Study on burrowing nematode,Radopholus similis,pathogenicity test system in tobacco as host

Radopholus similis(Cobb 1893) Thorne(1949) is a destructive migratory endoparasitic plant nematode. In this study,the pathogenic process of R. similis infection in Nicotiana benthamiana(tobacco) was studied using quartz sand culture in laboratory. The results showed that R. similis mainly parasitised the root cortex, leading to cortical cell decomposition and tissue decay. We optimised the inoculation conditions to establish a method for determining the pathogenicity of R. similis as follows:(1)...     

几种药剂对苹果果实轮纹病的田间防效研究*

 比较了5种不同复配剂对苹果果实轮纹病的防效,结果表明:在田间推荐使用浓度下,5种药剂对苹果果实轮纹病均有较好的防控效果。70％福美双·甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂700倍液、600倍液,32.8%苯醚甲环唑·多菌灵可湿性粉剂2000倍液、1500倍液, 30％多菌灵·戊唑醇可湿性粉剂800倍液、55%甲硫·锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,6％福·戊可湿性粉剂300倍液采收期和贮后30 d防效均在80%以上;而30％多菌灵·戊唑醇可湿性粉剂1000倍液、55%甲硫·锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液,6％福·戊可湿性粉剂400倍液在采收期和贮后30 d防效稍低但均在75%以上。     

细叶香桂叶油的化学成分

江西井冈山产的细叶香桂（ＣｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍｓｕｂａｖｅｎｉｕｍＭｉｑ．）鲜叶阴干后经常压水蒸汽蒸馏获得ω＝２．４６％的精油,应用Ｆｉｎｎｉｇａｎ－Ｍａｔ４５１０ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ进行化学成分的定性定量分析,共检出３６种化学成分,鉴定了其中３４种化学成分,占该精油含量的９９．６７％。其中：精油主要成分有丁香酚（ｅｕｇｅｎｏｌ）８９．８０％,１,８－桉叶油素（１,８－ｃｉｎｅｏｌｅ）１．９０％,２－丙烯基苯酚（２－ａｌｙｌ－ｐｈｅｎａｌ）１．８０％,芳樟醇（ｌｉｎａｌｏｏｌ）１．５０％,水杨酸甲脂（ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－ｓａｌｉｃｙｌａｔｅ）０．５５％,但此精油不含黄樟油素（ｓａｆｒｏｌｅ）。本文首次报道该精油的全成分,为进一步开发利用这一植物资源提供了科学依据。     

3类除臭剂的除臭效果与VOCs消减分析

[目的]对市场上化学型、植物型与生物型3种类型除臭剂的使用效果进行比较,分析去除的VOCs物质。[方法]在等体积密闭空间内预置相同臭源,定量喷洒除臭剂,人工嗅辩评价除臭效果。以全二维气相色谱法分析消减的VOCs物质。[结果]植物型除臭剂使用效果最好,在用量为100ml的试验初始阶段大部分样品可使臭源的恶臭强度降到3以下;加入200ml后,所有样品的恶臭强度均降到2以下。生物型除臭剂表现次之,当喷洒200ml除臭剂时,使臭源的恶臭强度降到3以下。化学型除臭剂效果稍差,用量为100ml时的除臭效果不明显,加大使用量后逐渐产生效果。其中H-3在加入200ml后,随着添加量的增加除臭效果变弱。利用全二维气相色谱定量分析了除臭前后VOCs物质,发现2种标志性恶臭物质戊醛与邻二甲苯减少量较大,同时对1,4-二恶烷、乙苯、1,2-二氯丙烷、四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、甲醇（这6种有毒有害污染物属于美国国家环保署规定的重点控制有害污染物）具有明显的消减作用。[结论]除臭剂效能从高到低排序为植物型、生物型、化学型,药剂量与除臭效果并非正比关系,除臭剂的使用对臭源中标志性恶臭物质有明显的消减作用。     

Potential regulation of linoleic acid and volatile organic compound contents in meat of chickens by PLCD1

Omega-3(linolenic acid(ALA), docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid) and omega-6(linoleic acid(LA),arachidonic acid) polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for health and normal physiological functioning in humans.Here we report a genome-wide association study(GWAS) on LA content in chicken meat. The 19 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) identified by the GWAS approach were annotated in VILL, PLCD1 and OXSR1 genes with highly polymorphic linkage blocks, and explained 4.5%...     

Diagnosis and characterization of the ribosomal DNA-ITS of potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) populations from Chinese medicinal herbs

The potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) is a very economically important nematode in agronomic and horticultural plants worldwide. In this study, 43 populations of D. destructor were collected from different hosts across China, including 37 populations from Chinese herbal medicine plants. Obtained sequences of ITS-rDNA and D2–D3 of 28S-rDNA genes of D. destructor were compared and analyzed. Nine types of significant length variations in ITS sequences were observed among all populations. The differences in ITS1 length were mainly caused by the presence of repetitive elements with substantial base substitutions. Reconstructions of ITS1 secondary structures showed that the minisatellites formed a stem structure. Ten haplotypes were observed in all populations based on mutations and variations of helix H9. Among them, 3 known haplotypes (A–C) were found in 7 populations isolated from potato, sweet potato, and Codonopsis pilosula, and 7 unique haplotypes were found in other 36 populations collected from C. pilosula and Angelica sinensis compared with 7 haplotypes (A–G) according to Subbotin’ system. These unique haplotypes were different from haplotypes A–G, and we named them as haplotypes H–N. The present results showed that a total of 14 haplotypes (A–N) of ITS-rDNA have been found in D. destructor. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS-rDNA and D2–D3 showed that all populations of D. destructor were clustered into two major clades: one clade only containing haplotype A from sweet potato and the other containing haplotypes B–N from other plants. For further verification, PCR-ITS-RFLP profiles were conducted on 7 new haplotypes. Collectively, our study suggests that D. destructor populations on Chinese medicinal materials are very different from those on other hosts and this work provides a paradigm for relevant researches.     

芸香叶片和花瓣释放挥发性有机物成分及其变化规律

为探究芸香Ruta graveolens叶片和花瓣释放的挥发性有机物的成分及其变化规律,采用顶空-固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对芸香叶片和花瓣中释放的挥发性有机物成分进行采集,分析叶片和花瓣中挥发性有机物的主要成分、相对含量及叶片在不同时期挥发性有机物成分的差异。结果表明:1 a中不同季节芸香释放的挥发性有机物共鉴定出29种,其中酯类化合物11种,酮类化合物7种,为芸香挥发物的主要成分。1 a中,芸香叶片释放的挥发性有机物的种类呈先增加后减少的趋势;其中,6月检测到的挥发性有机物种类最多,为18种;9月最少,仅为10种。主要成分酯类物质的相对含量呈先上升后下降趋势,酮类化合物呈先下降后上升趋势。在6月的日变化检测中,挥发性有机物的种类呈先增多后减少趋势,依次为12:00 > 10:00 > 14:00 > 16:00,18:00 > 8:00 > 20:00,在12:00达到高峰,以酯类和酮类化合物为主。芸香花瓣释放的挥发性有机物种类少于叶片,主要成分为酮类化合物,以2-十一（烷）酮为主。芸香叶片和花瓣释放的挥发性有机物的主要成分均具有一定的药用保健作用,因此,芸香是营造保健型植物景观的理想材料。     

不同类型高粱主要农艺性状与品质性状差异分析

对来自国内外60份不同类型高粱材料的农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状在新疆干旱区的表现进行分析比较,目的是了解不同高粱类型在新疆干旱区的差异表现,为新疆干旱区能源用高粱品种选育提供参考依据.研究发现,供试高粱材料间生育期差异显著(P＜0.05),其中,甜高粱的生育期最长,平均为116.8 d,变幅在100.5～131.5 d之间.农艺性状分析发现,帚高粱的株高最高,平均为275.2 cm,籽粒高粱最矮,平均只有235.6 cm.甜高粱的伸长节间数最多,平均为12.6个,其中,甜高粱X054伸长节间数最多,为15.6个.各高粱类型的产量构成差异较大,籽粒高粱的籽粒产量最高,平均为7.9 t/hm2,而甜高粱和帚高粱的茎秆产量较高,分别为10.3和10.2t/hm2,全株总干物质积累量以甜高粱为最高,平均为25.3 t/hm2,变幅在18.4～31.5 t/hm2之间,其次为帚高粱的23.6 t/hm2,籽粒高粱最低,平均只有20.3 t/hm2.品质性状分析表明,籽粒各组分含量最为稳定,各高粱类型间差异较小,其次为叶片和叶鞘,而不同高粱类型间茎秆的碳水化合物含量和木质素含量差异较大,其中,甜高粱表现出更高的可溶性总糖含量,平均为236.6 g/kg,是籽粒高粱的3倍、帚高粱的2倍之多,而甜高粱的木质纤维素含量明显低于籽粒高粱和帚高粱,特别是纤维素含量,平均要低100 g/kg以上.碳水化合物产量分析发现甜高粱和帚高粱的平均积累量较高,分别为14.2和13.8 t/hm2,各高粱类型中均以纤维素和半纤维的贡献最大,特别是帚高粱材料,平均贡献率达65.9％.综上,相比于籽粒高粱和帚高粱,甜高粱整体表现出更强的能源利用潜力.同时应指出,各类型高粱材料均为宝贵的种质资源,应充分的挖掘利用,以筛选并进一步培育出适合新疆干旱区种植的能源用高粱新品种.     

Development of a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula to control Euproctis pseudoconspersa

The tea tussock moth (Euproctis pseudoconspersa) is one of the most destructive chewing pests in tea plantations and causes a serious allergic reaction on the skin of tea plantation workers. The sex pheromone components of its Japanese population were first identified as 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate (10Me14Me-15:iBu) and 14-methylpentadecyl isobutyrate (14Me-15:iBu), with a stereogenic center. Only 10Me14Me-15:iBu has been identified in the Chinese E. pseudoconspersa population. However, field tests have shown that 10Me14Me-15:iBu cannot meet the demand of effective pest control in China. To develop a high-efficiency E. pseudoconspersa sex pheromone formula, electroantennogram (EAG) recordings of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 10Me14Me-15:iBu and 14Me-15:iBu were obtained in the present study. The results demonstrated that the EAG responses of male antennae to (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher than responses to the (S)-enantiomers, and 14Me-15:iBu also elicited EAG activity. Field tests showed that the catch numbers of male moths by (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of (S)-enantiomers. Addition of 14Me-15:iBu significantly increased the catch numbers of both the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers. The efficient pheromone formula containing 0.75 mg (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu and 0.1 mg 14Me-15:iBu showed significantly higher attractiveness than commercial pheromone products. Our study demonstrated that (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu was the major sex pheromone component of E. pseudoconspersa, and 14Me-15:iBu might be the minor sex pheromone component. Furthermore, a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula for E. pseudoconspersa control was defined in this study.     

香芹酚和丁香酚对杨梅致病菌的抑菌作用

试验以香芹酚和丁香酚为原料,探讨了不同浓度的植物精油对杨梅的保鲜效果;并从腐烂的杨梅中分离出杨梅致病菌,研究了植物精油对杨梅致病菌的抑菌效果;同时,以纳米醇质体为载体,制备植物精油新型纳米防腐剂,考察其是否可以增强植物精油的抑菌效果。结果表明:16‰的香芹酚和丁香酚都能有效降低杨梅的腐烂指数,且香芹酚对杨梅的保鲜效果优于丁香酚;4株杨梅致病菌对8%的香芹酚和丁香酚都表现为极度敏感,且香芹酚对杨梅致病菌的抑菌效果优于丁香酚;香芹酚-纳米醇质体对3株杨梅致病菌的抑菌活性强于同浓度的香芹酚。     

Leaf area index based nitrogen diagnosis in irrigated lowland rice

Leaf area index(LAI)is used for crop growth monitoring in agronomic research,and is promising to diagnose the nitrogen(N)status of crops.This study was conducted to develop appropriate LAI-based N diagnostic models in irrigated lowland rice.Four field experiments were carried out in Jiangsu Province of East China from 2009 to 2014.Different N application rates and plant densities were used to generate contrasting conditions of N availability or population densities in rice.LAI was determined by LI-3000,and estimated indirectly by LAI-2000 during vegetative growth period.Group and individual plant characters(e.g.,tiller number(TN)and plant height(H))were investigated simultaneously.Two N indicators of plant N accumulation(NA)and N nutrition index(NNI)were measured as well.A calibration equation(LAI=1.7787LAI_(2000)–0.8816,R~2=0.870~(**))was developed for LAI-2000.The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NA and actual LAI(R~2=0.863~(**)).For the NNI,the relative LAI(R~2=0.808~(**))was a relatively unbiased variable in the regression than the LAI(R~2=0.33~(**)).The results were used to formulate two LAI-based N diagnostic models for irrigated lowland rice(NA=29.778LAI–5.9397;NNI=0.7705RLAI+0.2764).Finally,a simple LAI deterministic model was developed to estimate the actual LAI using the characters of TN and H(LAI=–0.3375(TH×H×0.01)~2+3.665(TH×H×0.01)–1.8249,R~2=0.875~(**)).With these models,the N status of rice can be diagnosed conveniently in the field.     

小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性分析

四川盆地小麦的粒重优势明显,但其稳定性受生育后期不利环境的影响较大,研究籽粒灌浆参数的稳定性对于提高粒重和产量的稳定性十分重要。以10个粒重、熟期和株叶型差异明显的小麦品种为材料,设置5个试验环境(年份×地点),研究小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性。结果表明,参试品种的千粒重差异很大,环境均值变动在42.9~53.0g之间。多数灌浆参数均存在显著的基因型差异和环境效应,且年份效应大于地点效应。相同年份,粒重(TKW)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)、平均灌浆速率(Rmean)、渐增期(T1)、缓增期(T3)及快增期灌浆速率(R2)主要受基因型的影响。CM104、CM42、CY23和NM836等品种的所有灌浆参数的稳定性都较好。相关分析表明,TKW与灌浆速率之间存在显著的正相关,而TKW的稳定性则主要与籽粒生长起始势(C0)、渐增期灌浆速率(R1)的稳定性关系密切,C0和R1的稳定性是决定粒重稳定的主要因素。     

How Specific is Non-Hypersensitive Host and Nonhost Resistance of Barley to Rust and Mildew Fungi？

Full nonhost resistance can be defined as immunity, displayed by an entire plant species against all genotypes of a plant pathogen. Interesting biological questions are, whether the genes responsible for the nonhost status of a plant species have a general or a specific effectiveness to heterologous （＂nonhost＂） pathogens？ Is the nonhost resistance to pathogens of plant species that are related to the nonhost based on R-genes or on other types of genes？ We study this question in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, which is a near-nonhost to several rusts （Puccinia） of cereals and grasses. By crosses and selection we accumulated susceptibility and developed an experimental line, SusPtrit, with high susceptibility to at least nine different heterologous rust taxa such as the wheat and Agropyron leaf rusts （P. triticina and P. persistens, respectively）. At the microscopic level there is also some variation among barley accessions in the degree that the heterologous wheat powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is able to form haustoria in epidermal cells. So, also the genetics of the variation in level of nonhost resistance to heterologous mildew fungi can be studied in barley. Our data obtained on mapping populations involving three regular nonhost-immune accessions （Vada, Cebada Capa and Golden Promise） suggest that nonhost resistance is the joined effect of multiple, quantitative genes （QTLs） and very occasionally a major gene （R-gene？） is involved. Most QTLs have effect to only one or two heterologous rusts, but some have a wider spectrum. This was confirmed in a set of QTL-NILs. Those QTL-NILs are used to fine-map the effective genes. In some cases, a QTL region with effectiveness to several heterologous rusts might be a cluster of genes with a more narrow spectrum of effectiveness. Our evidence suggests that nonhost resistance in barley to rust and powdery mildew fungi of related Gramineae is not due to R-genes, but to pathogen species-specific quantitative resistance genes.     

Genome-wide identification and function analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase MdSPS gene family in apple

Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) is a rate-limiting enzyme that works in conjunction with sucrose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SPP) for sucrose synthesis, and it plays an essential role in energy provisioning during growth and development in plants as well as improving fruit quality. However, studies on the systematic analysis and evolutionary pattern of the SPS gene family in apple are still lacking. In the present study, a total of seven MdSPS and four MdSPP genes were identified from the Malus dome...     

美洲棘蓟马对不同蔬菜寄主的偏好性

比较了美洲棘蓟马对12种不同蔬菜和1种非蔬菜的偏好性,并通过对数线性模型和方差分析对结果进行了分析.结果显示美洲棘蓟马成虫对13种寄主植物的寄主偏好性及产卵选择性具有显著差异.该虫成虫在南瓜上分布最多,平均每株寄主植物达到23.5头,在油菜上的产卵量最大,每株达50.3粒.黄瓜、南瓜、油菜、黄豆和辣椒上成虫分布量每株均在10头以上,显著多于其他寄主;而上述5种寄主上的每株产卵量也均在30粒以上,显著多于除豆角以外的其它寄主.该虫在黄瓜上发育最快,15d左右即可完成其整个未成熟期;在辣椒上未成熟期存活率最高,为80.1％.上述结果将为该虫入侵风险的评估提供重要依据.     

植物挥发性有机化合物的研究进展

植物在生长发育过程中释放大量的挥发性有机化合物（Volatile organic compounds,VOCs）,这类物质为亲脂性小分子化合物。VOCs参与植物信号交流、授粉、生物与非生物胁迫应答等过程;作为植物芳香形成的重要原因,VOCs还影响植物果实及植物加工产品的风味和品质。文章归纳总结了VOCs的合成途径分类、合成部位、催化特征和影响其合成的因素（遗传背景差异、不同的生长阶段和部位及外界环境因素）,VOCs参与植物应对逆境胁迫中的作用和机制（直接防御、间接防御和提高植物应对胁迫能力）以及基因调控手段（导入外源基因、提高自身基因的表达量和抑制内源基因的表达）,指出目前基因调控存在目的产物不稳定和效果不确定的问题。提出今后应加强减少非必需VOCs的合成、深入探讨VOCs与其他次级代谢产物相互影响的机制和重视合成后修饰对VOCs的影响等基础理论研究,以及VOCs改变对农产品品质的影响和有效利用VOCs提高植物应对胁迫能力的农业用途趋势研究,为深入研究VOCs及其应用提供理论参考。     

促生细菌挥发性有机物调控根部质膜H+-ATPase 活性提高植物耐碱胁迫能力

根际促生细菌的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）可以促进植物生长并提高植物对盐、旱和病菌的抵抗力。分析了芽孢杆菌PDR1产生的VOCs对拟南芥耐碱胁迫能力的影响及其生理机制。在芽孢杆菌PDR1存在或不存在的条件下,对拟南芥进行培养;检测对照和碱胁迫条件下拟南芥根部的各种离子含量;用pH指示剂（溴甲酚紫）和pH计检测拟南芥的根际酸化能力;检测拟南芥根部质膜H⁺-ATPase活性。结果显示,芽孢杆菌PDR1的VOCs改善了同一空间中碱胁迫下拟南芥的根长和根部离子平衡;来自芽孢杆菌PDR1的VOCs增强了拟南芥根中质膜H⁺-ATPase的活性,并提高了拟南芥植物的根际酸化能力。研究结果将促进对芽孢杆菌调节拟南芥生长和抗逆性机制的理解,并为其在农业生产和生态保护中的广泛应用奠定基础。     

Molecular characterization of the SAUR gene family in sweet cherry and functional analysis of PavSAUR55 in the process of abscission

Small auxin up RNA(SAUR) is a large gene family that is widely distributed among land plants. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the SAUR family was performed in sweet cherry, and the potential biological functions of PavSAUR55 were identified using the method of genetic transformation. The sweet cherry genome encodes 86 SAUR members, the majority of which are intron-less. These genes appear to be divided into seven subfamilies through evolution. Gene duplication events indicate that fra...