覆膜滴灌下氮肥与种植密度互作对东北春玉米产量、群体养分吸收与转运的调控效应

[目的]合适的氮肥用量和种植密度是提高东北玉米产量和效益的关键.研究覆膜滴灌条件下氮肥用量、种植密度及其互作对春玉米产量、养分吸收转运及利用效率的影响,以期为东北半干旱区春玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据.[方法]2016-2017年,在吉林省西部半干旱区乾安县开展田间试验,以紧凑型玉米品种农华101为供试材料,在覆膜滴灌...     

Onion seed productivity,nutrient use,and quality response to drip fertigation in semi-arid India

Crop productivity and nutrient use are mainly water restricted in semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to find out whether the onion seed crop productivity could be elevated through drip fertigation. The effects of irrigation and fertigation levels on yield, yield components, quality, and nutrient use of onion seed crop (Allium cepa L.) were investigated at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, western India on a sandy clay loam soil. Irrigation water applied at evapotranspiration (ETc) levels at 80% (I₁), 90% (I₂), and 100% (I₃), whereas drip fertigation levels at 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of recommended dose [120:60:60 nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) kg/ha] were investigated. Three-year experiment results showed no significant differences in number of seed per umbel, seed yield per umbel per plant, seed and straw yield per hectare from the comparison between 100% ETc and 90% ETc. In fertigation, 120% and 100% levels gave significantly higher values of yield components and seed yield than the 80% and 60% levels. The quality parameters decreased with decrease in ETc, but increased with increase in fertigation levels. Fertilizer-use efficiency (FUE) was highest in 60% fertigation and then declined with the increase in fertigation levels. Irrigation at 100% ETc and fertigation at 120% resulted in higher nutrient use, but the difference with 90% ETc and 100% fertigation was non-significant. The 90% ETc and 100% fertigation dose (120:60:60 NPK kg/ha) appears a useful practice to increase onion seed productivity under the semi-arid climate of western India.     

施肥方式对滴灌加工番茄干物质积累、养分吸收和产量的影响

通过加工番茄大田试验,研究了不同施肥方式下,膜下滴灌加工番茄的干物质积累与养分吸收规律及产量构成。结果表明,在滴灌追施100%氮肥和初果期之后滴灌追施70%钾肥的基础上,基施65%磷肥和初果期之前滴灌追施35%磷肥(优化处理)比100%磷肥基施的加工番茄干物质增加11.51%,产量提高3.59%,氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别增加了6.06、4.15和5.26个百分点。氮肥和磷肥在初果期之前滴灌追施,氮肥和钾肥在初果期之后滴灌追施的滴灌配方肥处理的产量显著低于优化处理,且优化处理的肥料效益也好于滴灌配方肥处理。加工番茄在初果期之前滴灌追施氮与磷,在初果期之后滴灌追施氮与钾可以提高加工番茄产量,增加肥料利用效率。     

膜下滴灌水肥耦合促进番茄养分吸收及生长

研究膜下滴灌不同水肥调控措施对日光温室番茄生长、产量、养分吸收利用的影响,为温室番茄水肥科学管理提供依据。设灌水(W)和施肥(F:N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,以常规沟灌施肥(W1:100%ET0,F1:240-120-150kg/hm2,ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)为对照(Control,CK),3个滴灌水量(W1:100%ET0、W2:75%ET0、W3:50%ET0)和3个施肥水平(F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2、F2:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、F3:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,滴灌施肥(W1F1)比CK处理的干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力(PFP,partial factor productivity of fertilizer)分别增加60.0%、46.9%和47.0%,氮、磷和钾吸收量是CK的1.82~2.41、1.56~2.03和1.36~1.90倍。滴灌施肥下,W1F2干物质量最大(9 258.3 kg/hm2),W1和W2较W3增产19.0%和6.5%,F1和F2较F3增产18.3%和12.9%。生育期内,植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增大(第二果膨大期,F2处理磷和钾吸收量最大除外),灌水量越大,养分利用效率(NUE,nutrient use efficiency)越小,吸收效率(UPE,nutrient uptake efficiency)和PFP越大,施肥量越大,NUE、UPE及PFP均减小。综合分析,滴灌施肥增产效果明显,W1F2(100%ET0,N-P2O5-K2O为180-90-112.5 kg/hm2)处理干物质量最大,有较大的增产潜力,UPE和PFP较高,是适宜的灌水施肥组合。     

滴灌磷钾肥基追比对滴灌玉米干物质积累、产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷钾肥滴灌追施对玉米干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施玉米的生物量和产量要优于磷钾肥全部基施,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施比磷肥全部基施的玉米干物质提高4.36%,产量增加8.14%;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施比钾肥全部基施的玉米干物质增加4.86%,产量增加4.98%。磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施显著提高了玉米氮、磷、钾的吸收量和利用率,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为46.65%、28.42%、46.33%,比磷肥全部基施分别提高了6.0、8.44和8.95个百分点;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为45.46%、27.92%、46.95%,比钾肥全部基施分别提高了4.26、0.99和11.89个百分点。     

Identifying critical limit in soil and plant for determining response of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) to boron application in Madurai soils of Tamil Nadu,India

To establish critical limit in soils and plant, soil samples were collected from twenty; 12, 5 and 3 soil locations of low, medium and high boron (B) status from Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India for pot culture experiment. Based on the results of pot culture experiment, the critical limit was determined to be 42.7 mg kg^?1 for groundnut plants and 0.39 mg kg^?1 in Madurai soils. Groundnut plants were highly responded to B application in soils below the critical limit whereas soils with B greater than 0.51 mg kg^?1 did not respond. For the confirmation of pot culture results, a field experiment was conducted with different B treatments comprised of soil and foliar applications and results revealed that the pod yield of groundnut increased with increasing levels of B and the soil application of 20 kg ha^?1 as borax has showed significantly higher pod yield in the district.     

Soil-Test-Based Optimum Fertilizer Doses for Attaining Yield Targets of Rice under Midland Alfisols of Eastern India

Soil-test crop-response experiments on rice were conducted in the Bastar Plateau Agroclimatic Zone of Chhattisgarh during 2009–2011 to assess yield, soil, plant, and fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrient relationships and calibrate optimum fertilizer doses for attaining yield targets. Soil fertility status was poor to medium for N (194–283 kg ha^?1) and P (7.53–19.66 kg ha^?1), and medium to good for K (226–320 kg ha^?1). Based on nutrient requirements (NR, kg q^?1) and contributions from soil (CS, %), fertilizer (CF, %), and farmyard manure (CFYM, %), optimum fertilizer doses were derived. The fertilizer doses were validated for attaining yield targets of 5000 and 6000 kg ha^?1 in farmer’s fields. Rice yield within 10% deviation was attained, which indicated that soil-test-based fertilizer dose was superior. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in other parts of the world to increase rice yields.     

Assessment of bio-inoculants-mediated nutrient management in terms of productivity,profitability and nutrient harvest index of pigeon pea–wheat cropping system in India

Abstract

Imbalanced and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has been adversely influencing the quality of soil, environment, biodiversity and nutrient status in soil. Conjoint application of bio-inoculants (BI) with organic or inorganic sources of nutrients tweaks nutrient synchrony in soil and improves plant nutrition. With this backdrop an experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2016–2018. The objectives were to identify the suitable combinations of BI-mediated nutrient sources for higher productivity and profitability in pigeon pea–wheat cropping system (PWCS). The nine pigeon pea treatments; four sole applications viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), vermicompost (VC), farm yard manure (FYM), leaf compost (LC) and four conjoint applications viz., RDF?+?BI, VC?+?BI, FYM?+?BI and LC?+?BI and one control were replicated thrice under randomized block design (RBD). However, in succeeding wheat, each of the treatments applied to pigeon pea was further allocated to two levels (50% and 100%) in factorial RBD. Findings exhibit that FYM?+?BI could result into higher equivalent-system grain productivity (10.4 and 10.8?t?ha^?1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) of PWCS. However, profitability parameters of PWCS were higher with the RDF?+?BI. Uptake of nutrients (NPK) was significantly higher with FYM?+?BI in pigeon pea and RDF?+?BI in wheat. Nutrient harvest index (NHI) did not vary significantly in both the crops. Conclusively, bio-inoculation is more productive and beneficial in general, while, over the various combinations, recommendation of FYM?+?BI combination could be more productive and sustainable.     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置

【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。     

Site-specific nutrient requirements of NPK for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Western Indo-gangetic plains of India based on QUEFTS

Abstract

Potato productivity in India is static due to unbalanced use of nutrients and intensive cropping system. Nutrient use efficiency and yield can be increased by application of nutrients based on quantitative approaches. We calibrated the quantitative evaluation of fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model for the estimation of NPK requirements for different targeted yields of potato. Published data sets were used to calibrate the model. The results of the study showed that to produce one ton of potato tubers, 18, 4, and 24?kg N, P, and K, respectively, would be needed with internal efficiencies of 55, 285, and 42?kg tuber dry yield/kg N, P, and K removed. The observed yields of potato with different amount of nutrients were in agreement with the values predicted by the model. Therefore, the QUEFTS model based NPK fertilizer recommendations can be adopted for site-specific nutrient management of potato.     

Soil and plant nutrient management and fruit production of papaya (Carica papaya) in Keaau,Hawaii

Abstract

Variations in papaya yields and fruit quality between papaya growers in Keaau, Hawai’i are mainly caused by differences in nutrient management. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify soil chemical properties and plant mineral compositions and their correlations in commercial papaya orchards; (2) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient concentrations between papaya orchards with low, medium and high fruit yields; (3) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient composition between orchards with low, medium and high fruit quality; (4) determine the difference in soil chemical properties, plant nutrient composition, and papaya yield and quality between new and long-term papaya land. Between 2016 and 2018, soil and plant tissue samples were collected from 100 commercial papaya orchards. Soil pH, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were below and phosphorus (P) was above the recommended range for papaya. Petiole P, K, Ca, and sulfur (S) concentrations were below the recommended range. Fields with low fruit yields and low fruit quality were deficient in P, K, Ca, and zinc (Zn). Long-term papaya land had significantly (p?<?0.05) lower soil pH, total carbon (C), K, Ca, Mg, and sodium (Na), and higher concentrations of soil P than new papaya land. Nitrogen (N), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) was significantly higher and Ca was significantly lower in petioles from papaya crops grown on long-term papaya land compared to new papaya land.     

马铃薯脱毒种薯植物工厂繁育的营养液类型与浓度优化调控

针对基于植物工厂繁育脱毒马铃薯原原种中营养液分段组合管理缺乏合理指导的问题,该文以马铃薯脱毒组培植株为试验材料,在LED植物工厂中,分别针对苗期、块茎形成与膨大期及成熟期设置了营养液不同类型和浓度组合管理的3个全生育期栽培试验,探究营养液分段组合管理对植株生长和结薯的影响。结果表明,霍格兰(H)营养液处理的苗期叶面积显著高于MX营养液(MX)和日本园试(J)营养液处理,H营养液对马铃薯脱毒植株的苗期生长更具优势;MX处理的单株薯数、单株有效薯数及结薯数大于3粒的植株比率分别为3.2粒、2.8粒和83.33%,均高于J和H营养液处理。在块茎形成与膨大期,0.8倍浓度的MX营养液(0.8MX)引起植株纤细徒长,1.2MX抑制株高伸长,1.0MX对植株形态发育有利。在成熟期,0.8MX+MX+0.6MX(B)组合处理的单株薯数、单株有效薯数、单株薯质量、单株有效薯质量及结薯数大于3粒的植株比率分别为4.0粒、3.5粒、23.66 g、23.18 g和100%,显著高于0.8MX+0.8MX+0.8MX(A)和0.8MX+1.2MX+0.6MX(C)组合。0.6MX处理马铃薯植株的株高、地上部干样质量、叶面积、种薯质量均高于0.7MX处理,表明成熟期0.6MX处理对种薯产量形成有利;H+MX+0.6MX(D)组合处理的单株薯质量和单株有效薯质量均为29.78 g,显著高于0.8MX+MX+0.6MX(E)和0.8MX+MX+0.7MX(F)组合。综合考虑植物工厂对营养液管理调控的便捷性、操作管理的可靠性和系统运行的稳定性要求,H+MX+0.6MX的营养液分段组合管理对LED植物工厂中脱毒马铃薯种薯的生产更具优势。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

Optimization of irrigation and nutrient concentration based on economic returns,substrate salt accumulation and water use efficiency for tomato in greenhouse

To evaluate the effects of different irrigation and nutrient concentration strategy on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), fruit quality and substrate salt accumulation, tomatoes were grown with five different levels of water (W: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150%) and nutrient concentrations (N: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of Hoagland strength(X)). Fruit quality index was determined by normalization of fruit quality parameters. Deficit irrigation at standard concentration of nutrients reduced yields by 17.43% and 15.52% for T₇ (W_75%-N_1.0x) and 49.54%–51.99% for T₈ (W_50%-N_1.0x) during spring-summer (SS) and fall-winter (FW) seasons, respectively. Contents of total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and sugar acid ratio (SAR) were all increased in water-deficit treatments. T₈ was found to be highest in TSS, TA and SAR except SAR in FW. Over-irrigation with excessive and standard Hoagland nutrient concentration caused non-significant reduction in yield except T₆ (W_125%-N_1.0x) in SS. T₂ (W_100%-N_2.0x) and T₄ (W_100%-N_1.5x) caused more substrate salt accumulation which resulted in significant decrease in yield and WUE. Through economic analysis, over-watering along with excessive nutrients caused profit reductions. Considering water saving, yield and fruit quality through economic analysis, T₇ found to be optimal strategy.     

Soil-Plant-Fertilizer Relationships in Turmeric Assessment of Soil-Plant-Fertilizer-Nutrient Relationships for Sustainable Productivity of Turmeric under Alfisols and Inceptisols in Southern India

Field experiments were conducted during 2005–2007 to test effects of nineteen treatments on turmeric rhizome yield in Alfisol at Utukur and Inceptisol at Jagtial in India. The treatments were comprised of nitrogen (N) at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha^?1; phosphorus (P) at 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^?1; and potassium (K) at 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha^?1. Application of 180-120-100 kg ha^?1 NPK gave maximum yield of 4302 kg ha^?1 in Alfisols, whereas application of 120-80-100 kg ha^?1 gave 4817 kg ha^?1 in Inceptisols. Regression and principal component (PC) models were calibrated through soil-plant-fertilizer variables. The regression model gave significant R² of 0.75 in Alfisols compared to 0.88 in Inceptisols, whereas the PC model explained variance of 66.5 percent in Alfisols and 76.3 percent in Inceptisols. Regression model through PC scores gave R² of 0.54 in Alfisols and 0.47 in Inceptisols. Maximum sustainability yield indexes of 58.8 and 55.5 percent by 180-120-120 kg ha^?1 (Alfisol) and 67.1 and 60.6 percent by 120-80-100 kg ha^?1 (Inceptisol) were attained based on regression and PC models respectively.     

Effect of Predominant Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality Indices under Post Monsoon (Rabi) Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) in Rainfed Black Soils (Vertisols) of Western India

A long-term study was conducted to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil quality in post-monsoon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Solapur in Maharashtra State in Western India under All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture. The experiment was laid out with ten Integrated Nutrient Management Treatments in a randomized block design with three replications. The results of the study indicated that among all the integrated nutrient management treatments practiced, the application of 25 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 through crop residue (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) showed the highest soil quality index of 2.36, which was at par with other treatments receiving farmyard manure (FYM) and crop residues along with urea. The relative order of performance of the integrated nutrient management treatments in influencing soil quality was: T₆: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.36) >T₅: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) (2.31) > T₇: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.30) = T₈: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) +25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.30) > T₁₀: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.17) > T₄: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR:crop residues) (2.16) > T₉: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.15) > T₃: 50 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.10) > T₂: 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (1.99) > T_1: 0 kg N ha^?1 (control) (1.77). The results of the study also indicated that average percent contribution of each soil key indicator towards soil quality indices was: pH (3.97%), EC (1.94%), organic carbon (18.6%), available P (2.80%), available K (6.57%), exchangeable Ca (7.02%), available S (3.45%), Available Zn (17.9%), dehydrogenase (DHA) (16.2%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (18.5%) and mean weight diameter (MWD) (3.14%). Thus, the results of the present study will be highly useful to the land managers in planning effective management of soil quality.