长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应

【目的】分析长期不同施肥下土壤有效磷含量、全磷含量、土壤磷素盈亏和磷素活化效率（PAC）的动态变化,探讨不同施肥下水稻土磷素演变特征及与磷平衡的响应关系。【方法】基于1982年开始的红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥定位试验,试验包括不施肥（CK）、有机肥（牛粪,M）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、氮磷钾肥＋有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）、氮钾肥＋有机肥（NKM）和磷钾肥＋有机肥（PKM）共7个处理。【结果】经过30年不同施肥,土壤有效磷含量均呈上升趋势。M、NKM、NPK、NPM、NPKM和PKM处理土壤有效磷含量变化速率分别为0.18、0.20、0.83、1.35、1.46和1.62 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。M、NPK、PKM、NPM和NPKM处理土壤全磷增加速率分别约为4.3、15.4、16.0、18.3和22.9 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。所有施肥处理,土壤中磷素均有盈余,磷素盈余量与土壤有效磷增加量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,M、NKM、NPM、NPKM、PKM和NPK6个处理的土壤有效磷含量分别增加0.4、0.7、1.9、2.1、2.2和3.2 mg·kg^-1。在土壤中磷素盈余量接近的情况下,单施化肥（NPK）的PAC显著高于单施有机肥（M）处理（P＜0.05）。【结论】化学磷肥和有机肥配施相比单施化肥或有机肥能够显著提高红壤性水稻土土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化效率。     

长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量和有机质结构的影响

为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥（NPKM1）、50%化肥配施50%有机肥（NPKM2）、30%化肥配施70%有机肥（NPKM3）,采用固体¹³C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳（SOC）分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施（NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3）提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%~7.7%（P>0.05）,中低有机肥配施比例（30%和50%）稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%~71.1%和104.1%~267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳（甲氧基/含氮烷基碳）含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

Effect of long-term fertilization on phosphorus fractions in different soil layers and their quantitative relationships with soil properties

Investigating the dynamics and distribution of soil phosphorus (P) fractions can provide a basis for enhancing P utilization by crops.  Four treatments from a 29-year long-term experiment in black soil with maize cropping were involved in this study: no fertilizer (CK), inorganic nitrogen and potassium (NK), inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and NPK plus manure (NPKM).  We analyzed soil P fractions in different soil layers using a modified Hedley sequential method.  The long-term NPKM treatment significantly increased total P by 0.6–1.6 times in the different soil layers.  The Olsen-P concentration far exceeded the environmental threshold for soil Olsen-P (50.6 mg kg^–1) in the NPKM treatment in the 0–60 cm soil profile.  Moreover, the concentrations and proportion of labile and partially labile inorganic P (Pi) fractions (i.e., NaHCO₃-extracted Pi, NaOH-extracted Pi, and dilute HCl-extracted Pi) to the sum of all P fractions (Pt) in the 0–60 cm soil profile were higher in the NPKM treatment than in the NPK treatment, indicating that manure could promote the transformation of non-labile into more labile forms of P in soil, possibly by manure reducing P fixation by soil particles.  Soil organic matter, Mehlich-3 extractable iron (Fe), and organic-bound aluminum were increased by fertilization, and were the main factors influencing the differences in the P fractions in the 0–20 cm soil layer.  Soil mineral components, i.e., free Fe oxide and CaCO₃, were the main factors influencing the P fractions in the subsoil.  The soil P transformation process varied with soil layer and fertilization.  Application of manure fertilizer can increase the labile (Olsen) P concentrations of the various soil layers, and thus should reduce the mineral P fertilizer requirement for crop growth and reduce potential environmental damage     

长期不同施肥下紫色土-作物体系镉累积及安全性评估

【目的】利用连续施肥23年(1991—2014)的稻麦长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤-小麦/水稻轮作体系镉(Cd)累积的影响,为西南紫色土地区农产品质量安全和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】利用8个长期不同施肥处理:(1)CK(不施肥对照);(2)N(只施氮肥);(3)NK(只施氮、钾肥);(4)NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥);(5)NPK+M(化肥+猪、牛粪);(6)NPK+S(化肥+稻草还田);(7)1.5NPK+S(1.5倍化肥+稻草还田);(8)(NK)_(Cl)P+S(含氯化肥+稻草还田)。分别测定不同年际间土壤中全镉和有效镉含量以及作物中的镉含量,并评估镉的累积程度。【结果】随着施肥年限的增加,土壤全镉含量逐年提高;长期不施磷肥的CK、N、和NK处理土壤全镉累积提升较慢,施用磷肥、有机肥及含氯化肥处理提升较快,其中以NPK+M、1.5NPK+S和(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理土壤全镉含量提升最快,23年后分别增加了1.18、1.18、1.15 mg·kg~(-1);除不施磷肥处理外,其他所有处理土壤全镉含量均超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(GB15618—2018)中的土壤镉污染风险筛选值0.6mg·kg~(-1)。长期施肥处理的土壤有效镉含量均明显高于不施肥对照,其中长期施用N、(NK)_(Cl)P+S和1.5NPK+S处理土壤有效镉含量提升幅度较大。随着试验年份的增加各施肥处理水稻籽粒中镉含量呈上升趋势,但均未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.2 mg kg~(-1));小麦籽粒中镉含量在不同年际间没有明显变化,除长期施用含氯化肥(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理籽粒中镉含量超过食品中污染物限量标准外(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.1 mg kg~(-1)),其他处理均未超标。【结论】本试验条件下,长期不同施肥、特别是施用磷肥和猪、牛粪有机肥均提高了土壤全镉含量,增加了其生态风险;而长期施用含氯化肥因使土壤p H下降而提高了有效镉含量,并导致小麦籽粒中镉含量超标。因此,防止镉因施肥等途径进入农田,是保证农产品安全生产的重要环节。     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

长期施肥紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对钙质紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移的影响。【方法】以长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理的土壤为研究对象,试验处理包括不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、有机肥（M,鲜猪粪）、有机肥+氮肥（MN）、有机肥+氮磷肥（MNP）和有机肥+氮磷钾肥（MNPK）8种施肥方式,研究不同施肥处理条件下钙质紫色水稻土磷素平衡、累积和去向状况,以及不同施肥方式对耕层（0-20 cm）土壤全磷、有效磷演变规律及土壤剖面（0-100 cm）全磷、有效磷迁移特征。【结果】钙质紫色水稻土33年不施用磷肥（CK和N）作物籽粒和秸秆磷素携出总量为613.12 kg·hm^-2,种苗、根茬、雨水及灌溉水带入土壤总磷量为106.61 kg·hm^-2,长期不施用磷肥土壤磷素表现出亏缺状况,年亏缺量为15.35 kg·hm^-2,且土壤磷含量随种植年限延续而下降,土壤全磷含量年均减少量为0.0011 g·kg^-1、有效磷含量年均减少量为0.029 mg·kg^-1;33年单施无机磷肥（NP和NPK）土壤磷素投入总量为1 880.03 kg·hm^-2、作物携出磷量为1 275.40 kg·hm^-2,有机肥处理（M和MN）土壤投入磷量为2 532.68 kg·hm^-2、携出磷量为757.50 kg·hm^-2;有机无机磷肥配施（MNP和MNPK）土壤投入和携出磷量分别为4 305.11和1 436.64 kg·hm^-2;不同施肥处理土壤磷素投入量都明显高于作物携出量,导致单施无机磷肥、单施有机磷肥和有机无机磷肥配施处理土壤磷素年盈余量分别为18.32、53.79和86.92 kg·hm^-2,年未知去向磷量分别为4.99、34.96和59.39 kg·hm^-2,土壤全磷含量年增加量分别为0.015、0.0018和0.018 g·kg^-1,有效磷含量年增加量分别为1.13、0.032和1.17 mg·kg^-1。长期不施用磷肥钙质紫色水稻土全磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,土壤有效磷含量则相反;长期施用磷肥土壤全磷和有效磷含量在土壤剖面都呈现出上下层高、中间低的空间分布格局。施用无机磷肥土壤磷素可迁移至60-80 cm土层,施用有机磷肥或有机无机磷肥配施土壤磷素可迁移至100 cm以下;随着磷肥施用年限持续,土壤磷素迁移深度和迁移量将会更大,有机肥的施用促使磷素向土壤下层迁移。【结论】连续数年施用磷肥后,土壤磷含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量,减少因有机肥过量施用导致的磷素快速积累和淋失。     

长期施肥下黑土重金属的演变特征

【目的】探讨长期施肥下黑土重金属的演变特征,为该地区科学施肥和土壤环境保护提供理论依据。【方法】设计长期定位施肥试验：CK（对照,不施肥)、N（氮）、NP（氮磷）、NPK（氮磷钾）、NPKM（氮磷钾+有机肥）和1.5NPKM（1.5倍的NPKM）,共6个处理。试验采集起始（1989年）和各施肥年限（1994、2000、2006、2010、2012年）的耕层（0-20 cm）土壤样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量和有效态含量,并计算其活化度。【结果】长期施用化肥不影响黑土重金属总量、有效态含量。Pb不受施肥影响,Cu、Zn、Cd受粪肥影响,其总量和有效态都显著增加,Cu和Zn活化度增加,但Cd活化度显著降低（维持在8%-9%,明显低于化肥处理的35%）。长期施用有机肥,重金属演变呈现阶段性。1989-2000年缓慢增加,2000-2010年快速增加,2010年后稳定或缓慢下降。1.5NPKM 3个阶段Cd总量变化分别为0.03 mg·kg^-1·a^-1、0.07 mg·kg^-1·a^-1、-0.13 mg·kg^-1·a^-1;NPKM处理的Cu有效态变化分别为0.11 mg·kg^-1·a^-1、0.53 mg·kg^-1·a^-1、-1.25 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。重金属演变的阶段性是源于粪肥重金属含量的阶段性变化,即养殖方式的变化。金属活化度相关性分析表明：Cu与Olsen-P、Zn与SOM皆显著正相关,而Pb与pH显著负相关;Cd与Olsen-P和SOM显著负相关,与pH显著正相关,意味着Cd对土壤性质的响应更加复杂。【结论】长期施用化肥对重金属演变没有明显影响,长期施用有机肥显著改变了其演变特征,重金属演变呈现出先缓慢增加、然后快速增加、最后稳定或缓慢下降的阶段性变化,而且阶段性演变特征源于粪肥金属含量的阶段性变化。在农业生产中,既要适度增施有机肥又要关注其潜在风险,现有施肥量（30 t·hm^-2）和玉米种植体系下,当地牛粪长期施用仍存在很大风险。     

不同施肥制度下中国东部典型土壤易分解与耐分解氮的组分特征

【目的】土壤易分解氮（labile nitrogen,Lab-N）和耐分解氮（recalcitrant nitrogen,Rec-N）是土壤氮库的两个重要组分,其组分含量与比例可反映土壤有机氮周转与固存特性。因此,研究土壤长期不同施肥制度下易分解氮与耐分解氮的含量及比例特性,是土壤氮库管理与土壤肥力质量建设的重要研究内容。【方法】利用中国东部3种旱作土样（吉林公主岭黑土、河南郑州潮土、湖南祁阳红壤）和1种水稻土土样（湖南望城）,运用颗粒密度分组法,研究长期不施肥（CK）、施化肥（NPK）、化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）4种不同施肥制度下易分解氮和耐分解氮的含量及比例变化特征。【结果】旱作土壤易分解氮的平均含量为0.15 g·kg^-1（0.10-0.29 g·kg^-1）低于水田的0.22 g·kg^-1（0.20-0.23 g·kg^-1）,而其占全氮的比例高于水田。经23年处理后,旱作土壤CK处理全氮含量较试验初期氮含量显著下降,下降的比例为7.5%-9.7%,水稻土则显著上升,升高的比例为11.5%;长期NPK处理,旱作土壤和水田全氮含量较CK显著增加,红壤易分解氮含量较CK易分解氮显著下降,其他地点无显著变化;长期NPKS处理,旱作和水田土壤全氮含量显著增加,黑土和水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例较CK无显著变化,红壤易分解氮含量显著下降,而潮土易分解氮含量显著增加;长期NPKM处理,显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及易分解氮占全氮的比例,其中黑土增加的比例最大分别为85.0%、106.0%和4.2%,水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例无显著差异性。4种土壤耐分解氮的含量与全氮含量的变化趋势一致,均表现为NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK＞CK,其中NPKM处理降低了耐分解氮占全氮的比例。【结论】旱作土壤易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例对不同施肥处理的响应比水田更加敏感。化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例,效果优于秸秆还田,更优于化肥处理。     

Effect of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Quantity of Soil Microbes and Structure of Ammonium Oxidizing Bacterial Community in a Calcareous Purple Paddy Soil

The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, respectively. Fertilizer application tended to increase the number of soil microbes and alter the AOB community compared to the control with no fertilizer application （CK）. Among the eight fertilizer treatments, soil samples from the treatments of mineral fertilizers （e.g., N, P, K） in combination with farmyard manure （M） had greater number.s of soil microbes and more complex structure of AOB community than those receiving mineral fertilizers alone. The principal component analyses （PCA） for ammonium oxidizing bacterial community structure showed that the eight fertilizer treatments could be divided into two PCA groups （PCA1 and PCA2）. For the soil sampled after rice harvest, PCA1 included NP, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was consisted of CK, N, M and NPK fertilizer treatments. For soil samples collected after wheat harvest, PCA1 was consisted of M, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was composed of CK, N, NP and NPK fertilizer treatments. For a given rotation, the richness of AOB community in PCA1 was greater than that in PCA2. In addition, AOB community structure was more complex in the soil after rice harvest than that after wheat harvest. The results indicated that different fertilizer treatments resulted in substantial changes of soil microbe number and AOB community. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers （N, NP, NPK） combined with farmyard manure were effective for increasing the quantity of soil microbes, enriching AOB community, and improving the soil biofertility.     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

水肥状况对土壤中铁的移动及水稻吸铁的影响

通过模拟土柱试验研究了不同水肥状况下灰潮土和灰棕潮土2种冲积土中铁的活化淋溶、空间分异及水稻吸铁特征。结果表明，土壤淹水种稻后铁被活化并随渗漏液淋溶出1m土体。湿润处理和淹水处理相比，铁浓度无明显差异，但淋溶总量低于淹水处理。土壤各层次DTPA—Fe均为淹水处理高于湿润处理，并呈现一定的淀积趋势，交换态铁亦有类似的规律但差异小于DTPA—Fe，全铁各处理问无明显变化。土壤水分状况对水稻地上部生长无明显影响。但湿润处理降低了地上部对铁的吸收。相对而言，有机肥和化肥对土壤中铁活性的影响远不如水分的状况明显。2种土壤比较，灰棕潮土比灰潮土晚3d出现渗漏液，且前期铁浓度较低。灰棕潮土DTPA—Fe含量较高，而交换态铁含量较低，全铁2种土壤间无明显差异。     

施肥和土壤调理剂对酸性旱地红壤的修复效应

采用连续4年盆栽试验,研究了无机和有机肥及土壤调理剂对强侵蚀红壤的培肥效应。结果表明,施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、NPK+有机肥(NPKM)、NPK+土壤调理剂1(NPKR1)和NPK+土壤调理剂2(NPKR2)施肥处理与不施肥对照(CK)比较均可提高土壤养分含量,其中,NPKM处理显著提高土壤有机质和碱解氮含量,NPKR2处理显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量。各施肥处理均可提高土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和有效阳离子交换量(ECEC),以NPKR2和NPKM处理提高土壤ECEC效果最显著。各施肥处理均明显提高土壤酸碱缓冲容量,以NPKR1和NPKR2处理效果最佳。各施肥处理的大豆和油菜生物产量均明显高于CK处理,且NPKM处理的作物生物量极显著高于对照(CK)和其他3种施肥处理,但不同季别的作物产量不稳定。说明施肥与土壤调理剂在短期内难以使退化红壤达到作物高产的理想修复效果。     

长期施肥红壤及其有机无机复合体非交换性钾释放动力学

【目的】研究长期不同施肥土壤及复合体中非交换性钾释放动力学特征,深入探索长期不同施肥引起的土壤供钾能力差异,明确不同施肥土壤及其有机无机复合体中非交换性钾的供应能力。【方法】以持续20年以上的进贤和祁阳旱地长期试验为研究基础,采用超声波打散,虹吸管法分离土壤＜2、2-10、10-50、50-100、＞100 µm粒级有机无机复合体,制备钙饱和样品,通过草酸连续浸提,得到原土及不同粒级有机无机复合体非交换性钾释放量并建立动力学方程,探索非交换性钾释放规律。【结果】浸提300 h,土壤非交换性钾累积释放量变化表现为进贤试验点化学氮、磷、钾肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）处理和化学氮、磷、钾肥配施（NPK）处理较化学氮、磷肥配施（NP）处理分别增加98.0和81.0 mg·kg^-1,增加率分别为30.7%和25.4%;祁阳试验点NPKM和NPK较NP处理分别增加130.0和40.0 mg·kg^-1,增加率分别为52.1%和16.0%。施用钾肥较不施钾肥显著增加＜2 µm粒级复合体非交换性钾累积释放量。采用一级动力学方程和Elovich方程对土壤及复合体非交换性钾释放特性进行拟合均达到极显著水平(P＜0.001),同时一级动力学方程a值、Elovich方程b值均与非交换性钾释放量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.001）。【结论】红壤长期施用钾肥及其配施有机肥提高土壤非交换性钾供应能力,这种能力的变化主要集中在＜2 µm粒级复合体;一级动力学方程a值和Elovich方程b值可以很好地模拟土壤及复合体非交换性钾的释放能力。     

长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响

【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M₁NPK、SNPK和M₂NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M₁NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M₁NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M₁NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M₁NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。     

Soil Organic Carbon,Black Carbon,and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K₂O ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.     

长期施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮和游离氨基酸剖面分异的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)剖面分异的影响,阐明长期施肥稻田土壤SON和FAA的剖面迁移特性。以不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施牛粪(NPKM)和氮磷钾结合秸秆还田(NPKS)4种处理的稻田长期(33年)施肥定位试验小区为研究对象,采用带总氮检测器的总有机碳分析仪(TOC-TN)、连续流动注射和氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同深度(0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土层SON、FAA及其组分的含量。结果表明:长期不同施肥水稻土SON含量剖面分异较明显,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤SON含量分别为24.14～49.80、11.30～13.86 mg·kg~(-1)和6.35～9.38 mg·kg~(-1);不同处理0～20 cm土壤SON含量表现为NPKSNPKMNPK=CK,NPKS处理较NPK和CK分别提高67.1%和106.3%,NPKM处理较NPK和CK分别提高了28.5%和58.7%;不同土层SON与可溶性总氮(TSN)的比值为40.0%～69.3%。长期不同施肥水稻土FAA含量也存在较明显剖面差异,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤FAA含量分别为8.15～15.91、0.83～2.13 mg·kg~(-1)和0.69～0.99 mg·kg~(-1),FAA/SON比例的均值分别为35.3%、12.6%和11.2%;NPKM和NPKS处理0～20 cm土壤均包含20种FAA,较CK和NPK处理增加了3种易分解的碱性氨基酸(鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸);NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理20～40 cm土壤均包含10种FAA,较CK处理增加了3种中性氨基酸(缬氨酸、胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸),而40～60 cm土壤则均包含7种FAA,较CK处理增加了2种中性氨基酸(异亮氨酸和胱氨酸);不同处理不同深度土壤FAA组成均以中性氨基酸占优势。研究表明:土壤SON、FAA含量与组分及其剖面分异和施肥模式密切相关,长期化肥配施牛粪和秸秆能增加0～20 cm土壤SON、FAA含量且丰富FAA种类。     

长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响

通过设置在北京昌平区的长期肥料定位试验,研究16年的长期不同施肥制度下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的状况。试验设置冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作和小麦-玉米→小麦-大豆复种轮作2种不同种植制度以及长期撂荒处理(CK0),其中冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作种植制度(种植方式Ⅰ)包括4个施肥处理,分别为:对照(CK,不施肥,但种植作物)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+猪厩肥(NPK+M)、氮磷钾+玉米秸秆(NPK+S);小麦-玉米→小麦-大豆复种轮作种植制度(种植方式Ⅱ)包括1个施肥处理为氮磷钾+种植方式Ⅱ(NPKF)。试验结果表明:1)长期撂荒土壤的有机质和全氮的含量、微生物量碳(SMB-C)和氮(SMB-N)均显著高于2种不同种植制度的农田土壤,但土壤微生物生物量磷含量较低;2)2种不同的种植制度中,施肥处理(NPK、NPKM、NPKS和NPKF)农田的土壤养分含量、微生物量生物量碳、氮、磷均高于不施肥但种植的农田(CK),与CK相比,NPK、NPK+M、NPK+S和NPKF处理的微生物量生物量碳增加了26%、70%、36%和46%,微生物量生物量氮增加了92%、251%、130%和159%,以及微生物量生物量磷增加了519%1...     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

不同施肥对缺钾红壤性水稻土的生态效应

【目的】研究不同配方施肥对缺钾水稻土的生态效应。【方法】采取盆栽方式对长期缺施钾肥水稻土进行了三年半施肥试验。施肥处理为氮、磷、钾平衡施肥同时结合施用适量的与水稻营养密切相关的硅、钾、有机肥。【结果】平衡施用氮、磷、钾肥能使水稻健康生长,显著提高了养分利用率和水稻产量,水稻增产幅度达27.7%(NPK处理)至51.5%(NPKSi处理)。水稻健康生长又促使其根系分泌物量增大,泌氧增多,稻田土壤细菌数量、微生物活度、微生物量碳、微生物量磷及微生物量氮含量显著提高,其中MBC增幅达33.9%(NPK处理)至47.3%(NPKSi处理),从而强化了微生物生态系统的供肥能力,增强了稻田生态系统功能。而长期过量施用钾肥(NPhK)虽提高了土壤钾含量,但相对不施钾肥处理(NP)水稻增产不显著,土壤微生物非正常生长,稻田生态系统质量没有明显改善。各处理比较,NPKSi处理生态效应最佳,以下依次是NPKM、NPhKM和NPK。NPhK对稻田生态系统产生负效应。【结论】平衡施用氮、磷、钾肥是改善缺钾水稻土质量的有效措施,其中在平衡施用无机氮、磷、钾肥的基础上增施硅肥或有机肥效果尤为显著。     

长期施肥对黄泥田土壤团聚体中氮素积累和有机氮组成的影响

【目的】氮是南方黏瘦型中低产田重要的限制因子。研究长期施肥对黄泥田团聚体中氮素累积及有机氮组成的影响,为合理培肥及土壤氮库管理提供依据。【方法】采集黄泥田36年定位试验中不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、化肥+全量稻秸还田（NPKS）4种处理耕层土壤,采用湿筛和Bremner有机氮分级方法,分析团聚体氮素累积与有机氮组分含量及分配的变化。【结果】施肥处理>2 mm团聚体全氮含量较CK显著增加12.7%—51.9%(P<0.05);NPKM与NPKS处理>2 mm团聚体对原土全氮累积贡献率较CK分别显著提高24.7与20.0个百分点（P<0.05）。施肥处理>2 mm团聚体酸解性氮与非酸解性氮含量分别较CK增加10.1%—36.3%与20.7%—100.5%,并相应提高两组分对原土全氮累积贡献率,NPKM与NPKS处理增加尤为明显。对于>2 mm团聚体,施肥处理酸解铵态氮含量较CK显著增加17.2%—40.4%(P<0.05),以NPKM处理增加最为明显;酸解氨基酸态氮与酸解未知态氮含量分别以NPKS与NPKM处理增加最...