优化氮肥用量和基追比例提高红壤性水稻土肥力和双季稻氮素的农学效应

【目的】 优化氮肥用量和基追比例是实现氮肥减施和提高肥料利用率的重要途径。本研究在南方典型双季稻种植区进行定位试验,通过对土壤肥力与氮素农学效益进行综合评价,以期提出适合当地土壤和水稻种植条件的氮肥减施模式。 【方法】 以南方典型红壤区双季稻种植体系为研究对象,于 2014～2015 连续进行了 4 季大田定位试验,设处理:1) 不施氮肥 (T1);2) 当地农民习惯施氮 (T2),早稻、晚稻各施 N 165 和 195 kg/hm2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥比分别为 60∶40∶0、40∶30∶30;3) 在 T2 处理基础上减施氮肥 20% (T3),即早稻施 N 135 kg/hm2,晚稻施 N 165 kg/hm2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥比均为 40∶30∶30,并以 20% 有机氮代替普通化肥氮。分析了成熟期水稻产量和植物样氮素含量,测定了 0—20 cm土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷等理化指标,计算了累计氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效率,分别利用内梅罗指数法和灰色关联度法综合评价了土壤肥力效应以及各施肥模式的综合效益。 【结果】 1) 各处理土壤综合肥力指数 (IFI) 值由高到低为 T3 > T2 > T1;与 T2 处理相比,优化氮肥用量和基追比例的 T3 处理 IFI 值提高 2.34%,土壤微生物量碳含量提高了 4.37%～25.39%,土壤微生物量氮含量提高了 17.85%～29.24% (P < 0.05)。2) 与 T2 处理相比,2014–2015 年 T3 处理累计氮肥农学效率显著提高了 29.66% (P < 0.05),累计氮肥表观利用率显著提高了 28.82% (P < 0.05);2014 年各处理水稻总产量无显著差异,2015 年水稻总产量 T3 处理比 T2 处理提高了 5.26%,两年水稻总产量,T3 处理提高了 2.38%。3) 对土壤养分指标、土壤微生物指标和氮素农学效率指标进行关联度分析,2014～2015 年 T3 处理关联度最大,分别为 0.9999 和 1.0000,在土壤肥力和氮肥农学效应综合评价中最优,表明优化氮肥用量和基追比例能够实现氮肥减施以及肥料利用率的提高。 【结论】 在当地农民习惯施氮的基础上减施 20% 化肥氮,以有机氮替代,并适当提高化肥氮在抽穗期的比例,能够保证土壤综合肥力的可持续性、氮素养分持续高效利用和水稻持续稳产。      

施氮水平对杂交晚粳“浙优12”产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为探讨杂交粳稻"浙优12"最佳施氮量,采用田间试验研究了不同施氮水平对浙北平原黄松田水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,水稻产量、氮肥生理效率(PEN)、氮肥回收率(REN)均以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,分别比无氮肥区提高了54.4%、34.1 kg/kg和58.6%;与无氮肥区相比,在施N 150 kg/hm2基础上,配施适量有机肥有助于提高氮素利用率和产量,其PEN和REN分别提高33.1 g/g和50.6%,水稻增产61.2%。本试验条件下,综合稻谷产量、生态效应和经济效益三项因素,合理的水稻施氮量为N 234.8～241.0 kg/hm2,相应的经济生态产量为9796.4～9801.9 kg/hm2。     

Grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of various modern rice cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels

Field trials were conducted to study the responses of grain yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency at five input rates (N₀, N_82.5, N₁₆₅, N_247.5, and N₃₃₀ kg ha^?1) in a set of nine of the most representative rice cultivars. Grain yields of rice across the nine cultivars were increased significantly by N level. All the cultivars contained a significant linear plus plateau or quadratic relationship between N levels and grain yields.The minimum yields (means of 2 years) at N₀, N_82.5, N₁₆₅, N_247.5, and N₃₃₀ level all occurred in No. 2 cultivar. Compared with the grain yield of No. 2 at different N levels, those of the maximum cultivars increased by 37.1 (No. 8), 39.1 (No. 7), 48.4 (No.3), 43.3 (No. 4), and 43.9% (No. 3), respectively. In 2011, the highest average apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE) in grain of the 4 N levels occurred in No. 3 cultivar (45.9%), followed by No. 4, No. 6, and No. 1, and the highest average agronomic efficiency (AE) in grain of the 4 N levels occurred in No. 9 cultivar [29.0 kg (kg N)^?1], followed by No. 3, No. 1, and No. 4. For the second-season planting, the highest average ANRE occurred in No. 4 cultivar (28.4%), followed by No. 3, No. 5, and No. 6, and the highest average AE occurred in No. 5 cultivar [18.1 kg (kg N)^?1], followed by No. 4, No. 3, and No. 7. Overall, No. 3 and No. 4 cultivars were the ideal ones that not only increased the grain yield but also improved the N use efficiency.     

包膜复合肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率与土壤速效氮的影响

以郑单958为材料,比较研究了复合肥(CF)与包膜复合肥(CCF)对华北平原夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤速效氮与土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明,1)玉米产量随施氮量增大而增大,施N.180.kg/hm2时,CCF处理高于CF处理,施N.90.kg/hm2时表现相反;2)与CF处理比较,CCF处理施N.180.kg/hm2时,氮肥利用率高5.3个百分点,施N.90.kg/hm2时低2.4个百分点;3)土壤速效氮含量一般随施氮量增大而提高,各时期表土层CCF处理较CF处理高,中、下土层表现相反。大喇叭口期之前,CF处理中、下土层土壤速效氮含量高于上土层(020.cm或040cm),而CCF180处理060.cm土层高于60120.cm土层;4)不施氮,各生育阶段均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺,且吐丝后亏缺量占总亏缺量近80%;土壤氮素表观亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低,两种肥料表现一致;同等施氮量下CCF处理亏缺量较CF处理低。包膜复合肥氮素释放较平稳,对土壤速效氮向下运移的控制较好,有利于减少氮素潜在的淋洗损失。综合考虑产量、氮肥利用与氮素损失等因素,包膜复合肥用量N.180.kg/hm2是吴桥试区夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

水氮调控对小油菜养分吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响

合理的灌水、施氮量对提高小油菜养分利用率、控制面源污染具有重要意义。本文采用盆栽试验,利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术,研究不同灌水水平(W_1:60%θ_f;W_2:75%θ_f;W_3:90%θ_f。θ_f为田间持水量)和施氮量(N_0:0 g·kg~(-1);N_1:0.1 g·kg~(-1);N_2:0.2 g·kg~(-1);N_3:0.3 g·kg~(-1))对小油菜养分吸收、产量及水氮利用率的影响。结果表明:灌水水平与施氮量对小油菜根系与叶片氮、磷、钾含量均有显著影响,且叶片含磷量受水氮交互作用的显著影响。叶片氮、钾含量显著大于根系。增加灌水,小油菜含磷量与根系含氮量增加,含钾量及叶片含氮量降低;施氮能增加小油菜氮、钾含量,降低含磷量。灌水与施氮对小油菜氮、磷、钾吸收总量均有显著影响,且磷、钾吸收量受水氮交互作用的影响显著,中水低氮处理(W_2N_1)各养分吸收量均最大。小油菜产量受灌水水平和施氮量的显著影响,表现为随灌水水平的提高而增加,随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)受施氮量及水氮互作的显著影响,随施氮量增加,IWUE变化与产量变化一致。灌水与施氮对~(15)N肥料去向有显著影响,且肥料利用率受水氮互作的显著影响。随灌水水平提高,肥料利用率呈增加趋势,中水处理肥料残留率最低,损失率最高。随施氮量增加,肥料利用率不断降低,损失率呈增加的趋势。本试验条件下,综合考虑小油菜养分吸收、产量及水氮利用率,W_3N_1、W_2N_1组合为推荐水氮处理。     

麦茬长秧龄条件下氮肥对机插水稻氮素利用效率及产量影响的研究

为弥补秧苗超龄对长秧龄机插稻生长产生的负效应,以杂交中稻品种冈优906为材料,设置施氮量和氮肥基、追配比两因素试验,研究了氮肥运筹对机插水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:长秧龄机插稻植株氮素积累动态符合logistic曲线增长规律。随施氮量增加,植株氮素积累总量增加,稻谷生产效率、氮素收获指数、氮素农学效率和氮素生理利用率均减小,氮素当季利用率呈先增后减的趋势。同一施氮水平下提高穗肥比例,氮素运转效率、收获指数、农学效率、生理利用率和氮素当季利用率增加,稻谷生产效率降低。长秧龄机插稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量对有效穗和每穗实粒数有显著影响,成穗率、每穗实粒数、充实率、充实度随后期施氮比例的增加而增加,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基:蘖:穗肥比为4:3:3的氮肥运筹方式下长秧龄机插稻产量最高。     

水、磷对紫花苜蓿产量及水肥利用效率的影响

【目的】紫花苜蓿作为畜牧业生产中最主要的优质绿色饲料,是发展草食畜牧业的物质基础,同时它也是一种需水需肥较多的作物。如何从技术方面提高单位面积苜蓿产量,实现苜蓿高产栽培是科学研究人员及生产者研究的重点。北京市东南部接壤的蓟县、宝坻及南部接壤的廊坊、武清等地区,是北京市在生态和环境优先发展原则下畜牧养殖业外移的重要承接区域,苜蓿在当地种植缺乏科学指导,年干重产量仅为7500~10000 kg/hm2,盐碱地年产量更低,为4500~6000 kg/hm2。本研究通过苜蓿水肥试验确立紫花苜蓿达到高产的最佳磷肥施用水平和灌水量,为京南地区苜蓿高产及水肥的高效利用提供可借鉴的水肥管理技术。【方法】实验在低磷砂壤土条件下进行,选用紫花苜蓿中苜2号品种,设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、以及返青后及第1、2茬刈割后灌水且每次灌水25 mm （W1）、50 mm （W2）、75 mm （W3）4个灌水处理;每个灌水处理下设置不施磷（F0）、施P2O5 105 kg/hm2（F1）、210 kg/hm2（F2）3个施磷量处理,研究了灌水和施磷对紫花苜蓿产量、水分和磷肥利用效率的影响。【结果】1）灌水对1、2茬苜蓿产量的影响有显著差异,对3、4茬及全年产量的影响无显著差异;施磷肥对第3茬苜蓿产量没有显著影响,但对第1、2、4茬及全年苜蓿产量的影响均存在显著差异。2）灌水和施磷肥对紫花苜蓿的水分和肥料利用效率均有显著影响,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿的水分利用率逐渐增大,说明施磷可以提高水分利用效率;随着灌水量的增加,苜蓿的磷肥利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,说明适当的增加灌水量可以提高苜蓿的磷肥利用效率。【结论】综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量、水分和肥料利用效率等指标,最优试验处理为每次灌水量50 mm,施P2O5 210 kg/hm2,其次为每次灌水量25 mm, 施P2O5 210 kg/hm2。     

Growth,radiation use efficiency and grain yield of wheat as influenced by nitrogen,tillage, and crop residue management

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is one of the major agronomic measures to mitigate green house gas emission, enhance food security, and improve agriculture sustainability. The study, therefore, aimed to evaluate crop growth (CG) and radiation use efficiency in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha^?1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT?=?35?cm) and shallow (ST?=?15?cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160?kg ha^?1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass. Nitrogen applied 120?kg ha^?1 resulted in higher CG, RUE and grain yield for treatment LR, followed by CR and the lowest for the NR. Crop of second year showed higher grain yield, which was due to healthy traits including better CG and RUE. The study suggests that CR of LR or CR nature incorporated deep into the soil can optimize crop N-fertilizer demand for optimum production, which protects environment from the excessive use of N application.     

在施钾条件下灌溉水稻的养分吸收和利用效率研究

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N, P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

春玉米产量和施氮量对氮素利用率的影响

提高氮素利用率是提高氮素收益、降低氮肥施用所带来的环境风险的重要途径。采用同一品种春玉米丰田6号,以无灌溉黑土为供试土壤,采用“3414”试验设计,经3年试验,对春玉米氮素利用效率与玉米产量和施氮量之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,氮肥利用率与产量呈显著的正相关,而与施氮量呈显著负相关。当玉米产量大于11 t/hm2,施氮水平控制在当地推荐施肥量时,氮肥利用率可高达45%以上;超过当地推荐施肥量,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加急剧下降。当玉米产量低于6 t/hm2时,氮肥利用率徘徊在17%左右,并且随着施氮量的增加变化不明显。     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。     

黄土高原旱地小麦施肥对产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上,研究了黄土高原旱地不同施肥对小麦产量、土壤养分和水分的变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,单施有机肥(M)增产效果较好,产量达5265.0 kg/hm2;有机肥和化肥配施(NPM)小麦产量最高,达5898.8 kg/hm2。NPM配施小麦总吸氮量最大,比单施氮肥(N)增加了131.4 kg/hm2;NPM配施的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率分别为67.0%、49.16 kg/kg、36.97 kg/kg、73.11kg/kg;在不同施肥体系中其变化趋势基本一致,均为:NNPNMNPM,处理间差异显著。土壤养分含量变化看出,单施氮肥土壤全氮、碱解氮与不施肥(CK)的差异不显著;有机肥可显著提高土壤速效钾的含量;NPM配施土壤耗水量最大为558.3 mm,水分利用率最高为31.5 kg/(hm2.mm),随着耗水量增加的同时,土壤出现干燥化趋势。     

减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响

氮、 磷用量偏大,钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育,而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、 磷肥,稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、 养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理,每个处理重复2次。结果表明,氮钾、 磷钾、 氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 60 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150 kg/hm2、 K2O 60 kg/hm2）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P0.05）,明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出,减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、 钾含量和秸秆氮、 钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、 钾的积累量和氮、 磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P0.05）。适当减少氮、 磷用量, 增加钾肥用量能改善氮、 钾营养状况,促进地上部干物质的积累,提高籽粒产量和氮、 磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm2、 P2O5 46.5 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。     

不同整地方式下施肥对夏玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响

通过连续两年田间试验研究了平作、垄沟及成垄压实等不同整地方式条件下施肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率(NUE)及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明，不同整地方式因影响田间土壤水分、养分的运动和分布，从而进一步影响到施肥效果，故不同整地方式条件下施肥可影响玉米产量及主要产量构成因素，如穗重、穗粒数、500粒重等。平地条件下玉米生物学产量及籽粒产量及其主要构成因素最小，成垄压实与垄沟条件下分别较平地条件下提高玉米籽粒产量9.5%～10.3%和4.2%～6.3%。成垄压实与垄沟条件下玉米产量构成因素差异不大。不同     

Biochar particle size and Rhizobia strains effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen in lentils

Abstract

Biochar has attained significant attention as a beneficial soil amendment amongst growers and researchers. However, the impact of particle size of biochar is yet to be investigated. Here in the present study, we studied three particle sizes (<2?mm, 2–5?mm, and >5?mm) of biochar and two rhizobia strains (Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)) for their effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen (N) in lentils. The two years experiment followed a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated three times. The data revealed that grain N, straw N, N uptake, N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2?mm). However, the N physiological efficiency, number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size. Furthermore, the smallest particle size showed more number of pod plant^?1. Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N but not the grain N. Both strains showed increased NRE and NAE, however, the RL demonstrated 7% more grain N than the RG. Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant^?1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length, respectively. The RL strain improved the number of branches plant^?1 at the lowest (<2?mm) and medium size (2–5?mm) particles size but both RL and RG strains demonstrated increased plant height under the maximum particle size. These results indicated that a mere increase in surface area with decreasing biochar particle size may not serve for enhancing biofertilizer strains performance since reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N applied. However, reducing particle size effect on N cycling into soil plant system was favorable.     

Root growth,nutrient uptake and use efficiency by roots of tropical legume cover crops as influenced by phosphorus fertilization

The root is an important organ which supplies water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium) and 200 (high) mg kg^?1 of soil and 5 cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg^?1 soil. The P X cover crops interaction for all the macro and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn) was significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen>calcium>potassium>magnesium>phosphorus (N > Ca > K > Mg > P) and micronutrient uptake pattern was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper (Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu). Cover crops which produced maximum root dry weight also accumulated higher amount of nutrients, including N compared to cover crops which produced lower root dry weight. Higher uptake of N compared to other nutrients by cover crops indicated that use of cover crops in the cropping systems can reduce loss of nitrate (NO₃^?) from soil-plant systems. Increase in root length and root dry weight with the addition of P can improve nutrient uptake from the soil and less loss of macro and micronutrients from the soil-plant systems.     

Effects of split nitrogen fertilization on post-anthesis photoassimilates,nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield in malting barley

Abstract

Split nitrogen applications are widely adopted to improve grain yield and enhance nitrogen use effective in crops. In a two-year field experiment at two eco-sites, five fractions of topdressed nitrogen of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were implemented. Responses of radiation interception and leaf photosynthesis after anthesis, dry matter accumulation and assimilates remobilization, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield to fraction of topdressed nitrogen treatments were investigated in malting barley. Net photosynthetic rate of the penultimate leaf, leaf area index and light extinction coefficient increased with increasing fraction topdressed nitrogen from 0% to 30%, and then decreased from 30% to 50%. The putative gross maximum canopy photosynthesis was the highest for fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%, which was concomitant with the highest amount of post-anthesis accumulated assimilates. The remobilization of pre-anthesis stored assimilates from vegetative organs into grains was hardly significantly affected by fractions of topdressed nitrogen. Grain yield was the highest for fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%, which coincided with the highest plant nitrogen uptake and physiological and agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies. The enhanced nitrogen use efficiency was corresponding to the improved photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency in the leaves at fraction of topdressed nitrogen of 30%. In conclusion, appropriate fraction of topdressed nitrogen application on malting barley improved assimilation rate and nitrogen use efficiency resulting in higher grain yields and proper grain protein content in malting barley.     

Effect of organic amendments on rice yield trend,phosphorus use efficiency,uptake, and apparent balance in soil under long-term rice-wheat rotation

The experiment was conducted in a 22nd cycle of rice-wheat rotation established in the eastern India with a randomized block designed with various combinations of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients like farm yard manure (FYM), paddy straw (PS), and green manure in rice crop only. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) and its combination with FYM, PS, and green manuring increased the grain yield of rice significantly. Rice yield declined only in control plots (?0.003 t ha^?1 year^?1), whereas positive yield trend was maintained in all the treatments. All organically amended plots showed a better uptake as well as use efficiencies of applied phosphorus (P) inputs over control. The apparent P balance showed positive value in control treatment over the years ranging from ?4.8 to 24.8 kg ha^?1 year^?1. The positive yield trend of rice was maintained due to buildup of P from various organic inputs.     

长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响

以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。     

不同氮肥管理对吉林春玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响

针对吉林春玉米氮肥施用中存在氮肥用量偏大,且具盲目性的现状,采用田间试验研究农民习惯施氮量和推荐施氮量下氮肥不同施用方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,推荐施氮量下,苗期和灌浆期春玉米干物质积累量显著高于习惯施肥,有机无机配合提高了春玉米干物质积累速率。施氮处理与不施氮相比均显著增加玉米子粒产量,增产11.2%～16.8%; 推荐施氮量下玉米子粒产量与习惯施氮量相当,但显著提高氮素的偏因子生产力和农学效率。在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,用30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮与100%化肥氮处理的产量相当,对氮素利用效率也没有影响,并降低收获期土壤无机氮含量。说明合理施用氮肥不但能够维持玉米产量,还可减少氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用效率;有机肥部分替代化肥氮是吉林春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。