SFN₈₀-BC处理水稻茎鞘和叶片氮累积量、抽穗至成熟期茎鞘和叶片氮转运量及其氮转运贡献率;同时,显著增加了成熟期0—30 cm剖面稻田可溶性总氮（dissloved total N,DTN）和NO₃^-含量,并有效降低稻田渗滤液中DTN、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-质量浓度。（3）相关分析结果表明,水稻产量与营养生长期叶片和茎鞘氮累积量,抽穗后氮转运量和氮转运贡献率,成熟期水稻氮素利用率和稻田氮有效性显著正相关,表明适宜的水氮管理能协同促进氮素在水稻中的吸收和运转畅通,增加稻田氮素有效性,进而显著提高水稻产量和氮素利用率。【结论】综合2年水稻产量与氮素吸收利用、稻田氮素有效性特征,干湿交替灌溉下生物炭配施缓控释/稳定性复合肥能有效提高水稻高产群体构建、氮吸收转运和氮素利用效率,并降低稻田氮淋溶损失。     

水稻食味品质性状间相关性分析及其与叶片光合作用的关系

为明确优质稻米品质性状及其与叶片光合作用的关系,培育筛选优良食味水稻新品种,以河南省沿黄稻区8个优良食味水稻品种为试验材料,在大田栽培条件下,对稻米的直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、加工品质指标（糙米率、精米率和整精米率）和外观品质指标（垩白粒率和垩白度）等性状进行测定和分析,并对籽粒灌浆期水稻剑叶的光合速率进行检测。结果表明,8个供试优良水稻品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均较高,品种间的变异系数较低;稻米外观品质垩白粒率和垩白度在品种间差异较大,变异系数分别为39.73%和36.49%;影响稻米食味品质的直链淀粉、蛋白质含量和食味值在品种间变异系数相对较小,均低于5%。相关分析表明,蛋白质含量与食味值呈显著的开口向上的左偏抛物线关系（r=0.827*）,直链淀粉含量与食味值呈极显著的直线负相关关系（r=-0.905**）,糙米粒厚与食味值呈显著的开口向下的抛物线关系（r=0.747*）;外观品质指标、蛋白质含量和食味值与灌浆中后期的叶片光合速率均呈负相关关系,直链淀粉含量与之呈正相关关系。说明蛋白质和直链淀粉含量越低稻米的食味越好,在一定范围内,随着糙米粒厚的增加食味增加,而糙米粒厚大于2.1 mm,食味值反而下降;提高水稻灌浆中、后期叶片的光合速率,有利于改善稻米的外观和营养品质,而稻米直链淀粉含量增加,食味值下降。因此,水稻叶片的高光合效率在优质食味米选育方面存在一定的选择压力,合理调控水稻中后期叶片的光合速率对提高和改善稻米食味品质具有重要意义。     

氮素穗肥对水稻垩白籽粒灌浆影响及与加工品质的关系

为明确垩白籽粒灌浆特性与稻米加工品质的关系及氮素穗肥调控效应，以高垩白水稻OM052为材料，设置追施氮素穗肥和不追肥处理，分析其物质生产、灌浆动态特征、加工品质及其对氮素穗肥的响应。结果表明：追施氮素穗肥显著增加了抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量，提高了籽粒灌浆的起始生长势，灌浆启动提早、平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率增加，最大灌浆速率出现时间提前0.95 d，但活跃灌浆期缩短0.69 d。未追施氮素穗肥处理的籽粒灌浆启动滞后，灌浆速率小，且在达到最大灌浆速率后下降平缓而灌浆时间延长。追施氮素穗肥条件下稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著提高1.46%、2.52%和3.57%，加工品质得以改善。抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累及平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率分别与加工品质呈显著或极显著正相关，达到最大灌浆速率时间和活跃灌浆期与加工品质呈显著负相关。在保障抽穗至成熟期光合物质生产的基础上，协同优化籽粒灌浆特征参数有利于改善稻米的加工品质。     

施肥方法对水稻产量及品质的影响

以超级稻铁粳7为试材,设全程深施肥、全层施肥和表层施肥3个处理,研究不同处理对水稻产量及其构成因素、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量、味度值的影响。结果表明:处理间产量、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、味度值差异均达极显著水平;全程深施肥能提高水稻的穗数、穗粒数、产量和蛋白质含量,降低结实率、千粒重、直链淀粉含量及味度值。     

水稻产量构成因子与稻米品质性状的关系

对水稻不同栽培条件下的产量构成因子与稻米品质性状之间的相关性分析表明,大部分产量构成因子明显地影响着稻米品质。单位面积有效穗数分别与整精米率、蛋白质含量呈显著和极显著正相关,与垩白度、直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;总粒数与整精米率呈极显著负相关;实粒数与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;千粒重与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关;因此,水稻栽培过程中以提高有效穗数为重点,可使稻米品质实现优化,达到优质的目的。