Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

拔节期水分亏缺对沙地农田玉米光合特性及物质积累的影响

[目的]分析拔节期水分亏缺对玉米光合特性及物质分配规律的影响,为作物调亏灌溉技术在沙地农田的应用提供理论依据。[方法]在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田进行田间试验。[结果](1)玉米拔节期水分亏缺使新垦沙地农田0—40cm土层土壤含水量显著降低,农田CO2浓度升高0.5%,相对湿度降低6%,玉米叶片温度升高了8%;(2)水分亏缺处理玉米叶片净光合速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了74%;水蒸腾速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了79%;(3)水分亏缺处理玉米茎、叶及根系生物量分别比正常供水处理低63%,47%和51%,总干物质积累量比正常供水处理减少了53%。[结论]在沙地农田,作物对土壤水分的反映较为敏感,小幅的土壤含水量降低即造成玉米光合能力的大幅下降,并最终对光合产物的积累和分配产生不利影响。     

果树蒸腾光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量关系研究

以山西省吉县地区幼龄苹果、梨为研究对象,在盆栽实验的基础上,研究了不同土壤含水量条件下两种果树蒸腾速率、光合速率日变化规律,得出苹果、梨的蒸腾速率在土壤含水量6%～10%时呈现双峰曲线,中午出现低谷区;而在土壤含水量12%～20%时,呈现正午峰值型的单峰曲线。在此基础上研究了蒸腾、光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量的关系：蒸腾速率、水分利用率与土壤含水量相关关系可用三次四项式描述,而光合速率与土壤含水量呈二次相关关系。黄土高原半干旱区适宜苹果生长的土壤水分范围为12%～14%,最佳土壤含水量为12.37%;适宜梨树生长的土壤水分范围为12%～16%,最佳土壤含水量为15.19%。     

不同覆盖对夏玉米叶片光合和水分利用效率日变化的影响

在中国气象局农业气象试验基地,对留残茬和秸秆覆盖措施下夏玉米叶片光合作用和叶片水平上的水分利用效率进行了试验研究,以探索夏玉米在这两种方式下的节水抗旱高产的生理生态机制。试验结果表明:光合速率日变化差异主要表现在上午;下午虽不甚明显,但也是覆盖和残茬两个处理略高于对照,说明2种土表覆盖方式促进了该时段光合速率的提高。留残茬和覆盖能明显提高夏玉米叶片水平上的水分利用效率,尤其在下午表现更为明显,最终提高产量水平上的水分利用效率,使农田的光、温和水资源得以科学有效地利用。     

白榆沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量关系研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合仪在模拟光照条件下,对不同水分处理的白榆、沙棘进行观测。观测参数包括：净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等。并且运用SPSS数据处理软件进行分析,从而确定白榆、沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量之间的关系,并在研究过程中对试验地土壤水分进行有效性评价;其等级分别为：无产无效水、低产低效水、高产高效水、高产低效水。而把高产高效水作为指导当地林业生产的土壤水分管理条件。结果表明白榆沙棘具有高产高效的土壤含水量分别为11．4％～17．2％;9．5％～16．5％。     

四种藤蔓植物幼苗气体交换特性研究

在土培条件下,对地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)、五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)、扶芳藤(Euonymus fortunei)、树莓(Rubus idaeus)等4种藤蔓植物幼苗的生理指标作了测定。结果表明,4种幼苗的净光合速率日进程、蒸腾速率日进程和水分利用效率日进程均呈明显的单峰曲线。净光合速率相比较,扶芳藤>树莓>五叶地锦>地锦;蒸腾速率相比较,树莓>扶芳藤>五叶地锦>地锦。地锦、五叶地锦、扶芳藤、树莓4种幼苗的光饱和点均在1300μmolm-2s-1以上,光补偿点分别为414、15、0和80μmolm-2s-1,CO2补偿点分别为120、152、1251、14μmolmol-1,地锦和五叶地锦CO2饱和点分别为600、800μmolmol-1,扶芳藤和树莓均在1200μmolmol-1以上。4种幼苗的叶绿素含量相比较,树莓>扶芳藤>地锦>五叶地锦,叶绿素a/b值、叶绿素总含量、最大光合速率三者之间没有关联。     

大青山南麓阳坡油松生长的适宜土壤水分环境研究

在大青山南麓浅山地带的阳坡造林地,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分处理下的油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）苗木的光合生理参数进行了测定。为了确定适宜油松生长的土壤水分范围,研究了叶片净光合速率（Pn）、羧化效率（Ce）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）对土壤含水量（SWC）的响应过程,并探讨了在不同土壤水分状况下叶片光合作用的变化规律。研究表明:维持油松最佳Pn的SWC为17.9%;维持最佳WUE的SWC为14.66%;维持最佳Ce的SWC为16.43%;油松的土壤水合补偿点为3.74%,Tr最大时的SWC为18.7%。根据大青山南麓阳坡造林地的立地条件,选取维持最佳WUE的SWC临界值和维持最佳Pn 70%相应的SWC作为油松生长的适宜土壤水分环境上下限,这一指标可量化为10.85%～14.66%。     

缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性研究

为研究缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性,并找出合适的光响应拟合曲线,通过测定自然条件下三种典型树种四川山矾（Symplocos setchuanensis）、四川大头茶（Gordonia acuminata）、白毛新木姜子（Neolitsea aurata）光合生理生态特征参数,采用修正直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,结果表明:（1）四川大头茶的光饱和点为1 048μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为3.25μmol/（m²·s）,四川山矾光饱和点为2337μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为5.48μmol/（m²·s）,白毛新木姜子光饱和点为1 164μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为4.62μmol/（m²·s）;（2）蒸腾速率表现为白毛新木姜子>四川大头茶>四川山矾,在相同光强下,白毛新木姜子比四川山矾蒸腾速率高0.6～0.7μmolCO₂/（m²·s）。四川山矾的耐光性最强,且可能为C4植物;对于有光抑制现象树种,修正直角双曲线模型在求光饱和点、最大净光合速率方面更具优势。     

杨树无性系气体交换特征和水分利用效率研究

通过对3个杨树无性系(JK-7,JK-10,JK-11)气体交换参数及其相应环境因子的测定,对其光合与水分生理生态特征进行了研究.结果表明,3个无性系对同一环境的响应不同.JK-7和JK-11的蒸腾速率(T_r)和净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈单峰型,JK-10呈双峰型;3个无性系的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化均呈双峰型.它们的P_n,T_r差异显著(P＜0.05),WUE差异不显著,其中JK-10的P_n,T_r均显著高于JK-7.3个无性系的气体交换受气孔导度(G)、光合有效辐射(PAR)的影响均比较大,同时,JK-7受相对湿度(RH)的影响较大,JK-10受气温(Ta)影响也较大.3个无性系的WUE均与G_s显著负相关.     

本氏针茅与柳枝稷光合生理生态特征比较研究

采用美国LI-COR公司生产的Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,选择在干旱季节里,在田间自然条件下,测定并比较研究了引种牧草柳枝稷和天然牧草本氏针茅两种禾本科植物的光合生理生态特征的日变化.结果表明,柳枝稷属于高光合、低蒸腾和高水分利用效率的植物,具有较强的气孔调节能力.柳枝稷之所以具有较高的光合速率,主要是因为它具有较强的叶肉细胞羧化能力,较低的气孔导度降低了蒸腾速率,从而提高了水分利用效率;本氏针茅属于较低光合,较高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的植物,但二者均能在黄土高原保持良好的生长.     

Analysis of the variations in dry matter yield and resource use efficiency of maize under different rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and water supply

Abstract

Increasing resources use efficiency in intensive cultivation systems of maize (Zea mays L.) can play an important role in increasing the production and sustainability of agricultural systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate DM yield and the efficiency of inputs uses under different levels of water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in maize. Therefore, three levels of irrigation including 80 (ETc₈₀), 100 (ETc₁₀₀) and 120% (ETc₁₂₀) of crop evapotranspiration were considered as the main plots, and the factorial combination of three levels of zero (N₀), 200 (N₂₀₀) and 400 (N₄₀₀) kg N ha^?1 with three levels of zero (P₀), 100(P₁₀₀) and 200 (P₂₀₀) kg P ha^?1 was considered as the sub plots. The results showed that increasing the consumption of water and P was led to the reduction of N and P utilization efficiency, while RUE increased. WUE was also increased in response to application of N and P, but decreased when ET_C increased. DM yield under ETc₈₀ treatment reduced by 11 and 12%, respectively, compared to ETc₁₀₀ and ETc₁₂₀ which was due to reduction of cumulative absorbed radiation (R_abs(cum)) and RUE. Under these conditions, changes of stomatal conductance (gs) had little effect on DM yield. It was also found that N limitation caused 11 and 20% reduction in DM yield compared to N₂₀₀ and N₄₀₀, respectively. This yield reduction was mainly the result of decrease in RUE. By decreasing R_abs(cum), P deficiency also reduced DM yield by 5 and 9%, respectively, relative to P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ treatments.     

黄土半干旱区元宝枫叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应

在黄土高原半干旱地区,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪和TDR水分仪,对不同土壤水分处理下的元宝枫（Acer truncatum）盆栽苗木生长的生理生态特征进行观测。研究了叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）对土壤含水量（SWC）的响应过程,并探讨了在不同土壤水分胁迫程度下影响元宝枫叶片光合作用变化的规律,最后确定了元宝枫树种在黄土区适宜生长的土壤水分调控标准。结果表明：元宝枫叶片净光合速率最高时的SWC为14％,蒸腾速率最高时的SWC为15％,叶片水分利用效率最高时的SWC为13％,8％的SWC是严重水分胁迫下叶片光合速率降低由气孔因素限制到非气孔因素限制的转折点。根据半干旱地区林业建设以提高林木水分利用效率为核心的土壤水分管理思想,确定元宝枫树种在该区最适宜生长的SWC为11％～15％。     

作物内禀水分利用效率变化

为探究不同作物类型内禀水分利用效率(IWUE)之间的区别及其环境影响因素,本研究以春玉米科河28和春小麦定西新24为试验材料,通过桶栽和小区试验,设置水分充足和干旱胁迫2个处理,观测玉米、小麦在不同水分和不同气象条件下的叶片光合生理过程并收集文献资料,分析比较C₃和C₄作物之间,以及不同环境条件下相同作物IWUE的变化特征及气孔导度模型斜率。结果表明,C₄作物玉米较C₃作物小麦具有更高的IWUE;有利的环境条件下,小麦IWUE较低,而不利的环境条件下,小麦倾向于提高IWUE;生长在湿润区的C₃作物IWUE较低,而半干旱区的C₃作物IWUE较高;小麦的气孔导度模型斜率高于玉米,同时不利的环境条件及干燥的气候条件下,作物倾向于降低气孔导度模型斜率。综上,作物气孔调节方式具有优化利用水分的功能,在不利的环境条件下,作物的水分利用方式倾向于保守,从而在较小的水分消耗下,获得最大的产出。本研究结果为区域作物品种选择及布局提供了参考依据。     

海岸基干林带木麻黄蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的动态变化特征

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统,观测福建东山岛海岸基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率在不同时间尺度上的动态变化。结果表明：1）基干林带木麻黄的蒸腾速率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季峰值出现在12：00,干季峰值出现在14：00,日均值湿季（1.33 mmol/（m2·s））〉干季（1.022 mmol/（m2·s））,湿季蒸腾速率的日变化与气温和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关,干季与气温和气孔导度呈显著正相关;2）蒸腾速率的季节动态为单峰曲线,6月最高,1月最低,不同季节蒸腾速率的平均值为夏季（1.74 mmol/（m2·s））〉春季（1.28 mmol/（m2·s））〉秋季（1.24mmol/（m2·s））〉冬季（1.06 mmol/（m2·s））,蒸腾速率的季节变化与气温、光合有效辐射和叶面水气压亏缺呈显著正相关;3）水分利用效率日动态为单峰曲线,湿季日变化较小,干季日变化较大,干季上午的水分利用效率高于湿季,水分利用效率的季节变化为双峰曲线,峰值分别为9月和1月。可见,在水分条件较好时,木麻黄具有较高的蒸腾作用和水分利用效率,在水分条件较差时,木麻黄可通过降低蒸腾作用,提高水分利用效率来维持生长,对水分变化具有较强的适应性。     

Influences of a root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, and two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Acaulospora mellea and Glomus clarum on coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Acaulospora mellea and Glomus clarum, and timing of inoculation on the growth and nutrition of a nematode-susceptible Arabica coffee cultivar. The late AM inoculation (added simultaneously with nematodes) did not enhance coffee tolerance to P. coffeae. In the presence of P. coffeae, late-mycorrhizal plants were P deficient during the entire experiment and their foliar P concentration remained as low as that of non-mycorrhizal plants. After 7.5 months, nematodes decreased AM colonization of late-mycorrhizal plants by half and their biomass was only 20–30% that of the controls. In contrast, early AM inoculation (4 months before nematode inoculation) with either AM species improved the tolerance of coffee to P. coffeae. Root colonization by AM was not significantly reduced by P. coffeae. Despite higher densities of nematodes, root lesions were less numerous and more localized in early AM inoculated plants than in those of non-mycorrhizal plants. In the presence of P. coffeae, early AM-inoculated plants remained P sufficient and their biomass was still 75–80% that of their nematode-free controls. This study shows that in soils with low P levels, enhanced tolerance to P. coffeae seems limited to mycorrhizal coffee plants with well established AM symbiosis and improved P status. Received: 11 March 1997     

Growth and physiology of basmati rice under conventional and water-saving production systems

Conventionally flooded rice (CFR) requires enormous water and labor inputs. Water scarcity aspires for cultivation of water-saving rice. Growth response and physiology of basmati rice genotypes under the water-saving production systems has not been reported yet. Studies were conducted for 2 years to compare the growth and physiology of three rice cultivars (Super Basmati, Basmati-2000 and Shaheen Basmati), under high (CFR), medium (alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and low water input (aerobic rice [AR]) systems. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, leaf area duration and dry matter accumulation were higher for AR followed by AWD and CFR, respectively. Shaheen Basmati had a lower growth and relative water contents than Super Basmati and Basmati-2000, probably due to its shorter stature and shorter life cycle. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of rice cultivars in the different production were affected only at reproductive stage. Basmati-2000 grown as AR had the highest photosynthetic rate followed by the same cultivar under AWD. The results of this study provide us an idea that basmati cultivars can attain a high growth and development with low water input. This would be helpful to grow rice successfully under water-short rice-growing environments.     

Effect of nitrogen application on growth and yield of pumpkin

Evaluation of any crop response to different nitrogen amounts is important for determining the amount that can be considered as optimum from economical and environmental point of view. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different nitrogen rates and (2) determine the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pumpkin in two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). In both growing seasons, nitrogen fertilizer (at three rates including 50, 150, and 250 kg ha^?1) was band-dressed on the planted side of each furrow, coinciding with 4–6 leaves stage and flowering. Crop performance over 2 years was evaluated by measuring shoot dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), intercepted PAR (PAR_i), radiation use efficiency (RUE), shoot nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), NUE, and fruit and seed yield. The results showed that in both growing seasons, the highest growth and yield of pumpkin were obtained by applying 250 kg N ha^?1 (using urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen). Increased nitrogen rate from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1 resulted in 87.3%, 27.0%, 62.1%, 87.5%, and 84.5% increase in shoot dry weight, RUE, WUE, fruit yield, and seed yield of pumpkin, respectively, across both growing seasons. However, higher application nitrogen rate decreased the NUE of pumpkin, i.e., the NUE decreased by 62.5% when the nitrogen rate increased from 50 to 250 kg ha^?1. The effect of nitrogen applied in 2014 growing season on growth and yield of pumpkin was higher than that in 2013 growing season, which might be due to more suitable weather condition. In conclusion, the nitrogen rate of 250 kg ha^?1 produced the highest amount of fruit and seed yield in pumpkin.