Selecting appropriate faba bean var. minor varieties for production under Northern European environmental conditions

The aim of the experiments was to evaluate a selection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) var. minor varieties for further production improvement on the basis of their productivity and phenotype characteristics under the short season of the Northern European environmental conditions. The varieties evaluated were: Bauska, Favel, Fuego, Gloria, Jõgeva, Lielplatones, Priekulu and Priekulu viettejas. The highest and most stable average yield for 2015–2016 years was recorded in Bauska and Priekulu, with 3.77 and 3.64?t/ha, respectively. The incidence of chocolate spot and rust was in low to middling. Plant average height for 2015–2016 years was greatest in Bauska, Lielplatones and Priekulu vietejas, with 107.4, 110.7 and 110.0?cm, respectively. Resistance to lodging was best in Bauska and Fuego. From these yield and phenotype characteristics results we conclude that Lielplatones is the most suitable faba bean var. minor varieties for breeding in Northern European conditions, because of the following characteristics: middle yielding, quite high content of protein, very small seeds, low susceptibility to chocolate spot, good resistance to lodging. Thus almost every tested variety had some very good characteristics, which may also be valuable for the breeding of new varieties.     

The severity of field pea diseases depending on sowing rate and variety

ABSTRACT

Six varieties of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were sown at two sowing rates over two years to assess the impact on disease occurrence in a Baltic climate. The varieties used were Bruno (Latvia), Capella (Sweden), Clara (Sweden), Kirke (Estonia), Onward (Greece), and Vitra (Latvia). The two sowing rates were 120 seeds per m² and 144 seeds per m². The increase in sowing rate by 20% did not influence field pea diseases. Variety influenced the incidence of disease in field pea. The varieties most damaged by pod spot (Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta spp.) were Vitra and Onward and least damaged were Bruno and Clara. The variety most damaged by downy mildew (caused by Peronospora viciae) was Vitra and least damaged was Bruno. The variety most damaged by white mould (or Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) was Onward. The varieties that had the most disease damage were Vitra and Onward, while least susceptible were Clara and Bruno. Therefore, Clara and Bruno are recommended for field pea production in a Baltic climate.     

小麦蚕豆间作及氮肥调控对蚕豆赤斑病和锈病复合危害及产量损失的影响

【目的】研究不同施氮水平下蚕豆单作、小麦与蚕豆间作种植模式下蚕豆赤斑病和锈病复合危害及蚕豆产量损失的差异,量化赤斑病和锈病复合危害导致的产量损失,定量评估间作控病对产量优势的贡献。【方法】于2016年进行了田间试验,设置蚕豆单作和蚕豆小麦间作2种种植模式,防治病害和不防治病害2种处理,4个施氮水平(N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm^2,依次记为N0、N1、N2、N3)。调查蚕豆赤斑病和锈病复合危害程度的差异,测定蚕豆的百粒重和产量。【结果】施氮(N1、N2、N3)使单作蚕豆赤斑病和锈病病情进展曲线下面积(AUDPC)平均增加33.9%和39.6%,使间作蚕豆平均增加27.1%和69.3%,均以N3水平增加最高。所有施氮水平下,与单作相比,间作显著降低赤斑病AUDPC 49.1%~53.6%,降低锈病AUDPC 39.6%~56.8%。施氮(N1、N2、N3)加剧蚕豆赤斑病和锈病的危害,单作蚕豆百粒重损失28.1~32.4 g,间作损失16.3~16.8 g,单作籽粒产量损失1441~1770 kg/hm^2,间作籽粒产量损失815~1263 kg/hm^2,间作比单作平均减少百粒重46.8%和籽粒产量36.9%,减少效果表现为N3> N2> N1> N0。蚕豆病害复合危害与籽粒产量的回归分析表明,赤斑病和锈病的AUDPC每增加一个单位可导致1.7 kg/hm^2的蚕豆籽粒产量损失,赤斑病对蚕豆产量损失的影响大于锈病。【结论】施氮加重赤斑病和锈病的复合危害,加剧蚕豆产量损失。小麦与蚕豆间作能显著减轻赤斑病和锈病的复合危害程度,减少产量损失。合理施用氮肥能够充分发挥间作的控病增产效果,有利于间作的产量优势最大化。本试验条件下,兼顾间作的控制病害增产效果和间作产量优势其他效应,推荐蚕豆的适宜施氮量为45 kg/hm^2。     

施氮和间作对蚕豆锈病发生及田间微气候的影响

为研究不同施氮水平和间作对蚕豆锈病发生及田间微气候的影响,探讨间作系统氮肥调控下田间微气候变化与蚕豆锈病发生的关系,以小麦蚕豆间作体系为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,设N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)、N₁(45 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(90 kg·hm^-2)、N₃(135 kg·hm^-2)4个氮水平,调查蚕豆锈病发病率和病情指数,测定蚕豆不同冠层的温度、相对湿度和风速。结果表明,无论单作还是间作,施氮对蚕豆产量均无显著影响,但施氮增加了蚕豆锈病的发病率和病情指数,其中发病盛期,施氮(N₁~N₃)蚕豆锈病发病率较不施氮(N₀)处理增加1.7~7个百分点,病情指数增加10.2%~143.8%,且病情指数受施氮水平的影响较发病率明显;与N₀相比,施氮使蚕豆冠层温度降低0.1~1.8℃和风速降低7.2%~80.0%,冠层相对湿度增加0.2%~19.0%。与单作相比,间作蚕豆产量平均增加34.4%。发病盛期,间作蚕豆锈病发病率降低7.510.6个百分点、病情指数降低26.9%~51.0%;整个发病期,间作蚕豆的冠层温度和风速均高于单作蚕豆,相对湿度低于单作蚕豆。相关分析表明,发病盛期和发病末期,蚕豆锈病发病率和病情指数与相对湿度呈极显著正相关,与冠层温度、风速呈极显著负相关。总体来看,施氮水平和间作模式对蚕豆产量、冠层温度、相对湿度和风速均有影响,且间作的影响大于施氮水平。综上,小麦与蚕豆间作及控制氮肥用量是改善农田小气候且有效控制蚕豆锈病发生的有效措施。本研究结果为间作系统合理施用氮肥和发挥间作控病增产优势提供了指导和理论依据。     

Limited winter survival and compensation mechanisms of yield components constrain winter faba bean production in Central Europe

A substantial deficit of protein sources for livestock and expected changes in agro-climatic conditions are two challenges for European agriculture. Both can be addressed by introducing more autumn-sown legumes into Central European farming systems. Therefore, a three-year field experiment was conducted under Pannonian climate conditions in eastern Austria in which several winter faba bean varieties from different European countries were compared to a spring faba bean variety. Winter faba bean was susceptible to frost damage. Best overwintering was observed with the German variety Hiverna and the French variety Diva. Regarding overwintering, the first winter allowed for a clear differentiation between varieties, in the second winter, severe frost caused loss of almost all winter faba bean plants and in the third winter, which was mild, most varieties showed good overwintering. Grain yield of winter faba bean was mainly determined by variations of plants m^?2 (i.e. by overwintering) whereas compensatory mechanisms between yield components had a minor influence on yield formation. No grain yield advantage could be observed for winter faba bean varieties compared to the spring faba bean variety even in the year with good overwintering. Regarding yield components, winter faba bean had generally more shoots plant^?1 and a higher thousand kernel weight but spring faba bean tended to have more pods shoot^?1 and grains shoot^?1 whereas pods plant^?1, grains plant^?1 and grains pod^?1 generally did not differ. In conclusion, limited winter hardiness together with the minor influence of compensatory mechanisms between yield components on yield formation are serious constraints for increasing the cultivation of winter faba bean in Central Europe.     

Nitrogen yield and nitrogen fixation of winter faba beans

Introducing autumn-sown legumes into Central European farming systems could be beneficial for addressing two challenges for European agriculture, i.e., the substantial deficit of protein sources for livestock and expected changes in agroclimatic conditions. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conucted under Pannonian climate conditions in eastern Austria to assess nitrogen (N) yield and N fixation of several winter faba bean varieties from different European countries as compared to a spring faba bean. Winter wheat was used as a reference crop for estimating atmospheric N fixation. Winter faba beans were susceptible to frost damage especially in the harder of the two winters. Winter faba bean varieties could not achieve a higher grain yield and a higher grain N yield than the spring faba bean but had a higher grain N concentration (except for one variety). Grain yield and grain N yield of faba beans were severely impaired by drought in one year (with a mean of varieties of 8.3 g N m^?2, winter wheat: 6.4 g N m^?2); in the other year, grain N yield of faba beans considerably surpassed that of winter wheat (with a mean of varieties of 21.5 g N m^?2, winter wheat: 8.8 g N m^?2). After harvest, faba beans left higher nitrate residues in the soil, especially in the subsoil, and higher amounts of N in above-ground residues compared to winter wheat. Faba beans showed high N fixation under optimum conditions (with a mean of varieties of 21.9 g N m^?2) whereas drought considerably impaired N fixation (with a mean of varieties of 6.3 g N m^?2; with no differences between autumn- and spring-sown faba beans). In conclusion, growing winter faba bean varieties in eastern Austria did not result in higher grain yield, grain N yield, and N fixation compared to growing a spring faba bean.     

间作系统氮调控对小麦氮钾营养及条锈病发生的影响

通过探讨间作和施氮对小麦植株氮钾养分吸收、分配及条锈病发生的影响,明确氮钾养分吸收和分配与小麦条锈病发生的关系,以期为合理施肥实现控病增产提供理论依据。在云南安宁和峨山两地布置田间小区试验,研究3种施氮水平(0 kg×hm~(–2)、90 kg×hm~(–2)和180 kg×hm~(–2))和2种种植模式(小麦单作、小麦||蚕豆间作)对小麦植株氮钾含量与分配以及小麦条锈病发病率及病情指数的影响。结果表明,施氮增加了小麦产量,且间作增产效应显著;与单作相比,间作小麦平均显著增产31.9%(安宁)和18.0%(峨山);小麦||蚕豆间作产量优势明显,土地当量比为1.20～1.37(安宁)和1.16～1.27(峨山),但间作增产优势随施氮量增加而降低。施氮在提高产量的同时也加重了小麦条锈病危害,随施氮量增加,单、间作小麦条锈病的发病率和病情指数均呈增加趋势。间作有较好的控病效果,与单作相比,间作小麦发病率、病情指数分别显著降低9.6%～22.0%、23.7%～33.7%(安宁)和29.5%～36.5%、29.3%～39.6%(峨山)。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量,且主要累积在叶片,叶片氮含量占氮吸收总量的41.3%～47.4%(安宁)和35.9%～44.1%(峨山);但间作显著降低小麦植株氮含量,并显著提高钾含量,因而显著降低了叶片氮/钾比。相关性分析表明,小麦条锈病发病率和病情指数与植株氮含量、叶片氮/钾比呈显著正相关,与钾含量呈极显著负相关。施氮增加了小麦植株氮含量,提高了叶片氮/钾比,进而加剧小麦条锈病发生;而间作则通过增加钾含量,降低小麦植株氮含量及叶片氮/钾比,平衡小麦植株内氮钾养分而增强小麦对条锈病的抗性。     

How to reduce the incidence of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae Scop.) attacking organic growing field beans (Vicia faba L.) by growing partially resistant bean varieties and by intercropping field beans with cereals

Abstract

There is an increasing demand for organically grown pulses and cereal grains in Denmark, which is expected to cause a change in the typical organic farm structure away from dairy farming and towards arable farming. Spring field beans (Vicia faba) could be a popular break crop in organic agriculture. The black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) is generally considered to be a serious pest of spring-sown field beans in northern Europe, and field studies have shown that yield losses can exceed more than 50% due to attacks from the black bean aphid.

The use of insecticides in organically grown field bean crops is not permitted, but it has been known for a long time that the black bean aphid infests different varieties of beans to a very different extent. Therefore, partial resistance to the black bean aphid is one method of stabilizing yields. Another method of cultural pest control is intercropping and a third method could be a combination of both. Six field experiments involving the three methods were carried out. There was a significant difference between the number of aphids per plant on the three investigated bean varieties, where ‘Colombo’ was the most susceptible, ‘Quattro’ was intermediate, and ‘Caspar’ the most resistant variety. ‘Colombo’ intercropping with spring wheat and spring barley reduced the numbers of aphids per plant significantly, and also the number of plants infested. The harvesting of all crops took place during the last fourteen days of August.

It can be concluded that the growing of partial host plant resistant varieties of field beans or the intercropping of field beans with spring cereals separately will reduce the infestation with black bean aphids. If both methods are used, the reduction of infestation will be even higher and consequently also the yield.     

Quality,yield and nitrogen fixation of faba bean seeds as affected by sulphur fertilization

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important source of plant protein for humans and animals; however, nutritional value of seeds is notoriously deficient in sulphur (S)-containing amino acids. In this article, the effect of S fertilization on faba bean's capability of N₂ fixation, grain yield and chemical characteristics in terms of protein fractions, fatty acids and minerals composition is reported. A randomized, complete block design with three replicates was used, and three S applications (0, 30 and 60 kg ha^?1, respectively) for faba bean were performed. The S fertilization was split into two applications: 50% before sowing and 50% in the beginning of March as K₂SO₄. At the same time, both the legume and oat crops were fertilized uniformly with 10 kg N ha^?1 as ¹⁵N NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ (10% ¹⁵N atomic excess) in solution form. In a Mediterranean climate under optimal spring rainfall situations, faba bean produced high yield of grain and protein. Sulphur application resulted in an increase in overall plant yield and N₂ fixation. In addition, S fertilization enhanced the protein quality, increasing its degradable fraction. Fertilizing faba bean with 30 kg ha^?1 of S resulted in a more appropriate dose in order to obtain a quantitative and qualitative crop improvement. From our findings, it can be concluded that S fertilization to faba bean should be recommended to soils with suboptimal S levels to obtain maximum seed and protein yields.     

Nutrient Accumulation in Faba Bean Varieties

Increasing the amount of nutrients in plant-based foods will help to improve the nutritional status of people in the World. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a staple food in developing countries has the potential to provide many nutrients in human diets. The objective of this study was to characterize the nutrient concentrations in leaf, pod, and seed of faba bean varieties. A field study was conducted with six faba bean varieties. Variation in the elemental concentrations of nutrients and protein occurred among varieties and different parts of the plants. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, or copper and protein were in the seeds. However, the highest accumulation of calcium, magnesium, iron, or manganese was in the leaves. We recommend that faba bean can be considered as a valuable crop in the diet of nutrient-deficient consumers due to high concentration nutrients in edible parts of the plant.     

对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

连作障碍是限制蚕豆生产的重要因素,利用植物间化感作用的间作栽培模式是解决连作障碍的有效手段。为了探究对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下蚕豆与小麦间作对蚕豆生长和枯萎病发生的影响及其生理响应,通过盆栽土培试验研究不同浓度[C0(0 mmol·L~(-1))、C1(0.36 mmol·L~(-1))、C2(0.72 mmol·L~(-1))和C3(1.45 mmol·L~(-1))]对羟基苯甲酸处理下,小麦与蚕豆间作蚕豆生长、枯萎病发生、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性和膜质过氧化程度(MDA含量)的影响,从生理抗性角度探讨小麦与蚕豆间作缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的机制。结果表明,随着对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度提高,蚕豆生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势;C1和C2提高了蚕豆根系POD和CAT活性,降低了镰刀菌的数量,减轻了枯萎病的发生;C3降低了根系POD和CAT活性,增加了镰刀菌的数量,促进了枯萎病发生;随对羟基苯甲酸处理浓度增加,MDA含量显著增加,证实了对羟基苯甲酸是导致蚕豆连作障碍形成的主要自毒物质。与单作相比,对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下间作显著提高了根系POD活性(4.17%~22.22%)和CAT活性(10.53%~11.11%),显著降低了MDA含量(11.20%~52.80%);镰刀菌数量降低4.63%~23.65%,病情指数降低13.33%~50.00%,蚕豆干重显著增加15.73%~20.63%。综上,小麦与蚕豆间作通过提高蚕豆的生理抗性而减轻对羟基苯甲酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进蚕豆生长,是缓解对羟基苯甲酸自毒效应的有效措施。本研究结果为间作缓解连作障碍中的自毒效应提供了理论论据。     

Phosphorus use efficiency of improved faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties in low‐input agro‐ecosystems

The use of phosphorus (P)‐efficient legumes is a prerequisite for sustainable intensification of low‐input agro‐ecosystems. A study was undertaken in a farmer's field in the tropical highlands of Ethiopia to assess the agronomic performance, P acquisition efficiency (PAE), and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of six improved faba bean varieties (Vicia faba L. var. CS‐20DK, Degaga, Gebelcho, Moti, Obse, Walki) without and with P application. Varieties showed significant variations in PUE, but P application had no significant effect on PUE. Variety Moti demonstrated highest PUE of 272 kg grain kg^?1 P, which was 1.6‐fold higher than the lowest PUE (164 kg grain kg^?1 P) of Gebelcho. PUE was significantly and positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.542) and negatively correlated with shoot PAE (r = –0.541), indicating that PUE is important for grain yield. The results demonstrate that variations in grain and biomass yield of faba beans were largely due to differences in PUE and not due to PAE. Therefore, we argue that genetic resources of faba bean varieties showing optimal agronomic performance and high PUE in low‐input agro‐ecosystems should be better explored. Introduction of such varieties in low‐input cereal‐based cropping systems could improve and enhance P use efficiency at the system level.     

Integrated Management of Phosphorus,Organic Sources,and Beneficial Microbes Improve Dry Matter Partitioning of Maize

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid climates are the two major constraints that negatively influence dry matter partitioning and yield in maize. Three field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of phosphorus, organic sources and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on dry matter partitioning (DMP) of maize during summer 2014 and 2015. The experiments were carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. The results revealed that application of P at the rate of 75–100 kg P ha^?1 for open pollinated variety and 120 kg P ha^?1 for hybrid maize was more beneficial in terms of higher DMP and accumulation. Application of compost at sowing time along with poultry manure (5 tons ha^?1), 2 weeks before sowing of maize increased DMP significantly. The results further suggested that incorporation of legume (faba bean) residues (10 tons ha^?1) 1 month before sowing significantly increased DMP in maize as compared to the incorporation of garlic and paper mulberry residues. The results confirmed that seed inoculation with PSB increases the availability of calcium bound-phosphorus under calcareous soils in semiarid climates hence increased DMP and accumulation, and total maize biomass.     

Effect of starter fertilizer in seed-row on emergence,biomass and nutrient uptake by six pulse crops grown under controlled environment conditions

Abstract

Legumes have a unique ability to obtain a significant portion of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobia spp of bacteria but it takes time, thus, an early supply of N to the plant may positively influence growth and development. However, too much fertilizer in close proximity to the seed can damage the seedling. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the maximum safe rates for starter seed-row fertilizer application under low seedbed utilization conditions (15%). Emergence, biomass yield and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) uptake responses to starter fertilizer products and blends applied at 0, 10, 20 and 30?kg?N?ha^?1 in the seed-row were investigated for six different pulse crops: soybean, pea, faba bean, black bean, lentil and chickpea. The general sensitivity (injury potential) for starter N, P, S fertilizer was lentil?≥?pea?≥?chickpea?>?soybean?≥?black bean?>?faba bean. Lentil, pea and chickpea could generally only tolerate the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rates while soybean and black bean could tolerate 10–20?kg?N?ha^?1. Faba bean emergence appeared relatively unaffected by all three rates of N and showed least sensitivity to seed row placed fertilizer. In terms of 30-day biomass response, soybean and black bean were most responsive to fertilization, while pea, faba bean, lentil and chickpea were least responsive to the starter fertilizer applications, with no benefit increasing above the 10?kg?N?ha^?1 rate.     

Impact of variety and farming practices on growth,yield, weed flora and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean cultivated for fresh seed production

The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of faba bean landraces originating from different regions of Greece under both organic and conventional farming systems focusing mainly on yield, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and competitiveness to weeds. Faba bean exhibited a high ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, as indicated by the percentage of N₂ derived from the atmosphere which exceeded 75% in all evaluated varieties, and the total amount of biologically fixed N up to full anthesis, which fluctuated from 118.5 to 193.9?kg?ha^?1 in the various cropping systems and cultivars. The weed density was appreciably higher in the organic plots, without significant differences among the faba bean cultivars, while wild mustard and corn poppy were the most competitive weeds. The application of inorganic starter fertiliser in the conventionally-treated plots had no negative effect on biologically-fixed nitrogen by faba bean plants, while the herbicide pendimethalin had no negative impact on the nodulation process. Protein concentrations in faba bean cultivars fluctuated from 27.3% to 31.4%. The evaluated landraces could be utilised in breeding programmes due to their earliness, and their high performance in terms of protein content, BNF ability, and productivity.     

Wheat response to N2 fixed by faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by sulfur fertilization and rhizobial inoculation in semi‐arid Northern Ethiopia

Nitrogen fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba cv. Mesay) as affected by sulfur (S) fertilization (30 kg S ha^–1) and inoculation under the semi‐arid conditions of Ethiopia was studied using the ¹⁵N‐isotope dilution method. The effect of faba bean–fixed nitrogen (N) on yield of the subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) was also assessed. Sulfur fertilization and inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) affected nodulation at late flowering stage for both 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons. The nodule number and nodule fresh weighs were increased by 53% and 95%, relative to the control. Similarly, both treatments (S fertilization and inoculants) significantly improved biomass and grain yield of faba bean on average by 2.2 and 1.2 Mg ha^–1. This corresponds to 37% and 50% increases, respectively, relative to the control. Total N and S uptake of grains was significantly higher by 59.6 and 3.3 kg ha^–1, which are 76% and 66% increases, respectively. Sulfur and inoculation enhanced the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere in the whole plant of faba bean from 51% to 73%. This corresponds to N₂ fixation varying from 49 to 147 kg N ha^–1. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (%Ndff) and soil (%Ndfs) of faba bean varied from 4.3% to 2.8 %, and from 45.1% to 24.0%, corresponding to the average values of 5.1 and 47.9 kg N ha^–1. Similarly, the %Ndff and %Ndfs of the reference crop, barley, varied from 8.5 % to 10.8% and from 91.5% to 89.2%, with average N yields of 9.2 and 84.3 kg N ha^–1. Soil N balance after faba bean ranged from 13 to 52 kg N ha^–1. Beneficial effects of faba bean on yield of a wheat crop grown after faba bean were highly significant, increasing the average grain and N yields of this crop by 1.11 Mg ha^–1 and 30 kg ha^–1, relative to the yield of wheat grown after the reference crop, barley. Thus, it can be concluded that faba bean can be grown as an alternative crop to fallow, benefiting farmers economically and increasing the soil fertility.     

苯甲酸胁迫下间作对蚕豆自毒效应的缓解机制

苯甲酸是引起蚕豆连作障碍的主要自毒物质之一。本文采用水培试验,研究了不同浓度苯甲酸[C0(0 mg?L-1)、C1(50 mg?L-1)、C2(100 mg?L-1)和C3(200 mg?L-1)]处理对与小麦间作的蚕豆幼苗生长和枯萎病发生的影响,从生理抗性角度探讨小麦与蚕豆间作对缓解苯甲酸自毒效应的机制,为合理利用间作缓解连作障碍,实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明:与C0处理相比,不同浓度苯甲酸处理均显著抑制了蚕豆幼苗的生长,并且随处理浓度升高,抑制效应增强;同时显著提高了蚕豆枯萎病发病率和病情指数;蚕豆根系和叶片的MDA含量显著提高,但抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性和病程相关蛋白(β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶)活性均随苯甲酸处理浓度升高而降低。表明不同浓度苯甲酸处理均显著抑制了蚕豆的生长,降低蚕豆的生理抗性而促进枯萎病发生。与单作蚕豆相比,蚕豆与小麦间作显著提高了苯甲酸胁迫下蚕豆的地上部干重(17.0%~47.1%),降低了发病率(11.1%~25.0%)和病情指数(20.0%~42.1%);蚕豆根系和叶片中POD活性分别提高12.9%~16.9%和9.3%~24.9%,CAT活性分别提高10.3%~54.0%和6.6%~20.5%,蚕豆根系的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性分别提高4.7%~13.1%和6.7%~15.8%,MDA含量分别降低19.5%~25.4%和20.5%~29.9%。C2处理下间作提高抗氧化酶和病程相关蛋白活性的效果最好,抗病效果最佳。表明小麦与蚕豆间作通过提高蚕豆的生理抗性而减轻苯甲酸引起的枯萎病危害,促进蚕豆生长,是缓解苯甲酸自毒效应的有效措施。     

Screening and selection of faba beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) for cold tolerance and comparison to wild relatives

Since autumn-sown faba beans possess several advantages including higher seed yield over the spring cultivars, the study was aimed to screen and select cold tolerant accessions of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and compare these to wild species in the highland of the west Mediterranean region, Turkey. A total of 114 accessions of Vicia species including 109 accessions of faba bean, three accessions of narbon bean (V. narbonensis L.) and two accessions of V. montbretii Fisch. et C.A. Mey. were screened for cold tolerance at seedling stage in two successive years, 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 growth seasons. Accessions were evaluated for cold tolerance using a 1 (Highly cold tolerant)-5 (Highly cold susceptible) visual scale. Considerable variation was found for cold tolerance and some agronomical characteristics in faba beans. Wild relatives of faba bean were found to be more tolerant to cold than those of cultivated faba beans. Although some pigmented accessions were free from freezing damage at −9.6°C without snow cover, accessions with white flowers were damaged. The proposed screening technique could easily be used to evaluate many faba bean accessions for cold tolerance. To increase yield, it was concluded that the cold tolerant accessions with high yield could be grown as autumn-sown crop in the target environment.     

不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验和盆栽试验,研究了3个不同品种小麦［云麦42（YM42）,云麦47（YM47）和绵阳29（MY29）］与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、 根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,云麦42与蚕豆间作处理（YM42//B）和云麦47与蚕豆间作处理（YM47//B）使蚕豆枯萎病病情指数分别降低47.6%和33.3%,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作处理（MY29//B）对蚕豆枯萎病病情指数无显著影响。与蚕豆单作相比,YM42//B和YM47//B处理显著增加了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量,显著降低了根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量; 显著提高了蚕豆根际微生物对碳源的利用强度,明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,并且YM42//B处理的影响大于YM47//B; 而MY29//B处理对碳源利用强度、 根际微生物群落结构和根系分泌物中有机酸、 可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量均无显著影响。 YM42//B处理根际微生物利用碳源的种类比YM47//B处理多,同时YM42//B和YM47//B处理利用的糖类、 氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源种类完全不同。表明云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作通过增加有机酸含量,从而提高根际微生物活性和多样性,促进了根际微生物利用更多的碳源,同时云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作抑制了氨基酸和总糖的分泌,而最终控制了蚕豆枯萎病的发生。表明不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作系统根系分泌物-根际微生物的互作是影响蚕豆枯萎病抗性的重要原因。小麦与蚕豆间作控病效果受小麦品种的影响,以云麦42与蚕豆间作效果最好,其次为云麦47与蚕豆间作,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作无显著控病效果。     

Nodulation and N2 fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) after soil amendment with crop residues

The effect of prior soil amendment with different N sources at 50 mg N (kg soil)^—1 on nodulation and N₂ fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy) using wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Star) as reference crop was assessed in a pot experiment. Four treatments viz legume manure (LEGM) as clover shoots, cereal manure (CEREM) as barley straw, N fertilizer (FERT‐N) as Ca(NO₃)₂, and no‐manure control (NOMAN) were investigated consecutively at 45, 70, and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Faba bean nodulated profusely, with an increase on average from 629 nodules per pot at 45 DAS to nearly 2.3‐ and 3.3‐fold at 70 and 90 DAS, respectively. Low nodule numbers and nodule dry matter occurred under FERT‐N and CEREM, whereas high values were found for NOMAN and LEGM. Soil amendment affected percent N₂ fixation in relation to N source and plant age. Highest percent N₂ fixation (≥ 90 %) was found under the lowest N‐supplying amendments, no‐manure, and cereal manure, respectively. FERT‐N depressed N₂ fixation particularly at 45 DAS when N₂ fixation was reduced to as low as 23 %. The rise in N₂ fixation thereafter suggests that faba bean adjusted after depletion of mineral N in the soil. N₂ fixation was also decreased after cereal straw application, even though N concentration in faba bean plants was high. The results indicate that plant residues, both with high and low N concentration, applied to soil to raise its fertility may interfere with N₂ fixation of faba bean.