80份国外春小麦种质资源抗条锈性评价

【目的】小麦条锈病是由小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）引起的世界范围内小麦重要病害之一,培育和种植抗病品种是控制该病害的最有效策略。评价80份国外春小麦种质资源对中国当前小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗条锈性,为中国小麦抗条锈病育种提供依据和抗源。【方法】应用中国流行小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型PST-HY8和PST-V26对80份国外小麦种质资源进行苗期温室抗病性鉴定,以铭贤169和AvS为感病对照品种;并于2013年和2014年分别在陕西省杨凌和甘肃省天水进行田间成株期抗病性鉴定。根据苗期和田间成株期的抗病性鉴定结果对其进行抗病类型分类和评价。【结果】80份小麦种质资源的抗病类型可分为3类。第1类为全生育期抗病类型,有8份。其中PI660067、PI660119和PI660122在苗期和田间成株期均表现较高水平的抗病性。其余5个品系PI660056、PI607839、PI591045、TA5602和PI660064在苗期则对个别小种表现感病,并且在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期也表现感病。第2类为成株抗病类型,有28份。其苗期对所有测试小种均表现感病,有23份在田间成株期均表现抗病。但PI660075、PI660083、PI660085、PI660097和PI660107在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期表现感病。第3类为兼具成株期和对部分中国小种失去抗性的全生育期抗病类型,有44份,其苗期至少对一个测试小种表现抗病。有37份在田间成株期均表现抗病。但PI660065、PI660076、PI660079、PI660080、PI660095、PI660096和PI610750在不同年份和不同测试地点成株期表现感病。【结论】80份国外小麦种质资源中大部分对中国小麦条锈菌流行小种表现优良的抗病性。这些种质资源可作为抗源在今后抗病育种中加以利用,将丰富中国小麦抗条锈病基因的多样性。可能由于不同年份田间流行小种不同,造成一些成株抗病品系在不同年份和不同测试地点表现感病,由此推测成株抗病性可能也具有小种专化性。     

小麦抗条锈病基因对中国条锈菌主要流行小种的抗性分析

[目的]培育和广泛应用抗病小麦品种是防治条锈病最经济有效和环境友好的措施.由于条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,Pst)群体中毒性变异频繁,发生新生理小种常导致主栽品种抗病性'丧失',引发条锈病大规模流行,严重威胁我国主粮安全供给.本研究通过监测和评价已知抗条锈病基因对我国目前...     

中国40个小麦农家品种和甘肃南部40个生产品种抗条锈病基因推导

【目的】明确中国小麦农家品种与甘肃南部生产品种抗条锈性类型及可能含有的抗性基因和遗传多样性,为抗源的选择与利用提供参考。【方法】苗期于自控温室内使用中国当前小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）流行小种CYR32,成株期于大田病圃使用当前主要流行小种和重要致病类型共12个菌系组成的混合菌种对80个供试材料进行抗病性鉴定与评价。基因推导在温室用25个毒性谱不同的小麦条锈菌系于苗期接种30个已知抗条锈病基因载体品系及对照铭贤169、17个国际鉴别寄主和供试品种,根据供试品种和标准品系对不同菌系的侵染型,对农家品种和生产品种进行抗性谱比对分析和系谱分析,解析其可能含有的抗条锈病基因或基因组合及抗性谱,并通过NTSYSpc-2.2软件计算遗传相似系数,以UPGMA法进行聚类分析,将其抗性归类。【结果】供试品种大多具有良好的成株期抗性,除清农1号、清农2号、红壳小麦(2)在成株期表现感病,兰天3号、兰天4号、兰天6号等20个品种在成株期表现慢锈性外,其他品种均表现中抗至免疫的抗性水平。品种抗性多由全生育期抗性、部分由成株抗性提供。甘肃生产品种中抗病基因以Yr9、Yr24、Yr26为主,有的还含有其他未知抗条锈病基因。其中,兰天1号、兰天14号、兰天17号、兰天21号、清农4号等含Yr9;兰天24号、中梁04335、天选51号可能含Yr24;兰天17号、兰天23号、兰天25号、中梁17号、中梁04260、天选43号、天选48号可能含Yr26。农家品种中有19份材料含有未知抗条锈病基因,其余21份材料不能确认含已知抗病基因Yr1、Yr2、Yr4、Yr6、Yr7、Yr8、Yr40,可能含有未知基因。聚类分析发现,甘肃生产品种大都抗性谱较宽,遗传相似性较高;40份材料的抗条锈性相似系数范围在0.30-1.00,在抗性相似系数为0.70水平上可分为3大类,其中兰天15号单独聚为1类,清农1号和清农2号聚为1类,其余37份材料聚为1大类。农家品种抗性谱宽窄不一,显示出遗传多样性水平较高;40份材料的抗条锈性相似系数范围在0.38-1.00,在抗性相似系数为0.70水平上可分9大类。【结论】供试品种均有良好的抗条锈性,相对于甘肃南部生产品种,供试的农家品种更具丰富的遗传多样性和有效抗条锈病基因,可作为抗源在育种中加以利用。     

小麦品种‘武农148’和‘西农928’的抗叶锈病基因分析

本研究选用9个小麦叶锈菌菌系接种36个已知基因载体品种(系)、‘武农148’和‘西农928’进行抗叶锈基因苗期推导分析,在2014—2015和2015—2016连续两年两点对其进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定并结合苗期抗叶锈基因推导与系谱分析;利用9个与已知抗病基因紧密连锁的特异性标记进行标记检测,从而得出供试材料的抗性和携带的抗病基因。结果表明,‘西农928’中可能携带抗病基因Lr30、Lr42和携带有未知微效抗病基因,所检测的2个品种均不含抗病基因Lr1、Lr9、Lr10、Lr19、Lr20、Lr24、Lr26、Lr34和Lr46。针对西农928中含有的抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗锈病育种中的抗源材料。     

Pathogenesis-related protein genes involved in race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific high-temperature adult-plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

Interactions of the stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) with wheat plants activate a wide range of host responses. Among various genes involved in the plant-pathogen interactions, the expressions of particular pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes determine different defense responses. Different types of resistance have been recognized and utilized for developing wheat cultivars for resistance to stripe rust. All-stage resistance can be detected in seedling stage and remains at high levels throughout the plant growth stages. This type of resistance is race-specific and not durable. In contrast, plants with only high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance are susceptible in seedling stage, but become resistant when plants grow older and the weather becomes warmer. HTAP resistance controlled by a single gene is partial, but usually non-race specific and durable. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of PR protein genes involved in different types of wheat resistance to stripe rust. The expression levels of 8 PR protein genes (PR1, PR1.2, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR9 and PR10) were quantitatively evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after inoculation in single resistance gene lines of wheat with all-stage resistance genes YrTr1, Yr76, YrSP and YrExp2 and lines carrying HTAP resistance genes Yr52, Yr59, Yr62 and Yr7B. Races PSTv-4 and PSTv-37 for compatible and incompatible interactions were used in evaluation of PR protein gene expression in wheat lines carrying all-stage resistance genes in the seedling-stage experiment while PSTv-37 was used in the HTAP experiment. Analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that all of the PR protein genes were involved in the different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes. However, these genes were upregulated at different time points and at different levels during the infection process among the wheat lines with different Yr genes for either all-stage resistance or HTAP resistance. Some of the genes were also induced in compatible interactions, but the levels were almost always higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction at the same time point for each Yr gene. These results indicate that both allsalicylic acid and jasmonate signaling pathways are involved in both race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific HTAP resistance. Although expressing at different stages of infection and at different levels, these PR protein genes work in concert for contribution to different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes.     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

中国41个小麦生产品种抗秆锈基因推导及其抗性稳定性初步分析

用中国小麦秆锈菌小种Ｚ１Ｃ３,３４,３４Ｃ２及３５Ｃ５中９个不同菌系推导了来自秆锈菌不同传播区间里有代表性的４１个小麦生产品种的抗秆锈基因,综合分析了中国小麦秆锈菌优势小种稳定的原因．基因推导表明：来自秆锈菌次要越冬及冬后北传桥梁区内的品种除鄂恩１号外,其余均未含有效抗性基因;来自秆锈菌越夏偶发区内的品种含有Ｓｒ５,２２,２５等基因;来自秆锈菌越夏易发区（主要东北春麦区）内的品种主要含有Ｓｒ１３,１４,２２,３２,３５,３６,３７,Ｇｔ等单个或结合基因．结果也表明：中国小麦品种对秆锈菌,尤其是对优势小种ＺＩＣ３的抗性水平明显地由南向北呈梯度增强局势．     

美国西北部59个小麦品种（系）抗条锈病基因分子检测及对中国条锈菌系抗性鉴定#br#

 【目的】了解59份美国西北部小麦品种（系）对中国当前条锈菌流行小种的抗性水平,分析其抗病基因的存在情况,为培育中国抗条锈病新品种提供资源和依据。【方法】选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中31号、条中32号和条中33号对大部分具有高温成株抗性的美国59份小麦品种（系）苗期及成株期进行抗性接种鉴定,利用与当前有效的全生育期抗性基因Yr10、Yr15、成株抗性基因Yr18、高温成株抗性基因Yr39紧密连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】抗性鉴定表明,Expresso、02W50076、ACS52610、WA008012、WA008018等5份材料苗期与成株期对条中31号、条中32号和条中33号混合菌均表现为抗病,属于全生育期抗病品种。 33份材料苗期表现感病而成株期表现抗病,属于成株期抗病品种。分子检测发现59份材料均不含有Yr10;含有Yr15、Yr18和Yr39的材料分别为12、33和29份,占20%、56%和49%。【结论】Yr18、Yr39在美国西北部小麦品（系）中的分布较普遍,并且大部分可以抵抗中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种,可应用这些抗性材料配制中国小麦抗条锈病新品种。     

Molecular Screening and Resistance Evaluation of American Wheat Cultivars to Chinese Stripe Rust Races

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in China. In order to asses the resistance levels and existing Yr genes among 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from the Pacific Northwest （PNW） of the United States, to provide resistance resources for genetic improvement of wheat stripe rust resistance in China, 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from PNW of the United States were infected by 3 mixed races of predominant Chinese stripe rust races CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 to evaluate their resistance at seedling and adult plant stages, and screened with molecular markers tightly linked to currently effective all-stage resistance genes YrlO, Yrl5 and adult plant resistance genes Yrl8, Yr39. Of 59 American cultivars （lines）, five cultivars （lines）, Expresso, 02W50076, ACS52610, WA008012, and WA00801833, had all-stage resistance, showing resistance to mixed races of CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 at both seedling and adult plant stages. 33 cultivars （lines） had adult plant resistance, only showing resistance to stripe rust at adult stage. Based on the molecular screening, none of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines） had the polymorphic bands of linked markers to YrlO. There were 12, 33 and 29 cultivars （lines） which bad polymorphic bands of linked markers to Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39, accounting for 20, 55 and 49% of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines）, respectively. All these results suggested that Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39 were widespread among PNW cultivars （cultivars） and could be utilized in Chinese wheat stripe rust resistance breeding.     

中国79个小麦品种(系)抗条锈病评价及基因分子检测

【目的】了解中国小麦品种的条锈病抗性水平,掌握条锈病抗性基因的分布与利用情况,加强小麦品种的合理应用,促进品种布局与推广,延长品种使用年限,保障小麦生产安全。【方法】在温室中采用条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、G22-9、G22-14对中国小麦主产区的79个小麦品种(系)进行苗期抗性鉴定,喷雾接种的幼苗在(10±1)℃的黑暗保温桶中保湿12—18 h,取出置于白天16—18℃,夜晚14—16℃温室中,光周期为L﹕D=16 h﹕8 h,15 d后按0—9级分级标准进行调查;在河北廊坊大田中采用条锈菌CYR32、CYR33对79个小麦品种(系)进行成株期抗性鉴定,接种适期为小麦拔节期,接种前3 d灌水确保田间土壤温度。采用1 g夏孢子﹕300 m L矿物油的条锈菌夏孢子悬浮液喷雾接种诱发行感病品种铭贤169,待矿物油晾干后,喷水并覆塑料薄膜保湿12—16 h,待充分发病后调查病害的普遍率、严重度和侵染型,调查两次,以最高等级作为病情发病的级数;利用小麦抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr18、Yr26和1B/1R易位系的相应分子标记Wmc175F/R、SC200F/R、cs Lv34 F/R、We173 F/R和AF1/AF4对供试小麦进行分子检测;结合系谱分析、抗病性鉴定和分子检测结果分析确定参试小麦品种的抗性基因情况。【结果】在所有的参试小麦品(系)中,苗期对CYR32和CYR33均具有抗性的16份,占20.3%;对条锈菌致病类型G22-9和G22-14均具有抗性的4份,占5.1%;对CYR32、CYR33、G22-9和G22-14这4个小种均具有抗性的4份,占5.1%;成株期对CYR32和CYR33表现中抗及以上水平的24份,占30.4%;对CYR32表现全生育期抗性的12份,占15.2%;对CYR33表现全生育期抗性的16份,占20.3%;对CYR32和CYR33均表现全生育期抗性的11份,占14.0%。苗期对4个菌系均具有抗性并且成株期对CYR32和CYR33表现中抗或以上水平的共4份,占5.1%。结合系谱分析、抗病性鉴定和分子检测结果得出,供试小麦品种中4份携带Yr5,占5.1%;8份携带Yr10,占10.1%;3份携带Yr18,占3.8%;仅1份携带Yr26,占1.3%;35份携带1B/1R,占44.3%;4份携带2个抗性基因;远丰139携带Yr5、Yr10和Yr26。【结论】中国主产麦区的79个小麦品种(系)对当前条锈菌流行小种抗性水平普遍较低,1B/1R易位系使用率依然较高,在今后的育种工作中应加大Yr5、Yr18等有效抗性基因的利用,育成多基因聚合的有效持久抗性品种,进一步减少对1B/1R易位系的使用。     

152份黄淮海麦区小麦农家品种抗条锈性评价及重要条锈病抗性基因的分子检测

【目的】黄淮海麦区是中国最重要的小麦生产基地和条锈病流行区,从该麦区小麦农家品种中鉴定一批对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病生理小种具有稳定抗性的优良种质,并了解其携带当前抗病育种利用的重要条锈病抗性基因分布,为进一步在条锈病抗性育种中有效利用和发掘其抗性基因提供材料基础。【方法】应用当前中国小麦生产上毒性强、流行频率高的条锈菌生理小种条中32(CYR32)和条中34(CYR34)对152份来源于黄淮海麦区小麦农家品种进行苗期抗性鉴定,并于2016年和2018年分别在四川崇州和绵阳利用由条锈菌CYR32、CYR33、CYR34、水源11-4、水源11-5组成的混合小种进行人工接种和成株期抗性鉴定;同时利用Yr9、Yr10、Yr18、Yr24/26、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr80和Yr81共13个小麦育种和生产上应用的重要已知条锈病抗性基因的标记进行分子检测,推测其可能携带的抗性基因。【结果】9份农家品种对CYR32具有苗期抗性,9份对CYR34具有苗期抗性;其中,2份种质在苗期对CYR32和CYR34均表现抗性。35份农家品种表现为稳定的成株期...     

103份小麦品种（系）抗条锈性和遗传多样性评价及基因检测

【目的】了解小麦品种(系)对条锈病的抗性水平及遗传多样性,掌握条锈病抗性基因的利用情况,为培育和合理利用优良小麦抗条锈病新品种提供理论依据。【方法】选用小麦条锈病流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对103份小麦品种(系)进行苗期抗条锈病分小种鉴定、成株期抗CYR32鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记对其进行遗传多样性分析,进而利用已知小麦抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18和Yr26的分子标记进行抗条锈病基因检测。【结果】苗期抗性鉴定表明,103份小麦品种(系)对生理小种CYR32表现为抗病的有20份,占供试材料的19.42%;有34份品种(系)对CYR33表现为抗病,占供试材料的33.01%;36份品种(系)对CYR34表现为抗病,占供试材料的34.95%;仅有郑6辐、宁麦3号、老兰麦、京411、京作278、扬麦158共6个品种对生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗病。成株期对CYR32抗性鉴定表明郑州021等55份材料表现为成株期抗性,占供试材料的53.40%。遗传多样性分析表明,103份小麦品种(系)的遗传相似系数变异范围为0.50—0.93...     

“西北-华北-长江中下游”条锈病流行区系当前小麦品种(系)抗条锈病性评价

【目的】西北-华北-长江中下游麦区是中国小麦条锈病最主要的流行区系,准确评价大区间当前小麦品种抗条锈病性水平和抗源使用特点,为整体考量各流行区小麦抗性品种分布的合理性和确定今后的育种方向提供依据。【方法】从该区系13个省(区)征集了501份小麦当前主栽品种和后备品种,在杨凌进行苗期分小种(CYR32和CYR33)和成株期混合小种(CYR23、CYR25、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-7)人工诱发接种鉴定,在天水自然发病条件下进行抗条锈病性鉴定。【结果】参鉴小麦品种(系)中,表现为全生育期抗性的品种仅有34份,占参试品种(系)的6.8%,表现成株期抗性的品种为110份,占参试品种的22.0%,表现感病的品种(系)为356份,占供试品种(系)的71.0%;流行区系内不同地区间小麦品种抗条锈性水平存在较大差异;结合育种系谱分析,具有全生育期抗病性的品种(系)的有效抗源类型较丰富,但在品种(系)中的分布不均衡,主要集中在92R系(携带Yr26)、贵农系以及少数携带Yr24的CIMMYT抗源种质。【结论】当前中国小麦主产区小麦品种抗条锈性整体水平仍较低,必须加强病害预测预报和防治,以避免大区流行;小麦品种主要有效抗源较单一,且在不同流行区同时使用。     

黄淮麦区小麦资源中高温抗条锈性品种的筛选

[目的]从黄淮麦区小麦资源中筛选高温抗锈性品种。[方法]对产自黄淮麦区的165份小麦品种进行苗期高温抗条锈性鉴定,并对苗期呈现抗性的品种进行大田抗性鉴定。[结果]筛选出13个苗期高温抗条锈性品种,明确了各自高温诱导的表达阶段。对这13个品种接种混合条锈菌生理小种进行大田抗性鉴定,结果表明被测品种全部抗病,且抗病性呈现非小种专化性。[结论]我国黄淮麦区的小麦品种中存在着丰富的高温抗条锈种质资源,合理利用这些资源将有助于培育持久抗条锈性品种。     

北方麦区120个小麦品种抗秆锈病基因的推导

利用含已知Sr5～38、SrGT和SrWld基因的42个单基因系和19个不同毒性的秆锈菌系,对北方麦区的120个生产品种和后备品系进行了抗秆锈病的基因推导．研究结果表明：黄淮冬麦区和北方冬麦区抗病品种（系）含有的抗秆锈病基因相似,绝大多数品种（系）主要含有Sr5、Sr31,少量品种含有Sr11、21、29等抗病基因;东北春麦区的小麦抗病品种（系）主要含有Sr5、6、8a、9b、9e、11、21、27、30、31、34、36等多基因组合。     

Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust （ Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticl）

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.     

66份青海审定小麦及86份人工合成小麦抗秆锈病小种Ug99的基因组成分析

为了分析抗秆锈病小种Ug99的基因在青海审定小麦和新合成的人工小麦中的分布状况,采用6个抗Ug99基因(Sr33、Sr36、Sr39、Sr40、Sr42、Sr43)的分子标记对青海省审定的66个小麦品种及86份人工合成小麦材料进行检测。结果表明:在青海审定的66个小麦品种中,有4个品种含Sr33,占检测品种数的6.06%;1个品种含Sr39,占检测品种数的1.52%;5个品种含Sr40,占检测品种数的7.58%;4个品种含Sr42,占检测品种数的6.06%;3个品种含Sr43,占检测品种数的4.55%;同时含有2个抗性基因的品种仅有2个,占检测品种数的3.03%。在86份合成小麦材料中,有38份材料含Sr33,占检测材料的44.19%;31份材料含Sr39,占检测材料的36.05%;9份材料含Sr40,占检测材料的10.47%;3份材料含Sr42,占检测材料的3.49%;6份材料含Sr43,占检测材料的6.98%;同时含有2种抗性基因的材料有17份,占检测材料的19.77%。在66个小麦品种和86份人工合成小麦材料均未检测出Sr36。人工合成小麦提供Ug99抗病基因资源,对改良普通小麦Ug99抗病性具有潜在价值。     

Genetic analysis and SSR mapping of stem rust resistance gene from wheat mutant D51

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the main diseases of wheat worldwide. Wheat mutant line D51, which forms a highly susceptive cultivar ‘L6239’ to the three races notated and cultured with immature embryos, shows resistance to prevailing races 21C3CPH, 21C3CKH, and 21C3CTR of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in China. In this study, the number and the expression stages of the resistance genes in mutant D51 were studied using inoculation identification and microsatellite (SSR) marker analysis. Two F₁ populations from the crosses of D51 × L6239 (60 individuals) and D51 × Chinese Spring (60 individuals), their F₂ populations (185 and 175 individuals respectively) at the seedling stage, and one F₂ population derived from the cross of D51 × L6239 (194 individuals) at the adult stage were inoculated with pathogen race 21C3CPH to test for resistance. All F₁ individuals of the two crosses were immune to stem rust at both seedling and adult stages. The response pattern of the three F₂ populations showed that the R:S segregation ratio was 3:1, suggesting that the stem rust resistance of D51 is controlled by a single dominant gene, and is expressed during the entire growth period. The identification of the stem rust resistance by the F₃ progeny test confirmed the credibility of the F₂ population test. Segregating populations and small population analyses were used to identify chromosomal regions and molecular markers linked to the gene by the SSR marker method. A total of 675 SSR markers and 185 individuals of the D516L6239 F2 population were used to search genetically linked markers to the target gene. Using Mapmaker 3.0 and Map-draw with Kosambi’s function and other options set at default values, molecular mapping revealed that the gene was located on chromosome 5DS, linked with and flanked by two SSR markers, Xgwm190 and Xwmc150, at 18.58 and 21.33 cM, respectively. It has been reported that only one stem rust resistant gene, Sr30, is located on the wheat chromosome 5DL, and that it has no resistance to 34C2MKK and 34C2MFK, while the parent L6239 of mutant D51 has no resistance to 21C3CPH, 21C3CTK and 21C3CTR, but has resistance to 34C2MKK and 34C2MFK. The results above indicate that the gene identified in the study might be a novel resistance gene to stem rust, tentatively designated as SrD51. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2007, 33(8): 1262–1266 [译自: 作物学报]     

1980份小麦地方品种和国外种质抗条锈性鉴定与评价

【目的】寻找新的条锈病抗源并建立高效抗源筛选和评价体系,为小麦抗条锈病育种提供理论依据。【方法】针对1 980份尚未大量应用于中国小麦生产的地方品种和国外种质,在陕西杨凌地区人工混合小种接种鉴定圃和甘肃天水地区自然诱发鉴定圃进行连续3年的成株期抗病性鉴定筛选;利用苗期抗谱分析,同时以Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18和Yr26等已知抗条锈病基因的分子标记进行检测筛查,综合分析所筛选的抗病材料可能携带的抗病基因。【结果】筛选出8份具有全生育期抗性和42份具成株期抗性的小麦条锈病抗源。结合抗病表现和已知Yr基因分子检测分析表明：50份抗病材料中有6份材料可能带有Yr9;2份材料可能带有Yr10;21份材料可能带有Yr18;未发现携带Yr5、Yr15和Yr26的抗源;品冬34、青春39等6份材料可能携带未发掘的全生育期抗条锈病新基因。【结论】建立了小麦条锈病抗源鉴定和评价体系,筛选出50余份具有不同抗病性特征的抗源材料,为进一步培育抗条锈病新品种奠定了基础。     

加拿大小麦生产和锈病防治

小麦是加拿大种植面积最大的作物,大部分种植于加拿大西部曼尼托巴省、萨斯喀彻温省、阿尔伯塔省的草原省份。在加拿大小麦种植面积大约有1 000万hm2,包括700万hm2的六倍体春小麦,200万hm2的硬粒小麦和100万hm2的冬小麦。六倍体小麦又根据不同的质量标准和多样化的食品分类、市场需要等划分成很多类。其中最主要的一类叫加西硬红类(CWRS),是加拿大最主要用于做面包的春小麦品种系列。历史上危害小麦的病害主要是由秆锈菌(Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici)引起的小麦秆锈病。在加拿大抗秆锈病的第一个重要品种是Thatcher,从20世纪30年代到70年代早期广泛种植。然而Thatcher对由叶锈菌(P.triticina)引起的叶锈病十分感病。多年来,随着含其他抗锈基因(主要是Sr2,Sr6,Sr7a,Sr9b,Lr13,Lr14a,Lr16,Lr34)品种的育成和推广,秆锈病得到了很好的控制,但叶锈病却由于P.triticina种群变化,导致例如Lr13和Lr16抗性基因的抗性丧失,仍然造成很大的损失。小麦条锈病主要由柄锈菌(P.striiformisf.sp.tritici)引起的,长期以来,条锈病是阿尔伯塔南部灌溉区小麦生产上的主要病害,但是自2000年以来,小麦条锈病已经在加拿大中部草原区和安大略南部发现,并造成严重危害。加拿大小麦品种中,只有少数含有中抗水平的Yr18抗条锈基因,而大多数小麦品种对条锈病的抗性基础及抗病遗传尚不清楚。展望未来,锈病仍然是加拿大小麦的主要病害,如条锈病或者是具有高致病力的秆锈病小种,Ug-99可能会是加拿大小麦及谷物生产的新威胁,目前解决这些问题的最好策略是致力于长期的抗锈病遗传育种研究,包括聚合有效耐用的基因,对基因进行有效的部署和聚合抗性基因使遗传资源最大化等手段。将科研重点放在自然遗传抗病方面旨在使加拿大农民能够按对自然环境有利的方式来生产化学残余量最少的小麦,从而在国内和国际市场竞争中占据优势。