激光法与湿筛－吸管法测定土壤颗粒组成的转换及质地确定

湿筛-吸管法是测定土壤颗粒组成(PSD)的传统方法,而激光法则是新兴的土壤颗粒测定方法,为了明确二者测定数据间的转换关系,应用两种方法分别测定了中国6个主要土纲的265个土壤样品。结果表明,激光法测定的土壤黏粒含量明显地小于湿筛-吸管法测定的数据,激光法测定的土壤粉粒含量明显地大于湿筛-吸管法测定的数据,而对于土壤砂粒含量的测定结果二者互有高低。两种方法测定的黏粒、粉粒和砂粒间均分别具有很好的相关性,甚至按照美国的7级分类标准,每个粒度级别在两种方法间均具有很好的相关性。按照激光法和吸管法测定数据间的转换关系式得出了用激光法测定数据的砂土、壤土和黏土质地划分界限,从而能够应用激光法测定的数据直接进行质地划分,这对于推动激光法在土壤学中的进一步应用和推动土壤科学的发展均具有重要意义。     

Relationship between mineral composition or soil texture and available silicon in alluvial paddy soils on the Shounai Plain,Japan

Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between the amount of available Silicon (Si) in paddy soils and their mineral properties on the Shounai Plain in Japan, which is formed from several parent materials, we evaluated the amount of available Si, the particle size distribution, the oxide composition of crystalline minerals and the amount of oxalate-extractable Si (Si_o), iron (Fe_o) and aluminum (Al_o) in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soil and the oxide content of the crystalline minerals differed among four soil groups that were distinguished by their clay mineral composition. There was no difference in the particle size distribution among the soil groups. The amount of available Si was positively related to the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of clay, the CaO concentration of silt and fine sand, and the amounts of Si_o, Fe_o and Al_o in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soils was negative correlated with the Na₂O and K₂O concentrations of silt, the K₂O concentration of fine sand, and the coarse sand content. These results suggest that the amount of available Si in soils is affected by the weathering resistivity of their minerals and that the particle size distribution and mineral composition are related to the available Si of the soils. Mineralogical properties, including the particle size distribution and mineral composition such as the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio × clay fraction content and the amounts of CaO and MgO in silt-sized particles, were positively correlated with the amount of available Si in the soil, but these correlations were not found for fine sand-sized particles. The Si_o, Fe_o and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio × clay fraction contents contributed approximately 50% to the amount of available Si in the soils. The amount of available Si in the soil was divided into two groups according to the location of the paddy field. The amount of soil-available Si in the alluvial plain was affected by the geology upstream through the mineral composition.     

根据土壤粒径分形估计紫色土水分特征曲线

选择不同质地紫色土,分别根据土壤颗粒的数量和重量分布计算土壤粒径分形维数,并与Tyler和Wheatcraft土壤水分特征曲线模型的拟合分形维数进行比较分析。结果表明,三种途径获得的分形维数与土壤质地密切相关,均表现出土壤黏粒含量越高,质地越细,分形维数越高。土壤粒径数量分布分形维数(2.98～3.26)和土壤粒径重量分布分形维数(2.73～2.81)存在较大的差异,但二者间却存在显著的线性关系。土壤粒径分形维数与土壤水分特征曲线模型拟合分形维数(2.72～2.84)均存在显著的线性关系,尤其是土壤粒径重量分布分形维数与土壤水分特征曲线模型拟合分形维数数值十分接近。通过建立的土壤水分特征曲线模型分形维数与土壤粒径分布分形维数关系式,结合Tyler和Wheatcraft模型进行土壤水分特征曲线预测,预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性,因而根据土壤粒径分形预测紫色土水分特征曲线是可行的。     

Distribution of charred plant fragments in particle size fractions of Japanese volcanic ash soils

Abstract

To gain a better understanding of the distribution of charred plant fragment C (CPFC) and its contribution to organic C (OC) in the particle size fractions of Japanese volcanic ash soils, each of four soil samples was divided into six particle size fractions, namely three sand-sized aggregate (20–53, 53–212 and 212–2,000 µm) fractions, one silt-sized aggregate (2–20 µm) fraction, and two clay-sized aggregate (< 0.2 and 0.2–2 µm) fractions. Furthermore, after HCl–HF treatment of these aggregate fractions, sub-fractions of less than specific gravity (s.g.) 1.6 g cm^?3 (< 1.6 fraction) were isolated using s.g. 1.6 g cm^?3 sodium polytungstate solution. Microscopic observation indicated that the charred plant fragments, which are black or blackish brown, were the main components in the < 1.6 fractions. Therefore, the OC in this fraction was designated as CPFC. In all the soils studied, the quantitative distribution of the CPFC of the silt-sized aggregate fractions to total CPFC of whole soils, ranging from 59 to 84%, was greatest among the aggregate fractions. The sum of the distribution (%) values of the CPFC in the three sand-sized aggregate fractions varied from 6.9 to 33%, while that in the two clay-sized aggregate fractions ranged from 1.1 to 9.4%. Similar to the CPFC, in all soils, the quantitative distribution of the OC in the aggregate fractions was greater in the silt-sized aggregate fractions (52–76%) than in the other aggregate fractions (0.1–20%). In all soils, the quantitative contribution of total CPFC to total OC of whole soils ranged from 10 to 28%. The CPFC/OC values in the aggregate fractions were 21% or more in 10 samples from a total of 24 fractions, with a maximum value of 34%. On the basis of the findings obtained in the present study, it is assumed that in Japanese volcanic ash soils the silt-sized fraction is an important reservoir of CPFC and OC, and CPFC merits attention as one of the constituents of OC in particle size fractions.     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

The oxidation of soil organic matter by KBrO for particle size determination

Abstract

The oxidation of soil humus by alkaline KBrO solution at boiling temperature has been shown to be successful even with samples as carbonaceous underwater soils. With these soils treatment with H₂O₂ produces a cohesive foam which prevents further oxidation.     

土壤颗粒分布体积分形维数与数量分形维数之间的关系

土壤的体积颗粒分布(PSD)可用于同时确定数量分形维数(DN)和体积分形维数(DV)。以往的试验和理论研究均未直接比较DV和DN的关系。为建立DV和DN的关系并分析其参数的敏感程度,在中国各地取了12种不同质地土壤,利用激光粒度仪进行了测定。提出了含3个参数Rupper(颗粒半径的上限),Ri(第i个半径)和Rlower(半径下限)的DV-DN理论关系,该关系可说明为什么DN可能大于3。在未调整的幂定律范围内(PLR),DV的幂定律半径为38.6～85.8μm,DN的幂定律半径为53.2～358μm,估算的DV值(2.18～2.69)比DN值(2.38～3.19)小。调整后的PLR比未调整的窄。在调整的PLRs范围内,估算的DV值变化范围为2.11～2.56,而DN变化范围为2.28～3.02。调整和未调整PLRs得出的DV和DN的差异说明,Rupper,Rlower,Ri和Rlower/Rupper均可能影响DV与DN关系,有必要进行参数的敏感性分析。进行敏感性分析可基于敏感系数(C)来鉴别DV-DN关系中各参数改变所引起的DV和DN相对变化,从而找出对该关系影响最大的参数。就不同情况下计算的C值而言,Rupper是影响DN值的最重要参数,小的Rupper值可能导致估算DN的准确度降低。PLR范围越大,DN的估算越准确。根据DV估算DN的相对误差的绝对值在12%范围内,说明得出的DV-DN理论关系是正确的。     

农田土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及颗粒体积分数的空间变异性

盐渍土膜下滴灌过程中的土壤理化性质存在空间变异性,对灌溉管理有一定影响。该文根据3个不同尺度下土壤采样及颗粒尺寸分布（PSD）测定结果,探讨了土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数之间的定量关系,分析了各尺度和综合尺度下土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数的经典统计特征和地质统计特征,根据颗粒体积分数的半方差函数计算了不同尺度颗粒体积分数的分形维,并做出了等值线图。研究表明,土壤PSD分维与黏粒的体积分数呈正相关关系,黏粒体积分数增大引起PSD分维增加的原因在于细颗粒的比表面积比粗颗粒的大;各尺度土壤PSD分维及颗粒体积分数均无强变异特征;不同尺度下土壤PSD分形维的半方差函数中块金和基台值均非常低;50 m尺度土壤PSD分维和黏粒体积分数的等值线图具有类似的集中度和走势,而砂粒体积分数和粉粒体积分数则具有相反的集中度和走势。该研究说明土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数都有一定的尺度依赖性。     

A scheme for soil classification of paddy fields in Japan with special reference to mineral paddy soils

Introduction

Paddy (irrigated) rice is the most important single crop in Japan. Nearly half of the total arable lands covering approximately 6.5 million hectares, are devoted to the growing of the rice plant. It is grown mainly on the alluvial plains which are intensively cultivated, and are the most productive soils of the country. Since the idea of modern pedology was introduced into Japan, some work has been done by some Japanese investigators to classify paddy soils on the basis of their morphological characteristics. A brief historical review on the soil survey work in Japan has been given by Kamoshita⁸⁾. In 1936 Kawamura described methods of soil survey in Korea through a careful study of the work developed by Stremme and his colleagues in Danzig. In those days Kamoshita⁹⁾,¹⁰⁾ devised a scheme of paddy soil classification by applying the concept of the wet soil types (mineralische Nassböden) proposed by Stremme, and he established five predominant soil types as follows: Bog soils (Moorböden), Half-bog soils (anmoorige Böden), Meadow soils (Wiesenböden), Gray lowland soils (graue Auenböden), and Brown lowland soils (braune Auenböden). The names in parentheses represent the wet soil types proposed by Stremme. These soil types are subdivided into soil kinds (Bodenarten) on the basis of differences in texture, rusty mottling, and humus content. The soil kinds were used as both categorical and cartographical units for detailed soil surveys.     

稻虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤理化性状的影响

稻虾共作模式是一种以涝渍水田为基础,以种稻为中心,稻草还田养虾为特点的复合生态系统。本文通过10年(2005—2015年)定位试验,以中稻单作模式为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤理化性状以及水稻产量的影响;采用投入产出法,评估了稻虾共作模式的经济效益。结果表明,长期稻虾共作模式显著降低了15~30 cm土层的土壤紧实度,其在15 cm、20 cm、25 cm和30 cm处的土壤紧实度较中稻单作模式分别降低了20.9%、29.9%、24.8%和14.7%。长期稻虾共作模式提高了0~40 cm土层中0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量、平均质量直径和几何平均直径,但降低了0~20 cm土层的团聚体分形维数。相对于中稻单作模式,长期稻虾共作模式显著提高了0~40 cm土层有机碳、全钾和碱解氮含量,0~30 cm土层全氮含量,0~10 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量以及20~40 cm土层速效钾含量。稻虾共作模式显著降低了0~10 cm土层还原性物质总量,但提高了20~30 cm土层土壤还原性物质总量。稻虾共作模式的水稻产量较中稻单作模式显著提高,增幅为9.5%,其总产值、利润和产投比较中稻单作模式分别增加了46 818.0元?hm-2、40 188.0元?hm-2和100.0%。可见稻虾共作模式改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤养分,提高了水稻产量以及经济效益,但增加了10 cm以下土层潜育化的风险。     

基于激光衍射的土壤粒径测定法的评价与校正

为比较与评价激光法与吸管法测定土壤粒径分布的准确性,该文采用激光法与吸管法测定了23组来自中国13个不同省份或自治区土壤样本的粒径分布,将激光法与传统吸管法的测定结果进行比较,并在此基础上对激光法测定参数进行了修正。结果表明:1)与吸管法相比,激光衍射法低估土壤样品中的黏粒含量,其相对误差为36.33%;高估粉粒含量,其相对误差为36.51%;2)对吸管法与激光衍射法的实测结果进行线性关系分析表明,其中黏粒与粉粒的线性关系较好,决定系数分别为0.91,0.90;3)经过模型转换后,基于激光衍射法的土壤粒径分布结果的相对误差明显降低:黏、粉的相对误差分别降低至16.25%、12.83%,说明激光衍射法可以用于大规模不同类型的土壤粒径分析。该研究可为土壤系统化和规范化的对比研究以及建立基于激光衍射技术的土壤质地划分标准提供依据。     

A digital computer program for particle size analysis and textural classification of soils

Abstract

A digital computer program was written for the determination of particle size distribution and textural classification of soil samples. The textural classification is based on the South African texture‐triangle.     

Assessment of the usefulness of particle size distribution measured by laser diffraction for soil water retention modelling

Particle size distribution (PSD) is a major soil characteristic, which is essential and commonly used for the development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the water retention of soils. The laser diffraction method (LDM) became a popular alternative to the standard sieve‐hydrometer method (SHM) of PSD measurement. Unfortunately, PSDs determined with LDM and SHM methods differ sometimes substantially. Moreover, it is claimed that the laser diffraction method underestimates finer fractions in favor of coarser fractions. Several authors have tried to elaborate on methods to recalculate LDM PSD into its SHM counterparts, but no universal methodology has been developed to this date. In this paper, we use PSD determined by LDM directly for PTF development and compare it with the classical PTF approach based on PSD measured by SHM. Four different PTF models based on LDM particle size distribution data were developed, with different PSD characteristics taken as the models' input variables. The possibility of using alternative PSD characteristics, such as deciles, area moment mean and volume moment mean, for PTF development was examined. The accuracy of PTF models constructed on the basis of LDM‐measured PSD was comparable with that of the developed models using texture data obtained from SHM, giving approximately the same RMSE and R² values. Our study shows that LDM‐measured particle size distribution may be directly used for PTF developments without any recalculations to their sieve‐hydrometer counterparts.     

塔里木盆地南缘绿洲农田土壤粒径分布分形特征及影响因素研究

本文以塔里木盆地南缘策勒绿洲为例,基于农田表层土壤样品的体积粒径分布数据,通过分形理论重点探讨绿洲农田这一主要土地利用类型下土壤粒径分布特征及变异状况,并根据粒径分布分形维数变化对其主要影响因素进行研究。结果表明:绿洲范围内农田土壤分维值存在显著性差异,其值介于2.11～2.27之间,总体偏低;土壤粒径分布分维值与小于50μm粒径土壤颗粒体积含量及土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关;农田利用年限的差异性对土壤粒径分布产生重要影响,而农田分布位置的差异性则对土壤粒径分布未体现出规律性影响。因此,保证农田长期合理的耕作管理方式将有助于土壤粒径分布属性的稳定及提高。     

Runoff,erosion and sediment particle size from smooth and rough soil surfaces under steady rainfall-runoff conditions

The responses of runoff and erosion to soil surface roughness (SSR) have been extensively studied in the past decades; however, most of these studies were conducted at the early stage of rainfall, whereas few studies were specifically conducted during steady runoff conditions. In this study, runoff, soil losses and sediment particle sizes from smooth and rough surfaces were measured after surface runoff stabilisation to improve the understanding of the relationship between SSR and soil erosion. A cascade of two independent soil boxes in which the runoff samples from upslope and downslope boxes can be collected independently or together was used to perform the experiments. The upslope box supplied runoff to the downslope study box. Three rainfall intensities of 50, 75 and 100 mm/h were applied. The results suggest that SSR has a significant effect on soil erosion when runoff reaches a steady state. Although the difference in the runoff rate was small between the rough and smooth surfaces, the sediment rate and concentration of particles were significantly lower for the rough surface than for the smooth surface. Through analysing the particle size distribution (PSD) of sediment, we found that selective sediment delivery is an important reason for the soil erosion reduction by SSR. The rainfall intensity decreased the difference in the sediment rates between the smooth and rough surfaces. The extra inflow increased the runoff rates, sediment rates and concentration rates for both the smooth and rough surfaces; however, the increasing degrees of the runoff rate, sediment rate and concentration rate had significant differences between the rough and smooth surfaces. A stepwise multiple regression showed that significant linear relationships existed between one or more PSDs of 20–50, 50–100, 100–250 and 1000–2000 µm and the sediment rate.     

南昌不同城市化强度土壤粒度组成和分形特征及其影响因素

为探究南昌城市化强度对土壤粒度组成与分形特征的影响,将南昌市建成区按不透水面面积占比区分城市化强度等级取样调查（184个样方）,测定土壤粒度组成、理化性质及植被指标,通过土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型计算分形维数值。结果显示：①南昌城市土壤颗粒以粉粒（46~59%）和砂粒（40~53%）为主,高城市化导致土壤中砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量减少。②南昌城市土壤分形维数的变化范围为2.69~2.97,随城市化强度增加呈下降趋势。土壤粉粒与分形维数正相关,砂粒与之相反,粉粒对土壤分形维数的影响最大。③皮尔森相关分析与结构方程模型分析结果共同表明：丰富的地上植被能够减少土壤颗粒的流失,改善土壤物理性质,缓解土壤退化;城市绿地中粉粒、极细砂粒等粒径适中的土壤颗粒保水、保肥更佳,更能反映土壤的质量水平。     

Effects of soil texture and structure on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in grassland soils

Summary The hypotheses that disruption of soil structure increases mineralization rates in loams and clays more than in sandy soils and that this increase can be used to estimate the fraction of physically protected organic matter were tested. C and N mineralization was measured in undisturbed, and in finely and coarsely sieved moist or dried/remoistened soil. Fine sieving caused a temporary increase in mineralization. The relative increase in mineralization was much larger in loams and clays than in sandy soils and much larger for N than for C. The combination of remoistening and sieving of the soil gave a further increase in the mineralization flush after the disturbance. Again, the extra flush was larger in loams and clays than in sandy soils, and larger for N than for C. In loams and clays, small pores constituted a higher percentage of the total pore space than in sandy soils. The fraction of small pores explained more than 50% of the variation in the N mineralization rate between soils. There was also a good correlation between the small-pore fraction and the relative increase in N mineralization with fine sieving. For C, these relations were not clear. It is suggested that a large part of the organic matter that was present in the small pores could not be reached by microorganisms, and was therefore physically protected against decomposition. Fine sieving exposed part of this fraction to decomposition. This physically protected organic matter had a lower C: N ratio than the rest of the soil organic matter. The increase in N mineralization after fine sieving can be regarded as a measure of physically protected organic matter.