Detecting powdery mildew of winter wheat using leaf level hyperspectral measurements

Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) is one of the most destructive diseases, which has a significant impact on the production of winter wheat. Detecting powdery mildew via spectral measurement and analysis is a possible alternative to traditional methods in obtaining the spatial distribution information of the disease. In this study, hyperspectral reflectances of normal and powdery mildew infected leaves were measured with a spectroradiometer in a laboratory. A total of 32 spectral features (SFs) were extracted from the lab spectra and examined through a correlation analysis and an independent t-test associated with the disease severity. Two regression models: multivariate linear regression (MLR) and partial least square regression (PLSR) were developed for estimating the disease severity of powdery mildew. In addition, the fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) was also adopted for discriminating the three healthy levels (normal, slightly-damaged and heavily-damaged) of powdery mildew with the extracted SFs. The experimental results indicated that (1) most SFs showed a clear response to powdery mildew; (2) for estimating the disease severity with SFs, the PLSR model outperformed the MLR model, with a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.23 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.80 when using seven components; (3) for discrimination analysis, a higher accuracy was produced for the heavily-damaged leaves by FLDA with both producer’s and user’s accuracies over 90%; (4) the selected broad-band SFs revealed a great potential in estimating the disease severity and discriminating severity levels. The results imply that multispectral remote sensing is a cost effective method in the detection and mapping of powdery mildew.     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的冬小麦叶面积指数反演

以获取的冬小麦无人机多光谱影像为数据源,充分利用多光谱传感器的红边通道对传统植被指数进行改进,通过灰色关联度分析后基于多个植被指数建模的方法对冬小麦的叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)进行反演精度对比。结果显示:使用基于多植被指数的随机森林(RF)比赤池信息量准则-偏最小二乘法(AIC-PLS)反演精度高。得到的LAI反演值和真实值之间的R~2=0.822,RMSE=1.218。研究证明通过随机森林预测具有更好的拟合效果,对冬小麦的LAI反演有较好的适用性。     

Rapid determination of leaf water content for monitoring waterlogging in winter wheat based on hyperspectral parameters

Waterlogging is becoming an obvious constraint on food production due to the frequent occurrence of extremely high-level rainfall events. Leaf water content(LWC) is an important waterlogging indicator, and hyperspectral remote sensing provides a non-destructive, real-time and reliable method to determine LWC. Thus, based on a pot experiment, winter wheat was subjected to different gradients of waterlogging stress at the jointing stage. Leaf hyperspectral data and LWC were collected every 7 days after waterlogging treatment until the winter wheat was mature. Combined with methods such as vegetation index construction, correlation analysis, regression analysis, BP neural network(BPNN), etc., we found that the effect of waterlogging stress on LWC had the characteristics of hysteresis and all waterlogging stress led to the decrease of LWC. LWC decreased faster under severe stress than under slight stress, but the effect of long-term slight stress was greater than that of short-term severe stress. The sensitive spectral bands of LWC were located in the visible(VIS, 400–780 nm) and short-wave infrared(SWIR, 1 400–2 500 nm) regions. The BPNN Model with the original spectrum at 648 nm, the first derivative spectrum at 500 nm, the red edge position(λr), the new vegetation index RVI(437, 466), NDVI(437, 466) and NDVI′(747, 1 956) as independent variables was the best model for inverting the LWC of waterlogging in winter wheat(modeling set: R~2=0.889, RMSE=0.138; validation set: R~2=0.891, RMSE=0.518). These results have important theoretical significance and practical application value for the precise control of waterlogging stress.     

基于随机森林算法的冬小麦叶面积指数遥感反演研究

【目的】通过利用随机森林算法（random forest,RF）反演冬小麦叶面积指数（leaf area index, LAI）,及时、准确地监测冬小麦长势状况,为作物田间管理和产量估测等提供科学依据。【方法】本研究依据冬小麦拔节期、挑旗期、开花期及灌浆期地面观测数据,将相关系数分析（correlation coefficient,r）和袋外数据（out-of-bag data,OOB）重要性分析与随机森林算法（random forest,RF）相结合,在优选光谱指数和确定最佳自变量个数的基础上,构建了两种冬小麦LAI反演模型|r|-RF和OOB-RF,并利用独立数据集对两种模型进行验证;然后,将所建LAI反演模型用于无人机高光谱影像,进一步检验所建模型对无人机低空遥感平台的适用性和可靠性。【结果】|r|-RF和OOB-RF反演模型分别采用相关性前5强、重要性前2强的光谱指数作为输入因子时精度最优,验证决定系数（R²）分别为0.805、0.899,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.431、0.307,表明这两个模型均能对作物LAI进行精确反演,其中OOB-RF模型的反演效果更好。利用无人机高光谱影像数据结合OOB-RF估算模型反演得到冬小麦LAI与地面实测值的拟合方程的决定系数R²为0.761,RMSE为0.320,数值范围（1.02-6.41）与地面实测（1.29-6.81）亦比较吻合。【结论】本文基于地面数据构建的OOB-RF模型不仅具有较高的反演精度,而且适用性强,可用于无人机高光谱遥感平台提取高精度的冬小麦LAI信息。     

Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.     

Analysis of spectral difference between the foreside and backside of leaves in yellow rust disease detection for winter wheat

Disease detection by means of hyperspectral reflectance is inevitably influenced by the spectral difference between foreside (adaxial surface) and backside (abaxial surface) of a leaf. Taking yellow rust disease in winter wheat as an example, the spectral differences between the foreside and backside of healthy and diseased wheat leaves at both jointing stage and grain filling stage were investigated based on spectral measurements with a large sample size. The spectral difference between leaf orientations was found to be confused with disease signals to some extent. Firstly, the original bands and spectral features (SFs) that were sensitive to the disease were identified through a correlation analysis. Then, to eliminate the influence of leaf orientation, a pairwise t test was used to screen for the orientation insensitive bands and SFs. By conducting an overlapping procedure, the bands/SFs that were sensitive to the disease yet insensitive to the leaf orientations were selected and tested for disease detection. The results suggested that the Ref_{525–745 nm}, Ref_{1060–1068 nm}, DEP920–1120, DEP1070–1320, AREA1070–1320, SR and NDVI at the jointing stage, and the Ref_{606–697 nm}, Ref_{740–752 nm}, WID550–770, SR, NDVI, GNDVI, RDVI, GI and MCARI at the grain filling stage were capable of eliminating the influence of leaf orientation, and were retained for disease detection. Given these features, models based on the partial least square regression analysis showed a better performance at the grain filling stage, with the R ² of 0.854 and RMSE of 0.104. This result indicated that reliable estimation of disease severity can be made until the grain filling stage. In the future, more attention should be given to leaf orientation when detecting disease at the canopy level.     

Calibration and validation of SiBcrop Model for simulating LAI and surface heat fluxes of winter wheat in the North China Plain

The accurate representation of surface characteristic is an important process to simulate surface energy and water flux in land-atmosphere boundary layer. Coupling crop growth model in land surface model is an important method to accurately express the surface characteristics and biophysical processes in farmland. However, the previous work mainly focused on crops in single cropping system, less work was done in multiple cropping systems. This article described how to modify the sub-model in the SiBcrop to realize the accuracy simulation of leaf area index(LAI), latent heat flux(LHF) and sensible heat flux(SHF) of winter wheat growing in double cropping system in the North China Plain(NCP). The seeding date of winter wheat was firstly reset according to the actual growing environment in the NCP. The phenophases, LAI and heat fluxes in 2004–2006 at Yucheng Station, Shandong Province, China were used to calibrate the model. The validations of LHF and SHF were based on the measurements at Yucheng Station in 2007–2010 and at Guantao Station, Hebei Province, China in 2009–2010. The results showed the significant accuracy of the calibrated model in simulating these variables, with which the R~2, root mean square error(RMSE) and index of agreement(IOA) between simulated and observed variables were obviously improved than the original code. The sensitivities of the above variables to seeding date were also displayed to further explain the simulation error of the SiBcrop Model. Overall, the research results indicated the modified SiBcrop Model can be applied to simulate the growth and flux process of winter wheat growing in double cropping system in the NCP.     

典型农作物波谱与环境要素的关系研究

农作物冠层光谱是植物冠层光谱与周围环境光谱的混合光谱。利用北京小汤山地区的冬小麦在2001年4~5月生长期内的土壤含水量和冬小麦波谱观测数据,以及北京海淀区的夏玉米在2003年7~9月生长期内的LAI和夏玉米波谱观测数据,分析了在不同生育时期条件下,典型农作物(如冬小麦,夏玉米)的波谱数据与主要环境要素之间的相互关系。结果表明:在夏玉米抽丝期前叶面积指数与冠层光谱反射率相关性较差,而在抽丝期后相关性较好;冬小麦的苗期土壤含水量与冠层光谱在近红外波段相关系数较高,并在1 360~1 380 nm拟合得出方程。经检验,在α=0.01水平下是显著的。     

基于双波段光谱仪CGMD-302的小麦叶面积指数和叶干重监测

为探究双波段光谱仪CGMD-302在监测小麦长势上的可靠性与精准性,同时使用高光谱仪UniSpec SC与双波段光谱仪CGMD-302测试各生育时期小麦冠层信息,并定量分析了植被指数NDVI、RVI、DVI与叶面积指数和叶片干重之间的线性关系。结果表明,基于相同波段反射率计算出的高光谱仪植被指数和双波段光谱仪植被指数均能较好监测小麦群体长势。在CGMD-302监测的叶面积指数模型中,拟合方程的决定系数(R~2)均高于0.89,用以检验模型的均方根误差(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)分别小于0.792和0.225;叶片干重模型中,决定系数(R2)均高于0.85,用以检验模型的均方根误差(RMSE)和相对误差(RE)分别小于440kg/hm~2和0.239。通过分析发现,施氮270kg/hm~2既能保证产量又能兼顾品质,可作为适宜施氮量。适宜施氮量下,拔节期和孕穗期小麦适宜叶面积指数分别为:3.65±0.09和5.95±0.32;适宜叶干重分别为:(1 554±168)和(2 231±130)kg/hm~2。结合CGMD-302监测模型可推算出拔节期和孕穗期适宜冠层群体的植被指数区间并应用于冠层群体诊断。     

高CO2浓度下冬小麦的高光谱特征及其与叶面积指数和SPAD值的反演

以冬小麦为研究对象,利用开顶式气室试验,开展以环境CO2浓度为对照(CK)和比CK处理的CO2浓度高200μmol·mol-1(T)处理的试验,测定冬小麦主要生育期冠层光谱反射率、叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD值,分析LAI、SPAD值与原始光谱反射率、光谱特征参数的相关性,并探究最优回归反演模型.结果表明,高CO2浓...     

不同光谱植被指数反演冬小麦叶氮含量的敏感性研究

【目的】氮素是作物生长发育过程中最重要的营养元素之一,研究叶氮含量反演的有效光谱指标设置,为应用高光谱植被指数反演作物叶氮含量,以及作物的实时监测与精确诊断提供重要依据。【方法】以冬小麦为例,选取涵盖冬小麦全生育期不同覆盖程度225组冠层光谱与叶氮含量数据,通过遥感方法建立模型,模拟了不同光谱指标,即中心波长、信噪比和波段宽度对定量模型的影响,通过模型精度评价指标决定系数(coefficient of determination,R~2)、根均方差(root mean square error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、平均相对误差(mean relative error,MRE)和显著性检验水平(P0.01)确定最优模型及最佳指标,分析光谱指标对叶氮含量定量模型反演的敏感性和有效性。【结果】反演冬小麦叶氮含量的最佳植被指数为MTCI_B,与实测叶氮含量的相关性最好(R~2=0.7674,RMSE=0.5511%,MAE=0.4625%,MRE=11.11个百分点,且P0.01),对应的最佳指标为中心波长420 nm、508 nm和405 nm,波段宽度1 nm,信噪比大于70 DB;高覆盖状况反演的最优指数为RVIinf_r(R~2=0.6739,RMSE=0.2964%,MAE=0.2851%,MRE=6.44个百分点,且P0.01),最优中心波长为826 nm和760 nm;低覆盖状况反演的最优指数为MTCI(R~2=0.8252,RMSE=0.4032%,MAE=0.4408%,MRE=12.22个百分点,且P0.01),最优中心波长为750 nm、693 nm和680 nm;应用最适于高低覆盖的植被指数RVIinf_r和MTCI构建的联合反演模型(R~2=0.9286,RMSE=0.3416%,MAE=0.2988%,MRE=7.16个百分点,且P0.01),明显优于最佳单一指数MTCI_B;模拟Hyperion和HJ1A-HSI传感器数据,联合反演模型精度(R~2为0.92—0.93,RMSE在0.37%—0.39%,MAE为0.285%左右,MRE约为7.00个百分点)明显优于单一植被指数反演精度(R~2为0.79—0.81,RMSE为0.63%—0.66%,MAE为0.455%左右,MRE约为10.90个百分点)。【结论】利用高光谱植被指数可有效实现作物叶氮含量反演,作物叶氮含量定量反演对不同光谱指标—中心波长、信噪比和波段宽度,具有较强敏感性。应用多指数联合反演模型,可显著提高反演精度,并且联合反演模型在不同高光谱传感器下有一定普适性。     

Winter wheat yield estimation based on assimilated Sentinel-2 images with the CERES-Wheat model

Assimilating Sentinel-2 images with the CERES-Wheat model can improve the precision of winter wheat yield estimates at a regional scale. To verify this method, we applied the ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) to assimilate the leaf area index(LAI) derived from Sentinel-2 data and simulated by the CERES-Wheat model. From this, we obtained the assimilated daily LAI during the growth stage of winter wheat across three counties located in the southeast of the Loess Plateau in China: Xiangfen, Xinjiang, and Wenxi. We assigned LAI weights at different growth stages by comparing the improved analytic hierarchy method, the entropy method, and the normalized combination weighting method, and constructed a yield estimation model with the measurements to accurately estimate the yield of winter wheat. We found that the changes of assimilated LAI during the growth stage of winter wheat strongly agreed with the simulated LAI. With the correction of the derived LAI from the Sentinel-2 images, the LAI from the green-up stage to the heading–filling stage was enhanced, while the LAI decrease from the milking stage was slowed down, which was more in line with the actual changes of LAI for winter wheat. We also compared the simulated and derived LAI and found the assimilated LAI had reduced the root mean square error(RMSE) by 0.43 and 0.29 m2 m–2, respectively, based on the measured LAI. The assimilation improved the estimation accuracy of the LAI time series. The highest determination coefficient(R2) was 0.8627 and the lowest RMSE was 472.92 kg ha–1 in the regression of the yields estimated by the normalized weighted assimilated LAI method and measurements. The relative error of the estimated yield of winter wheat in the study counties was less than 1%, suggesting that Sentinel-2 data with high spatial-temporal resolution can be assimilated with the CERES-Wheat model to obtain more accurate regional yield estimates.     

Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for cotton under mulched drip irrigation using unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral images

Remote sensing has been increasingly used for precision nitrogen management to assess the plant nitrogen status in a spatial and real-time manner. The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) can quantitatively describe the nitrogen status of crops. Nevertheless, the NNI diagnosis for cotton with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral images has not been evaluated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three machine learning models, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) for predicting canopy nitrogen weight and NNI of cotton over the whole growing season from UAV images. The results indicated that the models performed better when the top 15 vegetation indices were used as input variables based on their correlation ranking with nitrogen weight and NNI. The XGB model performed the best among the three models in predicting nitrogen weight. The prediction accuracy of nitrogen weight at the upper half-leaf level (R²=0.89, RMSE=0.68 g m^–2, RE=14.62% for calibration and R²=0.83, RMSE=1.08 g m^–2, RE=19.71% for validation) was much better than that at the all-leaf level (R²=0.73, RMSE=2.20 g m^–2, RE=26.70% for calibration and R²=0.70, RMSE=2.48 g m^–2, RE=31.49% for validation) and at the plant level (R²=0.66, RMSE=4.46 g m^–2, RE=30.96% for calibration and R²=0.63, RMSE=3.69 g m^–2, RE=24.81% for validation). Similarly, the XGB model (R²=0.65, RMSE=0.09, RE=8.59% for calibration and R²=0.63, RMSE=0.09, RE=8.87% for validation) also outperformed the SVM model (R²=0.62, RMSE=0.10, RE=7.92% for calibration and R²=0.60, RMSE=0.09, RE=8.03% for validation) and BPNN model (R²=0.64, RMSE=0.09, RE=9.24% for calibration and R²=0.62, RMSE=0.09, RE=8.38% for validation) in predicting NNI. The NNI predictive map generated from the optimal XGB model can intuitively diagnose the spatial distribution and dynamics of nitrogen nutrition in cotton fields, which can help farmers implement precise cotton nitrogen management in a timely and accurate manner.     

毛竹林叶面积指数和郁闭度空间分布协同克里格估算

在地面调查的基础上,利用协同克里格插值法对研究区内毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林叶面积指数(LAI,leaf area index)和冠层郁闭度(CC,canopy closure)2个冠层参数进行空间分布估算研究,并与普通克里格插值法进行了比较。研究结果表明:①球状模型可以用来反映LAI和CC的空间变异,且两者具有强烈的空间自相关特征。②协同克里格插值得到的LAI预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R2为0.635 1,而CC的决定系数R2为0.428 5;与普通克里格法相比,基于协同克里格法的LAI和CC预测精度均得到改善,其中LAI预测精度提高了1.94%,均方根误差减少2.00%,平均标准误差减少0.18%,而CC预测精度提高了4.82%,均方根误差减少1.90%,平均标准误差减少1.30%。③安吉县毛竹林LAI和CC都具有从西南到东北逐渐递减空间分布格局,在一定程度上反映了安吉县不同区域毛竹林经营水平的差异。     

Leaf area index based nitrogen diagnosis in irrigated lowland rice

Leaf area index(LAI)is used for crop growth monitoring in agronomic research,and is promising to diagnose the nitrogen(N)status of crops.This study was conducted to develop appropriate LAI-based N diagnostic models in irrigated lowland rice.Four field experiments were carried out in Jiangsu Province of East China from 2009 to 2014.Different N application rates and plant densities were used to generate contrasting conditions of N availability or population densities in rice.LAI was determined by LI-3000,and estimated indirectly by LAI-2000 during vegetative growth period.Group and individual plant characters(e.g.,tiller number(TN)and plant height(H))were investigated simultaneously.Two N indicators of plant N accumulation(NA)and N nutrition index(NNI)were measured as well.A calibration equation(LAI=1.7787LAI_(2000)–0.8816,R~2=0.870~(**))was developed for LAI-2000.The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NA and actual LAI(R~2=0.863~(**)).For the NNI,the relative LAI(R~2=0.808~(**))was a relatively unbiased variable in the regression than the LAI(R~2=0.33~(**)).The results were used to formulate two LAI-based N diagnostic models for irrigated lowland rice(NA=29.778LAI–5.9397;NNI=0.7705RLAI+0.2764).Finally,a simple LAI deterministic model was developed to estimate the actual LAI using the characters of TN and H(LAI=–0.3375(TH×H×0.01)~2+3.665(TH×H×0.01)–1.8249,R~2=0.875~(**)).With these models,the N status of rice can be diagnosed conveniently in the field.     

新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区植被叶面积指数观测与遥感估算

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是重要的植被结构参数,调控着植被与大气之间的物质与能量交换,在生态环境脆弱的我国西北部开展植被LAI的研究对阐明该地区植被对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征具有重要的科学意义。利用LAI-2200和TRAC仪器观测了新疆喀纳斯国家级自然保护区森林和草地的有效叶面积指数(LAI_e)和真实LAI,构建了其遥感估算模型,生成了研究区LAI_e和LAI的空间分布图。在此基础上,分析了LAI随地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向)的变化特征,探讨了将其应用于估算研究区森林生物量密度的可行性,并评估了研究区MODIS LAI产品的精度。结果表明:研究区阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、草地LAI_e的平均值分别为4.40、3.18、2.57、1.76,LAI的平均值分别为4.76、3.93、3.27、2.30。LAI_e和LAI的高值主要集中分布在湖泊和河流附近;植被LAI随海拔、坡度和坡向的变化表现出明显的垂直地带性的特点。LAI随海拔和坡度的增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,坡向对针叶林和草地LAI的影响明显,但对阔叶林和针阔混交林LAI的影响较弱;森林生物量密度(BD)随LAI增加而线性增加(BD=44.396LAI-25.946,R²=0.83),研究区森林生物量密度平均值为120.3 t/hm²,估算的总生物量为5.0×10⁶t;MODIS LAI产品与利用TM数据生成的LAI之间具有一定的相似性(森林R²=0.42,草地R²=0.53),但森林和草地的MODIS LAI产品分别比利用TM数据生成的LAI偏低16.5%和24.4%。     

基于无人机影像的冬小麦株高提取与LAI估测模型构建

株高和叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index, LAI）反映着作物的生长发育状况。为了探究基于无人机可见光遥感提取冬小麦株高的可靠性,以及利用株高和可见光植被指数估算LAI的精度,本文获取了拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期的无人机影像,提取了冬小麦株高与可见光植被指数,使用逐步回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络四种方法建立LAI估测模型,并对株高提取及LAI估测情况进行精度评价。结果显示：（1）株高提取值Hc与实测值Hd高度拟合（R = 0.894,RMSE = 6.695,NRMSE = 9.63%）,株高提取效果好;（2）与仅用可见光植被指数相比,基于株高与可见光植被指数构建的LAI估测模型精度更高,且随机森林为最优建模方法,当其决策树个数为50时模型估测效果最好（R=0.809,RMSE = 0.497,NRMSE = 13.85% ,RPD = 2.336）。利用无人机可见光遥感方法,高效、准确、无损地实现冬小麦株高及LAI提取估测可行性较高,该研究结果可为农情遥感监测提供参考。     

用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域冬小麦理论产量

【目的】作物遥感估产是遥感技术在农业生产中研究与应用的重点领域,能够向大田区域生产提供及时可靠的产量信息,准确地估测作物产量,对于确保国家粮食安全,制定社会发展规划,指导和调控宏观种植业结构调整,提高涉农企业与农民的经营管理水平具有重要意义,为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。通过筛选冬小麦理论产量的敏感遥感变量,构建基于国产影像的理论产量遥感估测模型,实现区域冬小麦理论产量遥感估测,为及时了解不同生态区域冬小麦产量丰欠变化趋势提供参考。【方法】以2010年4月26日、2011年4月28日、2012年4月28日和2013年5月2日冬小麦开花期四景HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,提取出13个遥感变量,以江苏省泰兴、姜堰、仪征、兴化、大丰5县作为试验采样区,于各实验区选取具有代表性的样点进行采样,并于室内进行测定,将335个实测的冬小麦理论产量样本按3﹕2比例分成建模集和验证集样本,依据估算残差平方和处于最小值确定模型所需主成分数,将决定系数、均方根误差和相对误差为模型评价参数,利用建模集样本分析了卫星遥感变量与冬小麦理论产量的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以理论单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,将其算法模型估产效果与线性回归算法和主成分分析算法模型进行比较,并制作了冬小麦理论产量空间等级分布图。【结果】理论产量与所选的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有极显著的多重相关性;理论产量偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分数为4,且结构加强色素植被指数、归一化植被指数、绿色归一化植被指数和植被衰减指数为理论产量遥感估测的敏感变量;经建模集和验证集评价,理论产量估测模型的决定系数分别为0.79和0.76,均方根误差分别为720.45和928.05 kg·hm^-2,相对误差分别为11.45%和13.92%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高了25%以上和27%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高了15%以上和16%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域理论产量的效果明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,且具有较强的应用能力。【结论】该模型应用结果与冬小麦理论产量实际区域分布情况相符合,为提高遥感对区域冬小麦理论产量的估测精度提供了一种有效途径,有利于大面积应用和推广。     

Estimating daily actual evapotranspiration of a rice–wheat rotation system in typical farmland in the Huai River Basin using a two-step model and two one-step models

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of three models for estimating daily evapotranspiration(ET) by employing flux observation data from three years(2007, 2008 and 2009) during the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice crops cultivated in a farmland ecosystem(Shouxian County) located in the Huai River Basin(HRB), China. The first model is a two-step model(PM-K_c); the other two are one-step models(e.g., Rana-Katerji(R-K) and advection-aridity(AA)). The results showed that the energy closure degrees of eddy covariance(EC) data during winter wheat and rice-growing seasons were reasonable in the HRB, with values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 and R2 of approximately 0.80. Daily ET of winter wheat showed a slow decreasing trend followed by a rapid increase, while that of rice presented a decreasing trend after an increase. After calibrating the crop coefficient(K_c), the PM–K_c model performed better than the model using the K_c recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO). The calibrated key parameters of the R-K model and AA model showed better universality. After calibration, the simulation performance of the PM-K_c model was satisfactory. Both the R-K model and AA model underestimated the daily ET of winter wheat and rice. Compared with that of the R-K model, the simulation result of the AA model was better, especially in the simulation of daily ET of rice. Overall, this research highlighted the consistency of the PM-K_c model to estimate the water demand for rice and wheat crops in the HRB and in similar climatic regions in the world.     

Comparative analysis of GF-1,HJ-1,and Landsat-8 data for estimating the leaf area index of winter wheat

Using simultaneously collected remote sensing data and field measurements,this study firstly assessed the consistency and applicability of China high-resolution earth observation system satellite 1(GF-1) wide field of view(WFV) camera,environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting satellite(HJ-1) charge coupled device(CCD),and Landsat-8 operational land imager(OLI) data for estimating the leaf area index(LAI) of winter wheat via reflectance and vegetation indices(VIs). The accuracies of these LAI estimates were then assessed through comparison with an empirical model and the PROSAIL radiative transfer model. The effects of radiation calibration,spectral response functions,and spatial resolution on discrepancies in the LAI estimates between the different sensors were also analyzed. The results yielded the following observations:(1) The correlation between reflectance from different sensors is relative good,with the adjusted coefficients of determination(R2) between 0.375 to 0.818. The differences in reflectance are ranging from 0.002 to 0.054. The correlation between VIs from different sensors is high with the R2 between 0.729 and 0.933. The differences in the VIs are ranging from 0.07 to 0.156. These results show the three sensors' images can all be used for cross calibration of the reflectance and VIs.(2) The four VIs from the three sensors are all demonstrated to be highly correlated with LAI(R2 between 0.703 and 0.849). The linear models associated with the 2-band enhanced vegetation index(EVI2),which feature the highest R2(higher than 0.746) and the lowest root mean square errors(RMSE)(less than 0.21),were selected to estimate the winter wheat LAI. The accuracy of the estimated LAI from Landsat-8 was the highest,with the relative errors(RE) of 2.18% and an RMSE of 0.13,while the HJ-1 was the lowest,with the RE of 2.43% and the RMSE of 0.15.(3) The inversion errors in the different sensors' LAI estimates using the PROSAIL model are small. The accuracy of the GF-1 is the highest with the RE of 3.44%,and the RMSE of 0.22,whereas that of the HJ-1 is the lowest with the RE of 4.95%,and the RMSE of 0.26.(4) The effects of the spectral response function and radiation calibration for the different sensors are small and can be ignored,but the effects of spatial resolution are significant and must be taken into consideration in practical applications.