Different genotypes regulate the microbial community structure in the soybean rhizosphere

The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community, but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained. The present study analyzed the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in three soybean genotypes. Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between different soybean genotypes were verified using diversity testing and community composition, and each genotype had a specific rhizosphere microbial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis found that different genotype plant hosts had different rhizosphere microbial networks. The relationship between rhizobia and rhizosphere microorganisms in the network also exhibited significant differences between different genotype plant hosts. The ecological function prediction found that different genotypes of soybean recruited the specific rhizosphere microbial community. These results demonstrated that soybean genotype regulated rhizosphere microbial community structure differences. The study provides a reference and theoretical support for developing soybean microbial inoculum in the future.     

不同基因型大豆植株氮素积累变化动态研究

为了探明大豆品种间氮素积累及运转规律,以东农42、黑农35、垦丰9号、东农46和秣食豆为材料,研究不同基因型大豆氮素积累分配差异。结果表明:不同基因型大豆品种叶片和茎秆氮素含量呈降—升—降的变化趋势;荚皮氮素含量呈下降趋势;籽粒氮素含量呈上升趋势。各营养器官氮素含量表现为荚皮叶片茎秆。不同基因型大豆叶片和茎秆氮素积累量变化动态基本一致,呈单峰曲线。荚皮中氮素积累量呈先升高后下降的趋势;籽粒氮素积累量呈持续增长趋势。成熟时全株氮素含量表现为秣食豆黑农35东农42东农46垦丰9号。高蛋白品种的营养体氮素积累峰值、氮素运转量及运转效率显著高于蛋白质含量低的品种,但氮收获指数相差很小。不同器官的氮素运转量和运转效率对籽粒的贡献率均表现为叶片茎秆荚皮。     

Green manuring facilitates bacterial community dispersal across different compartments of subsequent tobacco

Green manure–crop rotation is a sustainable approach to protect crops against diseases and improve yield.  However, the mechanism by which green manuring manipulates the crop-associated microbial community remains to be elucidated.  In this study, we explored the horizontal processes of bacterial communities in different compartments of the soil–root interface (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane and endosphere) of tobacco by performing a field experiment including four rotation practices, namely, tobacco rotated with smooth vetch, ryegrass, radish, and winter fallow (without green manure).  Results showed that the co-occurrence networks constructed by adjacent compartments of the soil–root interface with green manuring had more edges than without green manuring, indicating  dramatic microbial interactions.  Green manuring increased the dispersal-niche continuum index between bulk soil and other compartments, indicating that it facilitated the horizontal dispersal of microbes.  For the different green manuring practices, the neutral community model explained 24.6–27.6% of detection frequency for bacteria, and at least one compartment under each practice had a normalized stochasticity ratio higher than the 50% boundary point, suggesting that the deterministic and stochastic processes jointly shaped the tobacco microbiome.  In conclusion, green manuring generally facilitates bacterial community dispersal across different compartments and enhances potential interactions among adjacent compartments.  This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the microbiome assembly under green manure–crop rotation.     

大豆种衣剂田间筛选试验初报

研究了不同种衣剂对大豆植株生长发育、形态建成、根腐病发生情况及产量的影响。结果表明：锐胜种衣剂Ⅰ可提高大豆苗期根、茎、叶、根瘤干重,增加株高,降低大豆后期茎干重,增加节间数、底荚高度、单株饱荚数和株粒数,对于提高产量效果佳,其次为适乐时种衣剂。     

大豆抗烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci Gennadius）与农艺品质性状的关系

 【目的】烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci Gennadius）是一种严重的灾害性害虫,对大豆的危害十分严重。了解大豆的农艺、品质性状与抗烟粉虱的关系,为大豆抗烟粉虱遗传和育种研究提供参考。【方法】以213个国内外大豆品种作为试验材料,鉴定其单叶、单株感染的烟粉虱2～4龄若虫的数量,同时调查各品种的结荚习性、种皮色、子叶色、株高、底荚高、主茎节数、主茎粗、分枝数、总荚数、总粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、荚长、荚宽、籽粒的蛋白质和脂肪含量等。用SPSS16.0统计分析软件分析烟粉虱数量与各种农艺性状的关系。【结果】大豆单叶感染烟粉虱的平均数能够代表大豆品种对烟粉虱的抗性。大豆感染烟粉虱的数量受结荚习性、株型、产量、籽粒品质等多种因素影响。不同结荚习性大豆品种单叶感染烟粉虱的平均数存在显著差异,有限结荚习性＞亚有限结荚习性＞无限结荚习性。单叶感染烟粉虱的平均数与茎粗呈极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.282**;与单株粒重、籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数为0.165*、0.166*;与种皮色、子叶色、株高、主茎节数、分枝数、籽粒脂肪含量的相关不显著。【结论】大豆对烟粉虱的抗性受结荚习性、茎粗、单株生产力、籽粒蛋白质含量等综合性状影响。     

菜用大豆主要农艺性状的相关性、聚类及主成分分析

对沿淮地区广泛种植的41个菜用大豆品种的生育期、株高、茎粗、倒伏性、主茎节数、结荚高度、单株荚数、单株有效荚数、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、鲜豆百粒质量等12个主要农艺性状进行了测定,并进行了变异、相关、聚类及主成分分析。结果表明,41个菜用大豆品种的12个农艺性状均存在较大的变异,其中结荚高度变异最大(变异系数31.41%),荚宽的变异最小(变异系数为6.45%)。相关性分析表明,除生育期与株高、单株荚数、荚长,荚长与荚宽间的相关系数大于0.5外,其他指标间的相关系数的绝对值小于0.5。通过聚类分析,利用类平均法在欧氏距离5.597 3处可将41个菜用大豆品种划分为4大类群, 各类群的农艺性状差异明显。主成分分析表明,生育期、株高、茎粗、倒伏性、主茎节数、结荚高度及单株荚数等7个农艺性状累计贡献率为87.028 1%,可以反映出菜用大豆主要农艺性状的基本特征。     

鲜食大豆农艺性状与鲜荚产量的灰色关联分析

[目的]研究长江中下游气候条件下影响大豆产量的主要因素。[方法]以江苏省南通市引进的7个推广品种为材料,利用灰色关联度分析方法,对9个农艺性状与鲜荚产量进行了关联度分析。[结果]结果表明,鲜食大豆农艺性状与产量关联度的大小依次为:单株荚数>主茎节数>生育期>分枝数>鲜百率重>株高>多荚百分率>标准荚数>出仁率。单株荚数、主茎节数是影响鲜食大豆鲜荚产量的主要因素,而出仁率、标准荚数、多荚百分率对产量影响则较小。[结论]在产量构成因素中,单株荚数、主茎节数、生育期对鲜荚产量的影响起主导作用。     

香荚兰内生微生物的分离

为寻求利用香荚兰植株组织中的内生菌资源制备天然香兰素生物合成的新方法,以不同时期采集的香荚兰气生根、茎干、叶片等为材料,进行内生微生物初步分离.结果表明,不同季节取样的植株组织分离获得菌株数量有所不同,在3个时期采样的香荚兰植株组织中共分离获得52株菌株,其中2009年6、11月分别获得23、20株菌株,2010年1月获得9株菌株;香荚兰植株不同组织中内生微生物分布存在明显差异;在获得的52株菌株中,细菌33株,真菌19株,而以叶片的菌株（30株）最高,其次为气生根（16株）和茎干（6株）.根据分离获得的菌落大小、颜色、透明度、干湿程度等表面形态特征,并结合光学显微镜的观察,这些菌株分属于7个类群,即4个细菌类和3个真菌类.该研究初步探明了香荚兰植株组织中内生微生物的分布状况,为今后更进一步的分离筛选工作奠定坚实的基础.     

不同密度下有限分枝型矮秆耐密大豆产量因素变化规律

[目的]研究不同密度条件下有限分枝型矮秆耐密大豆产量因素的变化。[方法]以吉密豆1号为材料,设置8个密度处理（15万、23万、31万、36万、39万、42万、47万、557万株／hm^2）,研究不同处理大豆的干物质积累、经济系数、荚粒的纵向分布情况。[结果]吉密豆1号产量与密度的关系符合方程Y=-2.697X^2＋208.884X＋1130.584,密度为31万-42万株／hm^2时可获得较高的产量,密度为3977万株／hm^2时,产量最高,经济系数为0.261;随着密度的增加,单株产量、单株荚数、单株粒数、分枝数和分枝结荚数均呈下降趋势。且中、下层荚数显著减少,而主茎荚数无明显变化;荚粒数、百粒重和密度无明显相关性。[结论]随密度增加,吉密豆1号以上层结英为主,主茎与分枝结荚兼顾。     

不同供钾水平下春大豆的氮积累和利用

 对不同供钾水平下9个春大豆基因型的氮积累和利用特性的研究结果表明,生理成熟期各器官的氮浓度和氮积累量皆以种子中最高,其次为叶片和茎秆。不同基因型间除叶片氮浓度外，其它器官的氮浓度和氮积累量的差异均达显著或极显著水平。不同钾水平下，种子的氮浓度以不施钾为高，而叶片、茎秆的氮浓度则以施钾为高，各器官的氮积累均以施钾为高。不同基因型间地上部生物量氮效率比和种子氮效率比的差异极显著，两个钾水平与不同基因型间种子氮效率比的互作也达极显著。氮利用指数以不施钾为高，不同基因型间达显著差异。本研究提出了在低钾条件下采用种子氮效率比作为筛选养分高效基因型标准的观点。     

长期咸水滴灌对棉田土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】研究长期咸水灌溉对棉田土壤理化性质、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的影响。【方法】设3个灌溉水盐度处理为0.35、4.61和8.04 dS/m,分别代表淡水、微咸水、咸水3种灌溉水质,采用高通量测序法测定土壤中细菌和真菌群落结构多样性。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著提高了土壤盐分和土壤容重,但降低了土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加细菌OTUs,而咸水灌溉显著降低真菌OTUs。咸水灌溉显著增加细菌Chao1和ACE指数,降低Shannon指数,降低真菌Chao1和ACE指数,增加Simpson指数。微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低细菌RB41、H16、Haliangium、硝化螺旋菌属、溶杆菌属、苔藓杆菌属、酸杆菌属和真菌被孢霉属、粉褶菌属、Tetracladium的相对丰度,但显著增加细菌鞘脂单胞菌属、芽单胞菌属、Gaiella、Ilumatobacter、Solirubrobacter、Nocardioides和真菌弯孢菌属、球腔菌属的相对丰度。随着灌溉水盐度的增加,细菌群落潜在生物标志物的数量逐渐减少,为4个、2个和1个,真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量在微咸...     

Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community in Roots and Rhizosphere of Invasive Cenchrus incertus and Native Plant in Inner Mongolia,China

Plant invasions could significantly alter arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungal communities, but the effect may vary with plant species and local environments. Identifying changes in the AM fungal community due to plant invasion could improve our understanding of the invasion processes. Here, we examined the AM fungal community composition both in roots and rhizosphere soils of the invasive plant Cenchrus incertus and the dominant native plant Setaria viridis in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses(T-RFLP). The results showed that AM fungal abundance in the rhizosphere soils of C. incertus was significantly lower than that of S. viridis. The AM fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soils of the two plant species also largely differed. In general, AM fungal community structures in roots corresponded very well to that in rhizosphere soils for both plant species. The dominant AM fungal type both in invasive and native plants was T-RFLP 524 bp, which represents Glomus sp.(Virtual taxa 109 and 287). Three specific T-RF types(280,190 and 141bp) were significantly more abundant in C. incertus, representing three clusters in Glomus which also named as VT(virtual taxa) 287, 64 and 214, Rhizophagus intraradices(VT 113) and Diversispora sp.(VT 60). While the specific T-RF types,189 and 279 bp, for S. viridis, only existed in Glomus cluster 1(VT 156), were significantly less abundant in C. incertus. These results indicated that AM fungi might play an important role in the invasion process of C. incertus, which still remains to be further investigated.     

大豆长花序短果枝株型性状的利用研究 Ⅴ.不同施肥水平和种植密度下长花序短果枝大豆沈农6号的光合性能分析

在不同施肥水平和种植密度条件下研究了长花序短果枝株型品种沈农6号叶片的光合性能,结果表明,在同一施肥水平条件下随种植密度的增加叶面积指数最大值呈现递增趋势,但叶面积指数最大值持续时间逐渐缩短。施肥量适中或较低时的叶面积指数在生育后期下降缓慢,而施肥量高时叶面积指数在达到峰值后便急速下降。同一品种鼓粒中期长花序叶、短果枝叶及其它叶片间叶绿素含量差别不大,并且它们受施肥水平和种植密度的影响也比较小。长花序叶的光合速率大于短果枝叶以及短果枝的同节位主茎叶,多数处理组合的短果枝叶的光合速率高于其同节位主茎叶。气孔导度高,细胞间隙CO2 浓度低,光合速率就较大。短果枝叶的光合速率与单株产量相关(r =0 .6 9 )达到显著水平,而长花序叶(r =0 .4 0 )和短果枝同节位主茎叶(r=0 .11)的光合速率与单株产量相关不显著     

大豆产量及其相关数量性状关系的分析

[目的]为提高大豆新品种（系）农艺性状的选择效率提供帮助,为区域性大豆品种更新和筛选及高产栽培工作提供理论依据。[方法]以12个春大豆新品种（系）为材料,对主要农艺性状进行遗传变异分析、简单相关分析和主成分分析。[结果]大豆有效分枝数的变异系数最大,为61.64%,生育天数的变异系数最小,为3.33%;产量与单株粒数、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与单株荚数、株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数呈正相关,与生育天数、结荚高呈负相关;从主成分分析看,前4个主成分的累积贡献率达94.356 7%。[结论]有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、主茎节数、百粒重、结荚高、株高的变异系数较大;大豆产量和单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒重密切相关;产量的构成主要性状有单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重、结荚高、株高、单株粒重、每荚粒数。在选择大豆品种时应注意产量高和生育期、株高适中的品种,要着重对第1、2、3主成分的综合性选择。     

低温胁迫对大豆幼苗形态生理指标及籽粒产量的影响

黑龙江省大豆苗期低温冷害频发,为了明确大豆苗期低温胁迫对籽粒产量是否有影响,试验采用盆栽方法,在大豆V1 期将自然环境下生长的幼苗置于人工气候箱进行不同温度处理,分别为6℃,10℃和25℃（对照）,处理48 h 后测定叶片鲜重、子叶鲜重、茎鲜重、根系鲜重及叶片叶绿素含量,然后将幼苗转移到盆栽盆中生长,成熟期测定大豆籽粒产量及产量构成因子。结果表明：大豆幼苗期低温胁迫显著降低了不同大豆品种叶片鲜重、子叶鲜重、茎鲜重、根系鲜重及叶绿素含量;随着温度的降低,耐低温大豆品种‘合农60’的形态及生理指标降低幅度要低于低温敏感型大豆品种‘黑农48’。苗期低温胁迫未显著降低耐低温大豆品种‘合农60’株荚数、株粒数、百粒重及籽粒产量,但显著降低了低温敏感型大豆‘黑农48’的株荚数、株粒数、百粒重及籽粒产量。研究得出结论为苗期大豆低温胁迫不利于大豆籽粒产量形成,显著降低低温敏感品种大豆籽粒产量。     

手性三唑类杀菌剂氟环唑对土壤微生物的立体选择性影响

为了研究土壤微生物对手性三唑类杀菌剂氟环唑的立体选择性响应,通过非靶向代谢组学和高通量测序联合技术探究了土壤代谢组和微生物群落对氟环唑外消旋体及对映体的响应机制。结果表明：氟环唑及其对映体处理4周后,土壤中氟环唑降解不显著,其残留能够引起土壤代谢组和土壤微生物群落组成的显著变化。土壤代谢组、细菌和真菌群落组成、PICRUSt基因功能预测的代谢途径均表现出由2R,3S-（+）-氟环唑驱动的立体选择性响应。PICRUSt基因预测表明,细菌中被显著影响的MetaCyc通路有10条,真菌中比对出22条。氟环唑外消旋体和（+）-对映体比（-）-对映体表现出对土壤微生物更显著的干扰作用（P<0.05）。氟环唑暴露引起了土壤环境中细菌和真菌群落、代谢、基因功能预测通路不同程度的立体选择性响应。鉴于土壤环境在农业生产中的重要性,土壤微生物组和代谢组的表征可以为暴露于手性三唑类农药顺式氟环唑及其对映体所带来的生态风险提供新的见解。     

放牧强度对羊草草甸草原植物器官及群落氮磷化学计量的影响

[目的]以地上植物茎、叶以及群落为研究对象,探究不同放牧强度对植物器官以及群落碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量特征的影响,为深入解析放牧干扰下草地生态系统退化过程,促进草地放牧适应性管理提供科学依据.[方法]基于呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原长期控制放牧试验平台,在6种不同放牧强度(不放牧G0.00、较轻度放牧G0.23、轻度放牧G0....     

蔓生和矮生长豇豆器官生长相关与生产力研究

以曼生和矮生长豇豆,研究其干物质积累和分配、地上器官与地下器官、营养器官与生殖器官及生殖器官与同化器官的生长相关等。结果表明,两类长豇豆生育过程中植株和各器官干物质不断增加,均呈Ｓ型趋势变化。蔓生长豇豆比矮生长豇豆的干物质积累量高,蔓生长豇豆中白荚品种比青荚品种高。生育过程中根系分配的干物质越来越少,地下器官与地下器官的比例逐渐升高;随着干物质分配的中心由茎叶逐渐转移至花荚,生殖器官与营养器官的比     

Relationship between Protein Accumulation and Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation in Different Genotype Soybean

Physiological studies of soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]genotypes with wide differences in seed protein concentration may permit detection of important yield-related processes.In order to research the law of protein accumulation and the characteristics of N accumulation and translocation,we did an experiment with three soybean cultivars which have different protein content and the similar phase in pot culture.The results showed that the laws of protein accumulation of three soybean cultivars are similar in the course of seeding;protein content descended in the early stage,and increased steadily in the middle period,then increased quickly in the later period.But the speed of protein accumulation in soybean seeds was difference in different period.In addition,high-protein cultivar(Dongnong 42)and intermediate protein cultivar(Dongnong 7819)were more than those of low-protein cultivar (Dongnong 434),including nitrogen in leaf and petiole,stem and pod,peak value of nitrogen accumulation of the whol plant,value of nitrogen translocation,its efficiency.     

A comprehensive analysis of the response of the fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping in three typical upland crops

Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure; however, knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotation of soybean, maize and wheat in the same agroecosystem is limited. We assessed the fungal abundance, composition and diversity among soybean rotation, maize rotation and wheat rotation systems and among long-term continuous cropping systems of soybean, maize and wheat as the effect of crop types on fungal community structure. We compared these fungal parameters of same crop between long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping systems as the effect of cropping systems on fungal community structure. The fungal abundance and composition were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results revealed that long-term continuous soybean cropping increased the soil fungal abundance compared with soybean rotation, and the fungal abundance was decreased in long-term continuous maize cropping compared with maize rotation. The long-term continuous soybean cropping also exhibited increased soil fungal diversity. The variation in the fungal community structure among the three crops was greater than that between long-term continuous cropping and rotation cropping. Mortierella, Guehomyces and Alternaria were the most important contributors to the dissimilarity of the fungal communities between the continuous cropping and rotation cropping of soybean, maize and wheat. There were 11 potential pathogen and 11 potential biocontrol fungi identified, and the relative abundance of most of the potential pathogenic fungi increased during the long-term continuous cropping of all three crops. The relative abundance of most biocontrol fungi increased in long-term continuous soybean cropping but decreased in long-term continuous maize and wheat cropping. Our results indicate that the response of the soil fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping varies based upon crop types.