节节麦高分子量谷蛋白Dx5~t+Dy12~t亚基组合中Dy12~t亚基的序列测定与分析

为了认识节节麦5t+12t亚基品质表现突出的分子基础,利用SDS-PAGE分析研究了该亚基组合中12t亚基的电泳迁移率并克隆和测序了该亚基基因。结果表明,该12t亚基在SDS-PAGE上的电泳迁移率与普通小麦中的Dy12具有一致的电泳迁移率,但与Dy10的电泳迁移率差异明显。而氨基酸序列比较结果显示,12t亚基的分子序列与Dy10的相似程度非常高,二者仅存在4个氨基酸的替换,而它与Dy12的分子序列存在较大的差异,不但包括12个氨基酸的替换,同时包括2个六肽氨基酸和另外4个氨基酸部位的插入和缺失变化。本研究结果表明,节节麦高分子量谷蛋白Dx5t+Dy12t亚基赋予小麦优良加工品质的主要原因可能与12t亚基与小麦Dy10非常相似,导致这一亚基组合更倾向与Dx5+Dy10有一定关系。     

西藏普通小麦地方品种特有高分子量谷蛋白亚基组合“Tibetan Dx5*+Tibetan Dy10”中Tibetan Dy10亚基基因测序与分析

 【目的】鉴定在西藏小麦地方品种中发现的特有高分子量谷蛋白亚基组合“Tibetan Dx5*+Tibetan Dy10”中的Tibetan Dy10亚基是否与普通小麦Dy10亚基为同一亚基。【方法】利用SDS-PAGE分析和Tibetan Dy10亚基基因的克隆和测序。【结果】表明Tibetan Dy10亚基与普通小麦中Dy10亚基广泛存在的Dx5+Dy10组合形式中的Dy10亚基的分子序列非常相似，但分别在2个六肽中的1个氨基酸部位发生替换，第335位的甘氨酸（G）和第451位的谷氨酰氨（Q）在Tibetan Dy10 中均被替换为精氨酸（R）。【结论】Tibetan Dy10与普通小麦中常见的Dy10亚基基因的DNA序列存在微小差异，属于Dy10位点的一个新变异。     

Relationship between physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour and quality attributes of steamed bread

The purpose of this study is to identify major factors affecting the manufacture and quality of steamed bread, consumed in Southeast Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. Hence, flours of 11 Korean wheat cultivars were used to evaluate quality attributes of two different styles of steamed bread, Korean style steamed bread (KSSB) and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (NSCSB). KSSB prepared more ingredients and higher optimum water absorption of dough than NSCSB because Korean consumers prefer white and glossy surface and soft crumb. KSSB showed lower height, larger diameter and volume of steamed bread, higher stress relaxation, and softer texture of crumb than NSCSB. The correlation between flour characteristics and quality of steamed bread was different in KSSB and NSCSB. About 90% of variability in the height and volume of KSSB could be predicted from protein content, mixing tolerance of Mixograph, average particle size of flour, final viscosity and solvent retention capacity. Protein content and quality parameters also could explain the variation of steamed bread height in NSCSB. Korean wheat carrying Glu-A3c allele produced higher volume of steamed bread (704.7 mL) than Glu-A3d allele (645.8 mL) in KSSB, although there was no significant difference in volume of NSCSB by glutenin compositions. Glu-D1d and Glu-A3c alleles had softer texture of crumb than Glu-D1f and Glu-A3d alleles in KSSB, Glu-B3i allele also showed lower hardness of crumb than their counterpart allele in NSCSB. Hard wheat showed higher height and volume of steamed bread, and lower stress relaxation and hardness of crumb than soft wheat in KSSB.     

高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及其含量与小麦品质关系研究

 测定了国内外 2 33份小麦面粉样品的沉降值、谷蛋白大聚体 (GMP)含量及其高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW GS)组成与含量。结果表明 ,国内小麦品种 (系 )A1位点亚基 1出现的频率最高 ,而亚基 2 出现的频率较低 ;B1位点 7+8亚基对出现的频率最高 ,其次是 7+9亚基对 ;D1位点 2 +12亚基对出现的频率高于其它亚基对。亚基组成与品质关系密切 ,亚基评分与HMW谷蛋白总量、沉降值和GMP含量的相关均达到极显著水平。HMW GS含量与小麦品质相关性更高 ,5 +10亚基对含量与品质的相关性明显高于其它亚基对 ,2 +12、7+8、7+9、4 +12亚基对含量与品质的相关性也达到极显著水平。GMP含量测量简单 ,用样量少 ,且与沉降值、HMW谷蛋白总量、X 型、Y 型亚基含量和多种亚基及亚基对含量呈显著正相关 ,可作为小麦品质早代选择的指标。     

Variations in the quality parameters and gluten proteins in synthetic hexaploid wheats solely expressing the Glu-D1 locus

This study evaluated the quality potential of seven synthetic hexaploid wheats (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) expressing only allelic variation at Glu-D1 of Aegilops tauschii (SHWSD). Major quality parameters related to dough strength, gluten proteins (including high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), gliadins), and their ratios between SHWSD and the weak gluten wheat control Chuannong 16 (CN16) were measured in at least three environments (except STD7). The zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV), dough development time (DDT), dough stability time (DST), and farinograph quality number (FQN) of SHWSD were considered stable under different environments, with their respective ranges being 8.00–17.67 mL, 0.57–1.50 min, 0.73–1.80 min, and 9.50–27.00. The ZSV, DDT, DST, and FQN of SHWSD were smaller than those of CN16, suggesting that SHWSD had a weaker dough strength than CN16. Although SHWSD had a lower gluten index than CN16, its wet and dry gluten contents were similar to or even higher than those of CN16 in all environments tested. The protein content of grains (12.81–18.21%) and flours (14.20–20.31%) in SHWSD was higher than that in CN16. The amount of HMW-GS in SHWSD sharply decreased under the expression of fewer HMW-GS genes, and the LMW-GS, gliadins, and total glutenins were simultaneously increased in SHWSD in comparison with CN16. Moreover, SHWSD had higher ratios of LMW-GS/glutenin and gliadin/glutenin but a lower ratio of HMW-GS/glutenin than CN16. These results provide necessary information for the utilization of SHWSD in weak-gluten wheat breeding.     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基与加工品质研究综述

麦谷蛋白是小麦贮藏蛋白的重要组成部分,赋予制作面包的面团独特的粘-弹特性。而高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基与加工品质密切相关。笔者综述了HMWGS的分离方法、分子结构、基因定位、命名、研究现状与加工品质的关系及在品质育种中的应用。研究结果表明:某些HMWGS的出现(5+10亚基)与小麦品种的加工品质和食品制作特性有关,品种具有的HMWGS谱带越多,品质越好。最后提出了目前该研究中存在的问题及其未来研究的方向。     

影响小麦面粉白度的品质指标分析

 【目的】系统研究影响小麦面粉白度的品质指标，对于作物遗传育种筛选高白度优质资源，为工业化面制食品加工提供优质原粮信息具有重要意义。【方法】在对黄淮冬麦区56个小麦品种的白度、破损淀粉、黄色素、PPO活性、面团流变学特性、蛋白质品质等指标系统测定的基础上，以基因环境互作软件对影响小麦面粉白度的品质指标进行系统分析。【结果】面粉白度与蛋白质含量、破损淀粉含量、吸水率呈极显著负相关（r=-0.488、-0.673、-0.732），与面粉溶涨体积呈极显著正相关（r=0.762），与PPO活性和黄色素含量关系不显著。【结论】经过软件分析，筛选出白度高且面粉溶涨体积大的品种有绵阳31、绵阳26、西农2611、陕农757、中原98-68；白度高且破损淀粉少的品种有绵阳25、安农9866、绵阳26、绵阳31、滨麦3号；白度高且吸水率高的品种有绵阳26、滨麦3号、高优511、新麦9-988、绵阳31；白度高且蛋白质含量高的品种有高优511、内乡118、郑麦002、山农664、西杂5号；白度高且谷蛋白含量高的品种有高优511、西农2611、西杂5号、陕农757、中原98-68；白度高且多酚氧化酶活性低的品种有绵阳26、亿高1号、高优511、中原98-68、绵阳25等，这些品种可以作为高白度小麦优质资源。     

氮钾配合施肥对小麦济南17品质的影响

 研究了氮钾配施对小麦济南17高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)含量和面粉品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对亚基7+8含量影响最大,其次是亚基1,对亚基4+12影响最小,氮钾互作仅对Glu-D1位点亚基含量有显著作用,钾肥对各个位点亚基含量的影响均不显著。氮肥对面粉蛋白质含量、湿面筋、沉降值和面粉谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量均影响显著。氮钾互作对沉降值和GMP含量的影响也达到显著水平。除沉降值外,钾单独作用对其它品质参数的影响均不显著。3个位点HMW-GS含量与面粉品质密切相关,GMP含量与HMW-GS含量和其它品质     

新疆春小麦品种磨粉品质与拉面加工品质的关系

为探讨新疆春小麦磨粉品质与面粉品质性状以及新疆拉面加工品质的关系,为新疆春小麦品种改良、新疆拉面专用品种选育以及新疆拉面加工品质改良提供理论依据,以36个新疆春小麦品种为试验材料,分析出粉率、灰分、色泽、粗细度等磨粉品质性状与面粉品质、面团品质和淀粉糊化粘度特性以及新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系。结果表明,新疆春小麦品种面粉色泽是磨粉品质的重要性状,与其他磨粉品质、面粉品质性状及新疆拉面加工品质呈显著相关。因此,在春小麦品种加工新疆拉面的品质改良中应重视磨粉品质的改良,特别是面粉色泽的改良,同时也要提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉率。新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为出粉率≥60.77%,灰分≤0.45%,破损淀粉率≤3.77%,面粉颗粒度≤108.14%,亮度(L*值)≥90.86,红度(a*值)≥-0.82,黄度(b*值)≤9.00。     

Isolation and Sequence Analysis of HMW Glutenin Subunit 1Dy10. 1 Ecoding Gene from Xinjiang Wheat （Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch）

A novel HMW glutenin subunit gene 1Dy10. 1 was isolated and characterized from Xinjiang wheat （Triticum petropavlovskyi. Udacz. et Migusch） accession Daomai 2. The complete open reading frame （ORF） of 1Dy10. 1 was 1 965 bp, encoding 655 amino acids. The numbers and distribution of cysteines in 1Dy 10.1 were similar to those of 1Dy10 and other y-type subunits. In the N-terminal of 1Dy 10.1, an amino acid was changed from L （leucine） to P （proline） at position 55. The repetitive domain of 1Dy10.1 differed from those of known HMW subunits by substitutions, insertions or/and deletions involving single or more amino acid residues. In the repetitive domain of subunit 1Dyl 0.1, the deletion of tripeptide GQQ in the consensus unit PGQGQQ resulted in the appearance of the motif PGQ that have not been observed in other known y-type HMW subunits. In comparison with the subunit 1Dy 12, a deletion of dipeptide GQ, which occurred in subunit IDy10, was also observed in subunit 1Dy10.1. The cloned IDylO. 1 gene had been successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein had the identical mobility with the endogenous subunit IDy10.1 from seed.     

小麦面团粘度与面粉主要品质指标相关性研究

以山东省32个小麦品种为材料,进行面团粘度性状和蛋白质含量、面筋指数、面团流变学特性指标之间的相关性的研究。结果表明:(1)面团的粘度性状与面粉很多品质指标具有非常显著的相关性,可以使用面团粘度性状对面粉品质进行评价。(2)面团粘度与代表面团筋力强弱的品质指标都有非常显著的负相关,说明小麦面团粘度与小麦面团的筋力强度和面团的抗揉混强度之间具有非常显著的负相关性,表明降低面团的粘度,可以提高面筋质量、面团的抗揉混能力和面筋筋力强度。     

冬播麦区Glu-1和Glu-3位点变异及1B/1R易位与小麦加工品质性状的关系

 贮藏蛋白组成是决定小麦加工品质的重要因素。本文调查了我国冬播麦区251份主栽品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）和1B/1R易位的分布状况，研究了它们与加工品质性状的关系。结果表明，品质较差的HMW-GS N、7+9、2+12和LMW-GS Glu-A3a与Glu-B3j（1B/1R易位）在冬播麦区分布较广，频率分别为39.4%、45.0%、59.8%、37.1%和44.6%。HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量影响较小，对SDS沉降值、和面时间与耐揉性的加性和互作效应达1%的显著水平。按位点对加工品质性状的贡献大小，Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-B1>Glu-A3>Glu-A1；就单个亚基而言，Glu-A1位点，1>2*>N；Glu-B1位点，7+8>14+15>7+9；Glu-D1位点，5+10>4+12>2+12；Glu-A3位点，Glu-A3d>Glu-A3a>Glu-A3c>Glu-A3e，Glu-B3位点； Glu-B3d>Glu-B3b>Glu-B3f >Glu-B3j。1B/1R易位对SDS沉降值、和面时间和耐揉性等加工品质性状有显著负面效应。通过选择优质高低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和淘汰1B/1R易位系，将有助于提高我国小麦的面筋质量。     

Composition and Content of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits and Their Effects on Wheat Quality

Sedimentation values, flour glutenin macropolymer (GMP) contents, composition and contents of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits (GS) of 233 flour samples were determined. Our data indicated that subunit 1 occurred more frequently at Glu-A1, subunit pair 7 + 8 at Glu- B1 and 2 + 12 at Glu-D1. The significant relationships between Glu-1 quality score and total HMW glutenin content, sedimentation value and GMP content suggested that the composition of HMW-GS affects wheat quality strongly. Moreover,the total content of HMW-GS was correlated with certain quality parameters more significantly. Relationship between subunit 5 + 10 content and breadmaking quality was better than others, but 2 + 12, 7 + 8, 7 + 9 and 4 + 12 also correlated with certain quality parameters significantly. The contents of total HMW-glutenin, x-type subunits and y-type subunits related with sedimentation value, flour GMP content, and Glu-1 quality score more strongly than that of individual subunit or subunit pair. The flour GMP content, with excellent correlation to sedimentation value, total contents of HMW glutenin, x- and y-type subunits and many other quality parameters, could be an ideal indicator of breadmaking quality at earlier generations for breeding purpose for its simple procedure and small scale.     

粗山羊草高分子量麦谷蛋白新型亚基的筛选和鉴定

利用SDS -PAGE和Western Blotting分析与鉴定技术 ,从 5 1份粗山羊草中共发现了 2种新型亚基Tx >2和Ty <12 ,被命名为Dx2 1t 和Dy13t;7种亚基组合类型 2 +12、5 +10、2 +10、5 +12、2 1t+10、2 1t+12和 2 +13t,这7种亚基组合的频率分别是 2 7 5 %、2 5 5 %、31 4%、3 9%、2 0 %、2 0 %和 7 8%。已将新型亚基Dx2 1t 和Dy13t的编码基因进行了分子克隆     

小麦品种(品系)SRC值与冷冻面团品质关系的研究

为研究和探讨小麦品种(品系)SRC值与冷冻面团品质的内在关系及其预测效果,本试验选用陕西关中地区16个小麦品种(品系)为材料,在对各小麦品种面粉溶剂保持能力(Solvent Retention Capacity,SRC)和冷冻面团品质检测的基础上,系统分析了SRC值与冷冻面团品质的关系。结果表明:小麦水SRC值与冷冻面团面包比容的关系密切,冷冻5 d间面包比容的变化主要受到乳酸SRC值的影响,各SRC值对冷冻5~10 d间的面包比容变化均有影响。SRC值对冷冻面团品质的预测效果较好。     

Effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit deletion on soft wheat quality properties and sugar-snap cookie quality estimated through near-isogenic lines

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) play a critical role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The HMW-GSs are encoded by Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D, respectively. In the present study, four near-isogenic lines with different HMW-GS deletions and compositions at the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci in Yangmai 18 background were used for quality analysis. Deletion in Glu-D1 showed much weaker gluten quality and dough strength than null Glu-A1 genotype and wild genotype (WT), based on the measurements of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sedimentation, lactic acid solvent retention capacity (SRC), gluten index, development time, stability time, and alveograph P and L values. The deletion of Glu-D1 did not significantly affect grain hardness, grain protein content, water SRC, sodium carbonate SRC, and sucrose SRC. Double null genotype in Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 and single null genotype in Glu-D1 showed significantly higher cookie diameter, crispness, and lower cookie height compared with single null genotype in Glu-A1 and WT. These indicate that the null Glu-D1 genotype is useful for improvement of biscuit quality, and use of this germplasm would be a viable strategy to develop new wheat varieties for biscuit processing.     

Study on Relationship Between the Size Distribution of Glutenin Polymeric Protein and Wheat Flour Mixing Properties

Parental varieties Suneca and Cook have contrasting alleles at each of the five glutenin subunit loci (Glu-B1, Glu- D1, Glu-A3, Glu-B3, and Glu-D3), a set of 60 lines homozygous at these loci from the F4 progeny population of Suneca × Cook was chosen to analyze the variation of the size distribution of glutenin polymeric protein (measured by SE-HPLC) and flour mixing properties of these lines and to study relationship between the size distribution of glutenin polymeric protein and wheat flour mixing properties. The results showed that there were very significant differences among the relative size distributions of glutenin polymeric protein (i. e. percentage of unextracTable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein, or UPP% ) and dough development times (i. e. peak time of mixograph, or PTM) of different homozygous lines, respectively.Flour mixograph shape was closely related to UPP% value. The results also indicated that UPP% was very strongly positive correlation with PTM and negative correlation with peak height of mixograph (PHM).Comparing with flour protein content (FP%), UPP% gave greater effect on PTM and PHM, i.e. flour mixing properties, and it can be considered as one of criteria for quality selecting from early generation of breeding program.     

利用Aroona近等基因系研究高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对面包加工品质的影响

【目的】低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）以Glu-A3c、Glu-B3b、Glu-D3c为背景,明确不同高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）对面团流变学特性、贮藏蛋白组份含量和面包加工品质作用大小。【方法】在新疆乌鲁木齐和石河子种植以澳大利亚小麦品种Aroona作为轮回亲本培育的近等基因系（NILs）,并测定其粉质仪、拉伸仪、贮藏蛋白组份含量和面包加工品质等参数。【结果】HMW-GS对延展性效应不显著,对面团强度效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1;就单个亚基对而言,7+9、17+18和5+10面团强度最大;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10具有最大面团强度,2*、7+9、2+12和1、7+9、2.2+12具有最好的延展性。HMW-GS对不溶性谷蛋白聚合体百分含量（%UPP）效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1;就单个亚基对而言,7+9、17+18和5+10的%UPP最高;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10具有最高的%UPP。HMW-GS对面包总分效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-A1＞Glu-B1;就单个亚基或亚基对而言,1、2*、2+12和5+10具有最高的面包总分;亚基组合1、7+9、2+12面包总分最高,1、7+9、5+10次之,null、7+9、2+12最低。【结论】在相同LMW-GS（Glu-A3c、Glu-B3b、Glu-D3c）背景下,HMW-GS对面团强度、%UPP和面包加工品质影响较大,对延展性影响较小;单个亚基或亚基对1、2*、7+9、17+18和5+10对小麦品质影响较大;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10可作为品质改良的最佳组合。     

生态环境对小麦品质性状的影响

小麦品质是一个以加工制品衡量的复合性状。小麦蛋白质的含量和组成是小麦子粒品质性状中最为重要的因素,其中麦谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白的比例及高分子量谷蛋白亚基决定了面团的流变学特性和烘烤品质。子粒中淀粉的品质尤其直/支链淀粉的含量和比例影响到面团的性质和小麦制品尤其是蒸煮制品的品质。淀粉中的酶类和脂类对小麦品质也有影响。小麦子粒的品质表现是基因型与生态环境相互作用的结果。温度、降水和光照等生态条件均可影响小麦的品质性状。