Coffee mucilage impact on young coffee seedlings and soil microorganisms

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to assess the effects of fermented coffee mucilage applied as mulch together with maize leaves on the growth of young coffee plants of two different varieties and on soil microbial biomass indices. The coffee variety Catuai required 32% more water per g plant biomass than the variety Yellow Caturra, but had a 49% lower leaf area, 34% less shoot and 46% less root biomass. Maize and mucilage amendments did not affect leaf area, shoot and root yield, or the N concentration in shoot and root dry matter. The amendments always reduced the water use efficiency values, but this reduction was only significant in the maize+mucilage‐14 (= 14 g mucilage pot^?1) treatment. Soil pH significantly increased from 4.30 in the control to 4.63 in the maize+mucilage‐14 treatment. Microbial biomass C increased by 18.5 µg g^?1 soil, microbial biomass N by 3.1 µg g^?1 soil, and ergosterol by 0.21 µg g^?1 soil per g mucilage added pot^?1. The presence of mucilage significantly reduced the microbial biomass‐C/N ratio from a mean of 13.4 in the control and maize treatments to 9.3, without addition rate and coffee variety effects. The application of non‐composted mucilage is recommended in areas where drought leads to economic losses and in coffee plantations on low fertility soils like Oxisols, where Al toxicity is a major constraint.     

Effect of copper sprays oh the mineral nutrient content and growth of arabica coffee seedlings in Kenya

Abstract

Coffea arabica L. seedlings (cv. S.L.34) were sprayed with varying concentrations of cuprous oxide at 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% for 30 days. Significant increases in the total mean fresh and dry weight; rate of transpiration; stomatal apertures; the total leaf area and plant vigor were observed on the seedlings with increasing concentrations of Cu treatments. The content of N, K, Ca and Cu were significantly increased in the seedlings at Cu spray treatments of 0.50 and 0.75% It is possible that the growth promoting effects produced in coffee by spraying high concentrations of copper is partly nutritional. This is brought about by the catalysing effects of the absorbed Cu ions, by accelerating enzymatic activities within the plant and hence increasing nutrient uptake.     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

拔节期水分亏缺对沙地农田玉米光合特性及物质积累的影响

[目的]分析拔节期水分亏缺对玉米光合特性及物质分配规律的影响,为作物调亏灌溉技术在沙地农田的应用提供理论依据。[方法]在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田进行田间试验。[结果](1)玉米拔节期水分亏缺使新垦沙地农田0—40cm土层土壤含水量显著降低,农田CO2浓度升高0.5%,相对湿度降低6%,玉米叶片温度升高了8%;(2)水分亏缺处理玉米叶片净光合速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了74%;水蒸腾速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了79%;(3)水分亏缺处理玉米茎、叶及根系生物量分别比正常供水处理低63%,47%和51%,总干物质积累量比正常供水处理减少了53%。[结论]在沙地农田,作物对土壤水分的反映较为敏感,小幅的土壤含水量降低即造成玉米光合能力的大幅下降,并最终对光合产物的积累和分配产生不利影响。     

Changes in gas exchange capacity and selected physiological properties of squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.) under well-watered and drought stress conditions

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important component of adaptation to drought stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on gas exchange parameters and selected physiological properties, and also its relations with WUE in summer squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plants were grown in pots under different irrigation levels (D0: 100%, D1: 67% and D2: 33% of the water required to reach the field capacity) in controlled greenhouse. The results show that drought treatments significantly decreased the leaf chlorophyll reading values (LCRV), leaf relative water content (LRWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (T_r), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of squash seedlings by 7, 42, 69, 62, 62 63 and 82%, respectively, in D2 treatment compared to D0. However, electrolyte leakage (EL) values increased 72% with severe drought treatments (D2). The highest WUE was obtained by D0 treatment as 0.26 g mm^?1. The relationship between P_N and WUE is the strongest one among all leaf gas exchange parameters. Together with T_r, the linear relation with WUE was considerably higher compared to other measured parameters.     

晋西黄土区人工刺槐林生理生态特点分析与研究

采用Li-cor 6400便携式光合仪,对山西省吉县蔡家川流域试验区内刺槐的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其环境因子进行了观测,并辅以不同水分梯度下的林木生理指标观测与比较,研究了生理指标与环境因子之间的相互关系.结果表明:刺槐在生长过程中没有充足水分供应时,光合速率会出现负值;蒸腾日变化曲线单峰或双峰取决于土壤水分条件;各环境因子之间呈显著相关关系,综合作用于蒸腾速率,其中光合有效辐射是蒸腾速率的主要影响因子;气孔导度与相对湿度的变化一致,它们之间显著相关,呈二次项曲线关系.     

黄土半干旱区元宝枫叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应

在黄土高原半干旱地区，采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪和TDR水分仪，对不同土壤水分处理下的元宝枫（Acer truncatum）盆栽苗木生长的生理生态特征进行观测。研究了叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）对土壤含水量（SWC）的响应过程，并探讨了在不同土壤水分胁迫程度下影响元宝枫叶片光合作用变化的规律，最后确定了元宝枫树种在黄土区适宜生长的土壤水分调控标准。结果表明：元宝枫叶片净光合速率最高时的SWC为14％，蒸腾速率最高时的SWC为15％，叶片水分利用效率最高时的SWC为13％，8％的SWC是严重水分胁迫下叶片光合速率降低由气孔因素限制到非气孔因素限制的转折点。根据半干旱地区林业建设以提高林木水分利用效率为核心的土壤水分管理思想，确定元宝枫树种在该区最适宜生长的SWC为11％～15％。     

Growth and nutritional disorders of coffee cultivated in nutrient solutions with suppressed macronutrients

The objective was to evaluate the effect of omitting macronutrients in the nutrients solution on growth characteristics and nutritional status of coffee. The treatments were complete nutrients solutions and solutions with nutrient omission: N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium) and S (sulfur). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with 3 replicates in a completely random design. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, dry matter, content levels of macronutrients in plant aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were evaluated. Macronutrients suppression affected nutrients concentration in many plant parts, inducing the appearance of symptoms characteristic of each nutrient. The most limiting nutrients for coffee plants development were nitrogen and calcium, reflected in the lower dry matter accumulation and nitrogen the most required.     

土壤水分及环境因子对刺楸叶片气体交换的影响

通过测定不同土壤水分条件下,3a生盆栽刺楸苗木的气体交换参数及其周围环境因子,探讨土壤水分及微气候因子对光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等气体交换参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,刺楸叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度总体上表现出减小的趋势,且随着胁迫的加剧,下降的幅度越大,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度在重度、中度、轻度胁迫下日均值分别比对照下降6 6 % ,2 5 %和16 % ,81% ,30 %及5 1% ,70 % ,17%和14 %。随着土壤水分的减少,净光合速率下降逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制,水分利用效率并未完全表现出下降的趋势,日平均值表现为对照>中度>轻度>重度。逐步回归分析表明,刺楸苗木叶片水气交换参数,不仅受土壤水分的影响,同时也受外界环境因子的综合影响,且影响程度差异较大,回归方程相关系数较好     

白榆沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量关系研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合仪在模拟光照条件下，对不同水分处理的白榆、沙棘进行观测。观测参数包括：净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等。并且运用SPSS数据处理软件进行分析，从而确定白榆、沙棘光合生理参数与土壤含水量之间的关系，并在研究过程中对试验地土壤水分进行有效性评价；其等级分别为：无产无效水、低产低效水、高产高效水、高产低效水。而把高产高效水作为指导当地林业生产的土壤水分管理条件。结果表明白榆沙棘具有高产高效的土壤含水量分别为11．4％～17．2％；9．5％～16．5％。     

果树蒸腾光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量关系研究

以山西省吉县地区幼龄苹果、梨为研究对象,在盆栽实验的基础上,研究了不同土壤含水量条件下两种果树蒸腾速率、光合速率日变化规律,得出苹果、梨的蒸腾速率在土壤含水量6%～10%时呈现双峰曲线,中午出现低谷区;而在土壤含水量12%～20%时,呈现正午峰值型的单峰曲线。在此基础上研究了蒸腾、光合及水分利用率与土壤含水量的关系：蒸腾速率、水分利用率与土壤含水量相关关系可用三次四项式描述,而光合速率与土壤含水量呈二次相关关系。黄土高原半干旱区适宜苹果生长的土壤水分范围为12%～14%,最佳土壤含水量为12.37%;适宜梨树生长的土壤水分范围为12%～16%,最佳土壤含水量为15.19%。     

不同覆盖对夏玉米叶片光合和水分利用效率日变化的影响

在中国气象局农业气象试验基地,对留残茬和秸秆覆盖措施下夏玉米叶片光合作用和叶片水平上的水分利用效率进行了试验研究,以探索夏玉米在这两种方式下的节水抗旱高产的生理生态机制。试验结果表明:光合速率日变化差异主要表现在上午;下午虽不甚明显,但也是覆盖和残茬两个处理略高于对照,说明2种土表覆盖方式促进了该时段光合速率的提高。留残茬和覆盖能明显提高夏玉米叶片水平上的水分利用效率,尤其在下午表现更为明显,最终提高产量水平上的水分利用效率,使农田的光、温和水资源得以科学有效地利用。     

Effects of reafforestation techniques on the nutrient content,photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Pinus Halepensis seedlings under semiarid conditions

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different soil preparation techniques for Pinus halepensis afforestation on physiological parameters in Mediterranean summer conditions. The soil preparation treatments consisted of terracing (mechanical and manual) and the addition of an organic amendment (urban solid refuse). The mycorrhizal treatments consisted of nursery inoculation with Pisolithus arhizus and the addition of forest soil to the planting holes. Six years after planting the study revealed significant differences in heights and basal diameters, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the leaves and photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. The pines grown in the manually prepared terraces were subjected to strong water stress, as reflected by the high A:g_s ratios and highest levels of phosphorus and potassium in leaves. Mechanical terracing and the addition of urban solid refuse produced a higher photosynthetic rate, and a combination of these treatments was particularly effective. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响

为系统了解UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 本文从生理、生化两个角度概述了近30年国内外相关方面的研究成果, 内容涉及UV-B辐射对植物根系活力、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及植物不同发育期叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的影响;总结了UV-B辐射对植物气孔行为的影响及相关机理, 包括植物体内ABA、H2O2、NO等信号分子含量的变化以及这些信号分子在调节气孔行为方面发挥的作用.认为UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢产生伤害, 且此伤害作用与植物种类、发育阶段有关, 与UV-B辐照时间及剂量正相关.研究UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 对自然及农业生产环境下规避UV-B辐射对植物产生逆境胁迫效应具有积极的环境生态学价值.     

四种藤蔓植物幼苗气体交换特性研究

在土培条件下,对地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)、五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)、扶芳藤(Euonymus fortunei)、树莓(Rubus idaeus)等4种藤蔓植物幼苗的生理指标作了测定。结果表明,4种幼苗的净光合速率日进程、蒸腾速率日进程和水分利用效率日进程均呈明显的单峰曲线。净光合速率相比较,扶芳藤>树莓>五叶地锦>地锦;蒸腾速率相比较,树莓>扶芳藤>五叶地锦>地锦。地锦、五叶地锦、扶芳藤、树莓4种幼苗的光饱和点均在1300μmolm-2s-1以上,光补偿点分别为414、15、0和80μmolm-2s-1,CO2补偿点分别为120、152、1251、14μmolmol-1,地锦和五叶地锦CO2饱和点分别为600、800μmolmol-1,扶芳藤和树莓均在1200μmolmol-1以上。4种幼苗的叶绿素含量相比较,树莓>扶芳藤>地锦>五叶地锦,叶绿素a/b值、叶绿素总含量、最大光合速率三者之间没有关联。     

3种阔叶树气体交换特性及水分利用效率影响因子的研究

通过测定刺楸、黄连木、栾树旱季和雨季气体交换参数及其周围环境因子的日变化,分析水分生理生态特性,探讨各生理生态因子对水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：光合有效辐射与温度均呈单峰型,空气相对湿度呈“U”型。蒸腾速率日变化3个树种在旱季和雨季均呈单峰型。净光合速率日变化刺楸在旱季为双峰型,在雨季为单峰型,而黄连木、栾树在旱季和雨季均为单峰型。水分利用效率日变化在雨季3个树种呈单峰型,在旱季黄连木呈单峰型,而刺楸和栾树呈双峰型。逐步回归分析发现,影响3个树种水分利用效率的因子主要有胞间CO2浓度(极显著负相关)、大气CO2浓度(极显著正相关)、空气相对湿度(正相关)和叶温(负相关)等。通过主成分分析,可将影响刺楸、栾树水分利用效率的因子归纳为3类,即温度、气孔导度和CO2浓度;黄连木可归纳为两类,即温度和气孔导度。     

大青山南麓阳坡油松生长的适宜土壤水分环境研究

在大青山南麓浅山地带的阳坡造林地,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分处理下的油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）苗木的光合生理参数进行了测定。为了确定适宜油松生长的土壤水分范围,研究了叶片净光合速率（Pn）、羧化效率（Ce）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）对土壤含水量（SWC）的响应过程,并探讨了在不同土壤水分状况下叶片光合作用的变化规律。研究表明:维持油松最佳Pn的SWC为17.9%;维持最佳WUE的SWC为14.66%;维持最佳Ce的SWC为16.43%;油松的土壤水合补偿点为3.74%,Tr最大时的SWC为18.7%。根据大青山南麓阳坡造林地的立地条件,选取维持最佳WUE的SWC临界值和维持最佳Pn 70%相应的SWC作为油松生长的适宜土壤水分环境上下限,这一指标可量化为10.85%～14.66%。     

本氏针茅与柳枝稷光合生理生态特征比较研究

采用美国LI-COR公司生产的Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,选择在干旱季节里,在田间自然条件下,测定并比较研究了引种牧草柳枝稷和天然牧草本氏针茅两种禾本科植物的光合生理生态特征的日变化.结果表明,柳枝稷属于高光合、低蒸腾和高水分利用效率的植物,具有较强的气孔调节能力.柳枝稷之所以具有较高的光合速率,主要是因为它具有较强的叶肉细胞羧化能力,较低的气孔导度降低了蒸腾速率,从而提高了水分利用效率;本氏针茅属于较低光合,较高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的植物,但二者均能在黄土高原保持良好的生长.     

缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性研究

为研究缙云山三种典型阔叶树光合生理特性,并找出合适的光响应拟合曲线,通过测定自然条件下三种典型树种四川山矾（Symplocos setchuanensis）、四川大头茶（Gordonia acuminata）、白毛新木姜子（Neolitsea aurata）光合生理生态特征参数,采用修正直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,结果表明:（1）四川大头茶的光饱和点为1 048μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为3.25μmol/（m²·s）,四川山矾光饱和点为2337μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为5.48μmol/（m²·s）,白毛新木姜子光饱和点为1 164μmol/（m²·s）,光补偿点为4.62μmol/（m²·s）;（2）蒸腾速率表现为白毛新木姜子>四川大头茶>四川山矾,在相同光强下,白毛新木姜子比四川山矾蒸腾速率高0.6～0.7μmolCO₂/（m²·s）。四川山矾的耐光性最强,且可能为C4植物;对于有光抑制现象树种,修正直角双曲线模型在求光饱和点、最大净光合速率方面更具优势。     

杨树无性系气体交换特征和水分利用效率研究

通过对3个杨树无性系(JK-7,JK-10,JK-11)气体交换参数及其相应环境因子的测定,对其光合与水分生理生态特征进行了研究.结果表明,3个无性系对同一环境的响应不同.JK-7和JK-11的蒸腾速率(T_r)和净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈单峰型,JK-10呈双峰型;3个无性系的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化均呈双峰型.它们的P_n,T_r差异显著(P＜0.05),WUE差异不显著,其中JK-10的P_n,T_r均显著高于JK-7.3个无性系的气体交换受气孔导度(G)、光合有效辐射(PAR)的影响均比较大,同时,JK-7受相对湿度(RH)的影响较大,JK-10受气温(Ta)影响也较大.3个无性系的WUE均与G_s显著负相关.