氮肥运筹对水稻农学效应和氮素利用的影响

通过田间试验,以不同氮肥量级为参照,结合关键生育期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）指导氮肥施用,以探明潜江地区水稻关键生育期的氮肥适宜用量。结果表明,在施N 90～180kg/hm2间水稻产量差异不显著,当超过N 180 kg/hm2,产量降低。根据水稻产量（y）和施氮量（x）拟合得出一元二次关系式:y = -0.0728x2 + 22.335x + 6811.5,R2 = 0.9442。结合当年水稻价格肥料投入费用等计算出水稻的经济效益（Y）和施氮量（X）之间的函数式:y = -0.134x2 + 37.097x + 12533-M,R2 = 0.9331;由此得出经济效益最大时水稻的施氮量是N 138 kg/hm2。该施氮量下水稻的氮肥表观利用率,农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力可保持在40.9%,11.5 kg/ kg和63.2 kg/ kg,与完全依据SPAD值指导关键生育期的氮肥施用量相近似（N 140 kg/hm2）,保证了水稻最大的经济效益,同时也保持了较高的氮肥利用率,降低氮素表观损失。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、光合特性及氮肥利用率的影响

本试验以控释期为90d的硫膜（SPCU）和树脂膜（PCU）控释尿素为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、 光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与普通尿素（U）一次基施相比,控释尿素各处理均能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥表观利用率和农学效率,增幅分别达15.1%~51.4%、 64.5%~14.11%和5.4~18.2 kg/kg;显著提高水稻生育中后期叶片净光合速率;提高水稻生育中后期的SPAD值。与普通尿素分次施用相比,树脂膜控释尿素及硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素以7∶3比例一次性施入的处理能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥农学效率以及水稻收获后的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量,其增幅分别为7.9%~31.7%、 3.3~13.0 kg/kg、 2.2%~17.6%和13.2%~22.0%;显著提高叶片中后期的净光合速率,且以树脂膜控释尿素100%一次基施的处理最高。施用树脂膜控释尿素的各处理较普通尿素均能显著提高水稻的氮肥生理效率。树脂膜控释尿素比硫膜控释尿素表现出更好的水稻增产效应和氮肥利用效率,更能有效延缓叶片衰老,实现水稻氮素的高效利用。     

不同氮肥及施用方式对水稻养分吸收特征及产量形成的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥及其施用方式对水稻养分吸收及产量形成的影响。结果表明,一次性施用普通尿素、稳定尿素及缓释尿素的处理之间田面水中铵态氮浓度差别不大,施肥结束后田面水中铵态氮浓度均呈现出不断降低的趋势;分次施肥处理田面水中铵态氮浓度随追肥次数呈现出周期性的升高降低过程;一次性施用缓释尿素可以提高土壤中碱解氮及植株氮的含量,对光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度也均有提升作用,对水稻具有稳产作用。一次性施用缓释尿素可以促进整个生育期内水稻对养分的需求,可以促进灌浆期碳水化合物的累积,因此能达到与分次施肥相同的稳产效果。     

不同生态稻作区氮肥增产效应及其利用率

在4个典型生态粳稻区,以广适性的5个品种为材料,研究氮肥对不同稻区产量影响,并分析氮肥利用率及其不同稻区施氮效果的差异。结果表明:氮肥施用显著提高不同稻区产量,施氮增产率及其贡献率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区寒冷粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区,寒冷粳稻区产量提高主要是有效穗数和千粒重的增加,而其它3个稻区产量的提高主要是有效穗数和每穗粒数的增加所致。生产等量的稻谷氮肥需要量的大小顺序为寒冷粳稻区冷凉粳稻区籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区。不同稻区对氮肥的利用效率存在差异,氮肥农学利用率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,氮肥吸收利用率大小顺序为籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,4个稻作区的土壤氮素贡献率在61.10%~66.09%之间,说明各稻作区吸收的氮肥主要来自土壤,通过培肥地力,维持较高的地力水平对稻谷的超高产、高效具有重要意义。     

实时实地氮素管理对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

以扬两优6号和培两优3076水稻为材料,通过田间试验比较研究了基于SPAD值的氮素管理对水稻氮素吸收、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随着SPAD预设阈值的增加,氮肥用量增加,籽粒产量和氮素吸收也随之增加。实时氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了氮肥用量12. 8% ～33.3%;而实地氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为39～41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了23.1%的氮肥用量。鉴于实地氮素管理在田间易于操作,因此建议采用39～41作为水稻关键生育期指导氮肥施用的SPAD阈值。     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

Effect of rates and sources of nitrogen on rice yield,nitrogen efficiency,and methane emission from irrigated rice cultivation

The agronomic benefits of manure application to increase rice production have been recognized, but the impact on global change has always been a controversial topic. This study was designed to determine the separate and combined effects of cattle manure (CM) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on rice yield, N efficiency, and methane (CH₄) emissions from rice cultivation. A pot-scale experiment was conducted with four levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha^?1) of N from urea and two levels (120 and 180 kg ha^?1) of N from combination of urea and CM (Urea:CM = 60:60 and 60:120). Rice yield and physiological N efficiency were obtained using agronomic measurements. To determine the global warming potential (GWP) of each treatment, CH₄ emissions were measured throughout the rice-growing period. Grain yield (GY) was not significantly different between the treatments of 120 and 180 kg ha^?1 regardless of N source. However, both rates of CM treatments enhanced CH₄ emission and differences in GWP were significant. In conclusion, urea applied at 120 kg N ha^?1 was optimal for rice productivity and environmental impact (EI) despite CM played a crucial role in improving the N efficiency and total N in the soil after harvest.     

尿素配施添加剂NAM对三江平原白浆土氮素转化和玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了尿素配施肥料添加剂NAM(由脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂等成分组成)对三江平原白浆土氮素转化、玉米产量以及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为肥料添加剂NAM的进一步推广应用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,与常规施氮处理相比,等氮量配施NAM处理使土壤NH4+-N在较长时间内维持较高的水平,并显著提高了作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应水平,从而使作物吸氮量增加了6.8%,增产3.1%;减氮20%配施NAM处理维持了土壤NH4+-N总体供应水平和作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应,从而使作物吸氮量及产量与常规施氮处理保持相当;减氮40%配施NAM处理由于过多降低了施氮水平,致使在作物生长前期土壤供氮量明显不足,进而降低了作物吸氮量及产量。尿素配施NAM较单施尿素提高氮肥利用率4.9～8.0个百分点。在等氮和适当减氮条件下,肥料添加剂NAM适用于三江平原白浆土-玉米体系,有利于农业可持续发展。     

氮钾肥配合对沿淮地区水稻产量和肥料利用率的影响

研究了氮、钾肥对沿淮地区水稻产量和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,氮肥对水稻产量影响明显,比不施氮增产20.3%～29.0%,而钾肥增产效果不显著。适宜用量的氮、钾肥配合可提高肥料利用效率。通过数学模拟得到氮肥效应方程,并初步确定该区水稻适宜N用量为225～250 kg.hm-2。     

Effect of levels and sources of nitrogen on concentration and uptake of nitrogen by a high yielding variety and a hybrid of rice

Field experiments were made on a sandy clay loam soil at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of levels and sources of nitrogen on concentration and uptake of nitrogen by a high yielding variety Pusa 834 and a hybrid PRH3 of rice. Nitrogen concentration in hybrid PRH 3 remained lower than in Pusa 834, but N uptake was significantly more in the hybrid PRH 3. Nitrogen fertilization increased N concentration as well as N uptake by rice. At 30 days after transplanting (DAT) N uptake was more in Pusa 834, but at 60 DAT and at harvest hybrid PRH 3 recorded significantly more N uptake than Pusa 834. Use of neem oil blended urea (PNGU) and neem coated urea (NCU) increased N concentration and uptake by rice in both Pusa 834 and hybrid PRH 3. Use of neem coated/blended urea is recommended for rice.     

秸秆还田及氮肥调控对不同肥力白浆土氮素及水稻产量影响

三江平原是黑龙江省水稻主要种植区,白浆土是主要种稻土壤,在白浆土上开展秸秆还田试验研究,明确白浆土秸秆还田效果,根据土壤肥力水平调控氮素为秸秆还田提出因地制宜的土壤、施肥等管理技术提供参考。该文以白浆土为供试土壤,比较研究不同肥力白浆土上连续秸秆还田及调控氮素对水稻产量及土壤养分变化的影响。结果得出:高肥力土壤连续秸秆还田适合减氮,减氮10%连续3年水稻不减产,增产幅度为0.1%～6.94%,减氮20%以上产量降低,秸秆连续还田增加氮素水稻产量第1年与正常施肥比增产4.47%,第2年水稻产量比对照减产4.02%～31.86%,调氮降低幅度大;中、低肥力土壤秸秆还田水稻产量第1年比对照分别增加1.48%,4.52%,第2年调氮增产幅度会下降;秸秆还田使土壤有机质、氮素含量提高,在高肥力土壤上氮素过高使水稻前期分蘖量增多,水稻有效穗数降低,产量降低,减氮后可以避免土壤氮素过剩,水稻产量提高;中、低肥力土壤秸秆还田有利于增加土壤肥力水平,适当增加氮素可使水稻产量提高。     

不同灌溉条件下稻草还田对土壤供氮特征及水稻产量的影响

通过2年裂区试验,研究了不同灌溉方式和施肥条件下稻草还田对土壤供N特征及产量的影响。结果表明:上年晚稻草还田提高了翌年早稻期间土壤NH4 -N浓度;配施N肥后新鲜早稻草还田也增加了晚稻期间土壤NH4 -N浓度,但不施N肥淹水灌溉下稻草还田土壤NH4 -N浓度低于移走稻草的处理,间歇灌溉下稻草还田处理土壤NH4 -N浓度仍高于移走稻草的处理。稻草还田能增加水稻产量,早稻增产幅度为6.85%,晚稻为8.17%;施用N肥后稻草增产效应显著高于不施N肥处理,分别增产9.18%和5.83%。稻草还田主要通过影响有效穗数来影响产量,但水稻生长季节、灌溉模式和施肥条件对稻草还田的增产效应存在交互作用,早稻以连续淹水灌溉条件下稻草还田的增产效果最大,而晚稻则以间歇灌溉条件下的效果最佳。     

Optimal rate and schedule of nitrogen fertilizer application for enhanced yield and nitrogen use efficiency in dry-seeded rice in north-western India

Dry direct-seeded aerobic rice (DSR) is an emerging attractive alternative to traditional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) production system for reducing labour and irrigation water requirements in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India. The fertilizer N requirement of DSR grown with alternate wetting and drying water management may differ from that of PTR grown under continuous flooding due to differences in N dynamics in the soil/water system and crop growth patterns. Limited studies have been conducted on optimizing N management and application schedule for enhanced N use efficiency in DSR. Therefore, field experiments were conducted over 3 years in NW India to evaluate the effects of N rate and timing of its application on crop performance and N use efficiency. Interaction effects of four N rates (0, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha^?1) as urea and four schedules of N application on yield and N use efficiency were evaluated in DSR. The N schedules included N application in three equal split doses (0, 35 and 63, and 14, 35 and 63 days after sowing, DAS) and four equal split doses (0, 28, 49 and 70; 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS). There was no significant interaction between N rate and schedules on grain yield. Significant response to fertilizer N was observed at 120 kg N ha^?1 and economic optimum dose for three equal split doses and skipping N at sowing was 130 kg N ha^?1. Highest mean grain yield of 6.60 t ha^?1 was obtained when N was applied in three equal split doses at 14, 35 and 63 DAS which was about 8.5% higher compared with N applied in four equal split doses at 14, 28, 49 and 70 DAS. Under the best N application schedule, agronomic N use efficiency (26 kg grain kg^?1), recovery efficiency (49%) and physiological efficiency (53 kg kg^?1) were comparable to the values reported in Asia for PTR. Results from our study will help to achieve high yields and N use efficiency in DSR to replace resource intensive PTR.     

控失尿素和密植对辽河三角洲水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

为了明确氮肥类型和种植密度对辽河三角洲水稻产量和氮素利用的影响,选择典型稻田,以不施肥+稀植和不施肥+密植为对照,在氮肥施用量相同的基础上,设置了普通尿素+稀植、普通尿素+密植、控失尿素+稀植、控失尿素+密植处理,分析了不同处理方式下的水稻生长、产量和氮素利用率的差异.结果 表明:水稻产量和氮素利用率受到氮肥类型的显著...     

Rice responses to single application of coated urea on yield,dry matter accumulation,and nitrogen uptake in Southern China

Nitrogen is the most important element for rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. However, excessive use of conventional urea leads to serious environmental problems in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release patterns of coated urea and response of rice to coated urea on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiencies on a clay soil. A two single-year experiment was carried out in southern China to evaluate two coated urea, polymer-coated urea (PCU) and polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU). Nitrogen (N) release patterns of PCU and PSCU were determined in the laboratory and in the field. The release rate of PSCU in the field was much higher than that in the laboratory. And PCU had a similar release pattern both in the field and laboratory. Compared with urea, rice fertilized with PCU and PSCU had similar dry matter accumulation, but higher grain yield and N use efficiencies. Recovery efficiency of PCU treatment reached 50% in 2012 and 60% in 2013, around 40% for PSCU, which was only 16% for single application of urea.     

氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响

应用15N示踪技术研究了大田条件下氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收、转运及籽粒产量的影响。试验分别设置3个氮肥水平(0、150和240 kg/hm2N)和两种基追比例(即基肥:蘖肥穗粒肥分别为40%︰30%︰30%(A)和30%︰20%︰50%(B)),共5个处理,依次记作N0、N150A、N150B、N240A、N240B。结果表明,在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,提高氮肥水平,显著增加水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素数量以及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量。成熟期高氮处理(240 kg/hm2)水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量较多,分别为110.25、65.91、32.69 kg/hm2,而氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率下降,氮素损失率增加。在相同的氮肥水平下,采用基肥蘖肥穗粒肥比例为30%︰20%︰50%时,水稻吸收的肥料氮数量显著增加,氮素吸收利用率和土壤残留率提高,氮素损失率降低。适量施氮并增加穗粒肥的施氮比例,可以显著增加水稻产量。在本实验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2及基肥蘖肥穗粒肥为30%︰20%︰50%的施氮处理是兼顾产量和环境的最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

促根剂对太湖地区水稻生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

为研究一种促根剂对太湖地区水稻生长及氮肥利用的影响,设置添加促根剂和不添加促根剂两种处理,在5个施氮水平下分别测定水稻的生物量、产量和氮素利用率。结果表明:在相同施氮水平下促根剂可以增加水稻生物量,其中在施氮量150、200、250 kg/hm~2施肥水平下,抽穗期和灌浆期地上部生物量的增加幅度分别为17.95%、8.63%、11.09%和2.16%、12 13%、11.47%,存在显著性差异;促根剂明显增加了拔节期水稻根系干重,由低到高各施氮水平下的增幅依次为27.40%、8.52%、26.12%、6.85%、7.21%。促根剂有一定的增产效果,并且在氮肥用量大时效果更为明显。在250 kg/hm~2施肥水平,促根剂处理比不添加促根剂的处理增产5.79%,达到显著性差异水平。促根剂在一定程度上提高了水稻吸氮量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率,高氮肥施用水平下表现明显,250 kg/hm~2下分别高出不添加促根剂的处理7.14%、33.26%、10.91%。     

Prospects of using leguminous green manuring crop Sesbania rostrata for supplementing fertilizer nitrogen in rice production and control of environmental pollution

Abstract

Modern rice cultivation relies on chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer that ultimately degrades soil health and creates environmental pollution. The increasing concerns about environmental pollution, restoring soil health, and conservation of energy, public attention is now towards green manures as supplement for N fertilizer. Sesbania rostrata is a popular leguminous green manuring crop that fixes atmospheric N₂, improves soil health, and rice productivity through incorporation of its biomass in to soil. About 40–60?days plants provide 5–6 tons dry biomass that can supplement 50–100% N requirement. In world, it is adapted as pre-rice or post-rice green manuring crop. Long-term use of S. rostrata improves soil health and increased rice yield by 9–11% over chemical fertilizer. Use of S. rostrata in large scale for rice production can reduce environmental pollution problems as it can cut down chemical N requirement and thus reduction dispersal of Nr to the environment.     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻干物质积累、产量及氮素利用率的影响

为探讨头季稻不同肥料运筹方式对再生稻产量和氮素利用率的影响,以杂交稻组合"Ⅱ优航2号"为材料,在头季施氮量225.00kg·hm-2的基础上,研究了不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比[3种基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为8:2(N1)、7:3(N2)、6:4(N3)]头季稻-再生季稻氮素累积量、干物质生产、产量及氮素利用率的特性。结果表明:与N1、N2相比,头季成熟期N3处理氮素累积量分别增加9.26%、3.54%,头季齐穗期～头季成熟期N3处理氮素转移量分别增加21.47%、6.76%,整个生育期N3处理干物质净积累总量分别增加5.10%、4.78%。N3处理头季产量最高,达12431kg·hm-2,极显著高于N1、N2处理;氮肥利用率达46.44%,比N1、N2处理提高14.81%、5.43%;氮肥农学利用率达20.66kg·kg-1,比N1、N2处理提高14.97%、12.34%。研究结果还表明,头季不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比对再生稻再生季的影响不显著。