Interspecific competition changes nutrient : nutrient ratios of weeds and maize

The elemental ratios of plant tissues are associated with the adaptive and competitive success of a plant species in an ecosystem. So far, no study has evaluated if and how crop–weed competition influences the elemental ratios of competing populations, although such information is important to understand weed infestation dynamics and to improve weed management in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to analyze weed–crop elemental ratios during interspecific competition between weeds and crops in greenhouse experiments. For this, maize (Zea mays L.) and the weeds Amaranthus viridis L, Bidens pilosa L., and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donell were grown under seven treatments: maize and weed monocultures, and maize in competition with weeds. Competition between plants practically did not influence growth and nutrient contents of maize but reduced weed growth and nutrient uptake. Maize showed few changes in elemental ratios. In contrast, B. pilosa and I. grandifolia were very sensitive to competition and showed significant increases in C : N, C : P, C : K, N : P, and N : K ratios when grown with maize. A. viridis showed low flexibility of nutrient : nutrient ratios under the same competitive pressure as that faced by B. pilosa and I. grandifolia. The interspecific competition led to increases only in the C : P ratio of A. viridis shoots. Therefore, interspecific competition changes the elemental ratios, mainly of the weeds, and the magnitude of this change is dependent on the plant species involved. Interspecific competition changes plant biomass quality (higher C : nutrient ratios), mainly for B. pilosa and I. grandifolia.     

两种间作体系中养分竞争与营养促进作用研究

应用根系分隔技术研究小麦 /蚕豆、小麦 /大豆间作中养分竞争和营养促进作用结果表明 ,与豆科根系相互作用时小麦生物量和养分吸收量均大于完全分隔和 30 μm孔径尼龙网分隔处理 ;与小麦根系相互作用时大豆生长受抑 ,生物量低和养分吸收量下降 ,而蚕豆生物量和养分吸收量未受显著影响。小麦竞争能力强于蚕豆和大豆 ,小麦 /大豆间作体系存在种间竞争作用 ,而小麦 /蚕豆间作体系存在种间促进互惠作用     

Effect of cultivar and cadmium rate upon the nutrient content of soybean plants

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar, Cd rate, and cultivar x Cd rate interaction upon nutrient concentrations in the plant. Cultivars rated as T (tolerant) or S (susceptible) to Cd were included in the study. A factorial combination of 10 cultivars and 4 levels of Cd were randomized in 4 replications of a completely randomized design. Additions of CdCl₂ dissolved in distilled water were made to weighed quantities of dry soil. The soil was a Flanagan silt loam (Aquic Argiudoll). Four weeks after planting, plants were harvested, air dried and dry ashed. Chemical determinations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, K, Ca, Mg and P in plants were made by emission spectroscopy.

Nutrient concentrations were affected by cultivar and rate of Cd and generally, nutrient concentrations decreased as rate of Cd increased. The Cd linear x cultivar interaction significantly affected plant concentration of each element except P indicating that the linear effect of Cd was not consistent among all cultivars. A comparison of “susceptible”; cultivars with “tolerant”; cultivars showed significant differences in nutrient concentration of each element except K. Plant K concentration was significantly associated with a Cd linear x T (tolerant) vs. S (susceptible) interaction indicating that the linear trend due to Cd rate differed between cultivars rated S or T to Cd.     

河北省典型棉区土壤养分特征及养分管理技术

在河北省不同区域棉区选择代表县市,通过调查分析和氮、磷、钾3414试验的方法,研究冀南棉区、冀中南棉区及滨海盐渍土棉区的土壤氮、磷、钾养分丰缺现状和养分管理技术。结果表明:冀南棉区土壤速效钾含量偏低成为本区域的制约因素,养分调控原则为稳氮、补磷、増钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、110、150 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为15-13-17;冀中南棉区土壤速效养分含量较为均衡,养分调控原则为稳氮、稳磷、补钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为140、90、120 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为18-12-15;滨海盐渍土棉区土壤养分含量极度不平衡,土壤有效磷含量极低、速效钾含量很高,养分调控原则为控氮、增磷、控钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、130、90 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为17-16-12。     

秸秆还田与氮肥管理对水稻养分吸收的影响

在大田条件下，设计2种秸秆还田方式和3个氮肥水平，研究秸秆还田与氮肥管理对水稻养分吸收的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理(SSNM)能提高抽穗和成熟期各器官中N、P、K含量，使得群体源、库进一步协调，增加抽穗期非结构性碳水化合物，减少成熟期茎鞘中NSC(非结构性碳水化合物含量)的残留，促进同化物向籽粒的运转。该文还对不同处理下养分吸收的差异进行了分析。     

玉米播期对大豆/玉米间作产量及种间竞争力的影响

在间作系统中,间作作物间合理的共生期可有效提高间作系统作物对时空资源的高效利用。而间作作物播期直接影响间作作物间共生期的长短,由此导致的时空生态位分离会直接影响到作物生产力和种间相互作用。为明确大豆/玉米间作系统中玉米播期对间作作物产量、系统生产力及间作作物间资源竞争力的影响,本研究设置3个玉米播期处理——M1(4月24日与大豆同时播种,与大豆共生期165 d)、M2(5月4日播种,与大豆共生期150 d)、M3(5月14日播种,与大豆共生期140 d),通过对单间作条件下作物产量、干物质累积的测定,研究了玉米不同播期下大豆/玉米间作系统作物产量、系统生产力、共生期内种间竞争力变化。结果表明:3个播期处理不影响间作产量优势,土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)均大于1;但随播期延迟,LER变小,M1处理LER最大,达1.37。玉米播期变化对间作大豆产量无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米产量下降,间作系统生产力随之下降。玉米播期对间作大豆产量构成无显著影响;随玉米播期延迟,间作玉米的百粒重随之减小,M3的百粒重(26.1 g)仅为M1(36.6 g)的71%。玉米播期延迟抑制了大豆玉米共生后期玉米资源竞争力的恢复,在大豆和玉米共生前期,大豆的资源竞争力强于玉米,而共生后期(9月至收获),玉米的资源竞争力显著提升;M3处理大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(aggressivity,A_(sm))始终高于M1和M2,玉米相对拥挤指数随播期延迟而降低,表现为M1M2M3,而竞争比率为M3M2M1。因此,就本研究而言,甘肃河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中4月24日大豆和玉米同时播种是此系统间作作物的适宜播期,两作物同时播种可有效稳定间作作物产量及系统生产力,间作玉米播种延迟会导致间作系统生产力下降。     

全程机械化生产对双季稻病虫草发生及产量的影响

为探索不同翻耕栽植方式对双季稻病虫草发生和产量的影响,对旋耕-机插、旋耕+牛耕-机插、牛耕-机插、旋耕-手插等4种翻耕栽植方式进行了比较试验。结果表明,未施药区4种翻耕栽植方式早稻主要病虫草为纹枯病（Rhizoctonia solani）、稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）、鸭舌草（Monochoria vaginalis）和稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）,晚稻主要病虫草为纹枯病、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱（Sogatella furcifera,Nilaparvata lugens）、鸭舌草和稗草。在肥水管理相同的条件下,早、晚稻纹枯病病情指数孕穗期分别为8.25～13.31和17.60～23.10,乳熟期分别达13.75～20.90和20.02～23.76,其中旋耕-手插方式重于旋耕-机插方式,牛耕-机插方式重于旋耕-机插方式。早稻二代稻纵卷叶螟发生较重,卷叶率为15.03%～16.67%;晚稻四代和五代稻纵卷叶螟发生较重,卷叶率分别为29.67%～33.48%和60.09%～65.45%,4种翻耕栽植方式早、晚稻稻纵卷叶螟发生量差异不显著。晚稻稻飞虱前期虫口密度偏低,齐穗期为425～550头/百丛,至乳熟期达1 200～1 600头/百丛,其中以旋耕-手插处理虫口密度最高,旋耕-机插虫口密度最低。早稻稻田杂草有鸭舌草、稗草、矮慈姑、千金子、水竹叶等,均以鸭舌草和稗草为优势种群,分别占总草的68.00%和29.70%;晚稻稻田杂草有鸭舌草、稗草、节节菜、千金子、香附子、空心莲子草等,均以鸭舌草和稗草为优势种群,分别占总草的69.60%和17.40%。早、晚稻以牛耕-机插处理杂草发生量最大,其次分别为旋耕+牛耕-机插和旋耕-机插处理,旋耕-手插处理杂草发生量最小。测产对比方差分析表明,4个种翻耕栽植方式产量差异不显著。在病虫草发生初期,选用适当的农药可有效控制不同翻耕栽植方式病虫草发生,早、晚稻平均增产10.00%和7.88%。该研究为双季稻区水稻全程机械化生产病虫草防治技术的推广提供参考。     

Accumulation and distribution of Zn and Mn in soybean seeds after nutrient seed priming and its contribution to plant growth under Zn- and Mn-deficient conditions

Nutrient seed priming is a strategy to increase the seed reserves of mineral nutrients as primary source for mineral nutrition during seedling development and early growth. The present study investigates the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) seed priming on growth and nutritional status of soybean under conditions of Zn and Mn limitation. Nutrient seed priming increased the natural seed reserves for Zn by, approximately, sixfold and by fivefold for Mn; however, 40–60% of the primed nutrients were adsorbed to the seed coat. Zinc seed priming was able to maintain plant growth for 5 weeks in the same way as Zn supply via the nutrient solution. It is concluded that nutrient seed priming offers perspectives to improve seed quality of soybean for early seedling development under limited nutrient supply or availability and needs further investigation on performance under various stress conditions.     

Changes in nutrient allocation between roots and shoots of young maize plants during sulfate deprivation

Hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants were deprived of the external source of sulfate following an initial period of 13 d during which the sulfur (S) supply was sufficient. The amounts of dry mass (DM), water, sulfate, sulfur, nitrate, ammonium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese were monitored in the shoots and the roots for 10 d. The deprivation altered the nutritional balance between them, causing a 70% decrease of sulfate in shoots and roots after 2 d. At 10 d, 95% of sulfate had vanished in both shoots and roots. Total S remained rather constant in shoots or was slightly decreased in roots after 4 d. This coincided with a decrease of Fe in shoots after 4 d. The calculated decreases of S and Fe in –S shoots, up to 6 d were linearly correlated. Kinetic analysis of the changes revealed a sequence in their onset, and we distinguished early and late changes. Among the early changes, we highlight the following ones: (1) an increased amount of Cu in both shoots and roots at 2 d; Fe was 40% decreased in both shoots and roots at 2 d; (2) a decrease in transpiration rate by 35% after 2 d; (3) alterations in boron allocation; in –S shoots the % changes in S were linearly correlated with the corresponding % changes in B; (4) calcium content was not affected by the S deprivation in –S shoots, whilst it increased in –S root after d 2; (5) Mn and Mg decreased from the beginning and in a uniform fashion in both –S shoots and roots. Day 6 may be considered as the boundary between the early and late changes. The root fraction of DM increased progressively after 4 d. Changes in DM seemed to be similar to those of P. Changes of Zn also took place rather late. In –S shoots and for the time interval between 6 d and 10 d, linear correlations were found between the corresponding % changes of the pairs DM–S, DM–P, DM–N, DM–water, S–N, S–P, and N–P.     

保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。     

Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop

Studies were conducted to screen eight sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for their allelopathic potential against weeds and wheat crop, which customarily follows sunflower in Iraq. All sunflower genotypes significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of companion weeds and the magnitude of inhibition was genotype dependent. Among the eight genotypes tested, Sin-Altheeb and Coupon were the most weed-suppressing cultivars, and Euroflor and Shumoos were the least. A subsequent field experiment indicated that sunflower residues incorporated into the field soil significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of weeds growing in the wheat field. Sunflower genotypes Sin-Altheeb and Coupon appeared to inhibit total weed number and biomass more and significantly increased wheat yield compared with the least-suppressive genotypes (Euroflor and Shumoos). Chromatographic analyses by HPLC revealed the presence of 13 secondary metabolites in residues of the tested sunflower genotypes. All the isolated compounds appeared to be phenolic, with the exception of terpinol, which is a terpenoid derivative. The total concentration of Phytotoxins (phenolic compounds) was found to be higher in the most-suppressive potential genotypes compared with the least-suppressive genotypes.     

贵州土壤养分含量的变化与施肥管理

为了解近年来化肥施用量倍增后 ,贵州农田土壤养分含量的变化 ,在 1985年土壤调查的基础上 ,1998年再次进行了土壤和肥料调查。调查结果表明 ,在目前有机肥与化肥相结合 ,养分供应以化肥为主的施肥结构下 ,水田土壤有机质和氮、磷含量有所增加 ,旱地土壤有机质和全氮含量下降 ,土壤磷素有积累。由于钾肥施用不足 ,水田、旱地土壤钾素含量都明显降低。土壤微量元素中 ,有效态硼、锌、钼普遍增加。今后需增加钾肥的施用 ,并重视施用有机肥、秸杆还田和防治水土流失 ,以培肥土壤 ,实现农业的持续发展     

放养密度对稻田内鸭子运动规律及杂草控制效果的影响

为探索放养密度对鸭子在田间运动行为规律的影响及其对杂草的控制效果,该文采用超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)定位技术,检测了鸭子在田间运动位置信息,研究了不同放养密度下鸭子在田间的活动规律及其对水田主要杂草的防除效果。结果表明,随着放养密的增加:1)鸭子的活动范围变大,单位面积出入几率也增大;2)鸭子在田间运动时间占总时间的比例逐步加大,对应每660 m2放养15、20、25和30只4种放养密度,该比例分别是69.17%,75.33%,77.83%和80.00%;3)鸭子进入各个小单元格的平均次数越多,对应上述4种放养密度,鸭子每天平均进入各单元格次数分别是12.05、17.82、23.03和27.73次,其中,高频次比例逐渐增加,且增加较快,而低频次比例逐渐较小;4)对杂草的控制效果越好,因为鸭子在田间活动的目的是获取食物,放养密度越大,鸭子为获取食物而产生的竞争越激烈,鸭子在田间的活动范围越广、时间越长、进入各个小单元格的频次越高,其采食杂草的机会越多。研究成果将为鸭稻共作技术工艺的进一步优化提供参考。     

下辽河平原不同水肥条件对玉米养分吸收与分配的影响

利用持续16年的长期田间试验与气象观测资料,研究了下辽河平原不同施肥与降水条件对玉米体内养分浓度、养分在籽实与秸秆中的分配比以及每形成单位籽实产量所收获养分量等的影响。结果表明,玉米体内养分浓度及养分在籽实与秸秆中的分配比例明显受施肥、降水及作物生长状况的影响。在平水年条件下,养分在籽实内累积的比例最高,其中N、P、K分别较偏旱或偏涝年景平均相对提高26．2％、33．3％和21．3％。同时,作物生长状况愈好,形成单位籽实产量所需养分量有减少的趋势,这些都说明良好的水肥条件有利作物生长,也有利于提高作物体内养分的转化利用效率。     

沙田柚主产区土壤养分状况与果实品质关系初探

2005年在广东省梅州市沙田柚主产区进行了采样调查,测定了梅州市松口镇大黄、小黄、蓬下、蓬上4个村沙田柚果园0～60 cm土层土壤养分含量,分析了相应果园沙田柚果实的主要品质.结果表明:供试土壤养分状况差异较大,小黄和大黄的氮磷钾有效态营养状况均处于适宜等级,而蓬上和蓬下的碱解氮处于缺乏等级.沙田柚果实品质也存在一定差异,小黄和大黄的沙田柚果实中还原糖和维生素含量较高,较蓬上和蓬下的沙田柚味甜多汁.相关分析表明,沙田柚果实中还原糖与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关,维生素C与土壤碱解氮呈极显著正相关,而与速效钾呈极显著负相关,总酸与土壤全氮、全磷,有效磷、缓效钾呈极显著正相关.说明沙田柚果实品质受土壤氮磷钾营养状况的影响,特别是与土壤氮素含量密切相关.     

库尔勒香梨土壤主要养分与产量关系的研究

以综合管理水平较高的库尔勒香梨(Pyrus Bretschneideri Rehd,简称香梨)示范园为研究区域,通过测定香梨园土壤主要营养元素含量及标准株的产量,构建库尔勒香梨土壤主要营养元素与产量之间关系模型。结果表明:(1)不同土壤层次,0~20 cm土壤有机质含量和有效磷含量高于20~60 cm,0~20 cm碱解氮含量和速效钾含量低于20~60 cm;(2)0~20 cm和20~60 cm土壤层有机质含量与香梨产量关系显著,分别呈对数(P=0.021)和幂函数(P=0.034);0~20 cm土壤层碱解氮与产量关系不显著,而20~60 cm土壤层碱解氮与产量呈对数函数(P=0.053);0~20 cm和20~60 cm土壤层有效磷与产量关系极显著(P=0.014,0.002),相关模型均为对数函数;0~20 cm土壤层速效钾与产量呈幂函数(P=0.041)。总体而言,库尔勒香梨园20~60 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量与库尔勒香梨产量显著相关,表明香梨施肥应深施为宜,施肥深度应≥20 cm;同时,构建土壤养分(x)和单株产量(y)关系模型,即有机质y=28.56x0.22、碱解氮y=16.02lnx+91.72、有效磷y=16.42lnx+110.11、速效钾y=75.96x0.28,达到通过库尔勒香梨目标产量进行定量推荐施肥的目的。     

The influence of rolled erosion control systems on soil moisture content and biomass production: part II. A greenhouse experiment

A controlled greenhouse experiment conducted under high shortwave radiation flux explored the relationship between seven rolled erosion control systems (RECS) and a bare control treatment on soil moisture content (SMC), ryegrass yield, and ryegrass nutrient assimilation. All RECS conserved more moisture in the soil profile than the bare treatment. But, differences between RECS occurred. Geojute was the poorest performer, with mean SMC values commonly 18–30 per cent lower than the other RECS studied; and under drought-induced conditions SMC values were up 22–45 per cent lower than the other systems. Ryegrass yields varied with surface cover, with statistical testing indicating that the bare, Geojute® and P300® treatments were not significantly different. However, the remaining RECS (Futerra®, BioD-Mat™ 70®, C125®, SC150BN® and Curlex® I) had significantly higher ryegrass yields, with Curlex I® being 25 per cent higher than its nearest competitor, SC150BN®. Ryegrass nutrient concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur were generally similar between rolled erosion control treatments, and no measured macronutrient was considered to be deficient. This information coupled with correlation analysis indicated that the soil thermal regime was the most important limiting factor on biomass production. Additionally, of all variables examined by stepwise regression (microclimate and cardinal properties of RECS) only surface albedo (shortwave reflectivity) was significantly related with ryegrass yield. Closer attention needs to be given to the three-dimensionality of rolled erosion control fibers, and their radiative properties if designers are interested in maximizing biomass production from slopes covered by RECS in subtropical/tropical and semiarid environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤养分与春小麦产量关系及最佳施肥量研究

土壤养分与春小麦产量关系及最佳施肥量研究结果表明 ,春小麦产量与土壤养分关系十分密切 ,尤其与土壤有机质、碱解氮含量相关性较好 ,而与速效磷和速效钾关系较差 ;土壤养分供N量严重不足、部分缺P但富K ,这与产量 养分敏感性分析结论相一致 ;春小麦最佳施N量较常规减少 10 % ,施P量减少 15 %。     

Relationship between resistance to bacterial wilt and nutrient uptake in tomato seedlings

Abstract

Varietal differences in the resistance to bacterial wilt and nutrient uptake of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were examined in pot experiments. Twenty-three tomato cultivars were classified into three groups based on the degree of resistance to the disease. Differences in nutrient uptake among cultivars were observed for all the elements tested, and highly resistant cultivars were characterized by a high calcium uptake.     

Effects of repeated clover undersowing,green manure ley and weed harrowing on weeds and yields in organic cereals

Abstract

Cover crops can be used to reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotation and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops, less is however known about effects on weeds. The effects on weed seed bank, weed growth and grain yield of 4 years of annual undersown clover and ryegrass alone and in combination, and one of the 4 years with clover or clover + grass as green manure, were studied in oat and spring wheat at two experimental sites in south-eastern Norway. These treatments were compared with no undersown crop (control) and with weed harrowing. In contrast to many results in the literature, the undersown clover in this study did not suppress annual weeds, but fertilized the weeds as well as the cereals. Undersown clover resulted in a statistically significant increase of grain yield at the two sites to 116% and 121% of control. During the 4-year period relative seed bank and density of emerged weed (dominated by Spergula arvensis) increased significantly about 4.5 and 10 times respectively in the undersown clover plots at Apelsvoll. At Kise both ryegrass alone and ryegrass mixed with clover significantly suppressed the weed biomass to 70% and 74% of control respectively. It is concluded that fertilization effects of undersown clover may have dominated and overriden the competitive effects. One whole-season clover green manure did not increase the mean yield, but resulted in a significant drop in seed bank size the following year, because of limited weed establishment in an established ley. Only a slight increase in average weed biomass was observed at one of the two experimental sites. The weed seed bank and the weed biomass were essentially kept at steady state during the experimental period in harrowed plots, but harrowing decreased grain yield significantly at both sites.