高密度栽培条件下灌水量对河西灌区玉米群体质量及水分利用效率的影响

提高种植密度是玉米产量持续增长的重要措施,探讨高密度栽培下的合理灌溉定额对保障玉米高产及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。2023年4 — 10月在河西灌区张掖节水农业试验站开展田间试验,研究高密度栽培条件下不同灌水量(270.0、390.0、510.0、630.0 mm)对玉米群体质量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,玉米的干物质量、产量呈增加趋势,高灌水量(630.0 mm)下的干物质量和产量均最高,中等灌水量(510.0 mm)下干物质量、产量分别高达32 013.36、16 000.31 kg/hm2,仅比高灌水量处理分别低2.89%、3.13%,而在390.0、270.0 mm灌水量下显著降低。各处理的光合势、生长速率随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,其中吐丝期后20 d达到最大,且随灌水量增加而增大;吐丝期后20 d至灌浆中期,510.0、390.0 mm灌水量下的光合势下降幅度为0.38%、2.40%,生长速率下降幅度为26.16%、30.19%,均低于高灌水量处理和低灌水量(270.0 mm)处理。玉米水分利用效率随灌水量、耗水量增加先上升后下降,390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理下水分利用效率分别为26.21、25.14 kg/(hm2·mm),差异不显著;而产量最高的高灌水量处理及耗水量最低的低灌水量处理仅为22.77、23.98 kg/(hm2·mm),均低于390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理。综合考虑玉米产量与水分利用效率等指标,在种植密度为11.70万株/hm2 条件下,510.0 mm为玉米生育期适宜灌水量,可实现增产节水目标。     

Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Grain Quality of Durum Wheat

This work aimed to assess the influences of soil salinity and drought stresses on grain quality characteristics of selected salt-tolerant genotypes differing in salinity tolerance in durum wheat. This study was conducted under control, drought, and saline field conditions in separate experiments during 2 years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for each experiment. The results showed significant effects of genotype and environmental conditions on all grain-quality related traits. Salt and drought stress caused the significant increment of grain protein content, wet and dry gluten contents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Thousand-grain weight, grain protein yield, and test weight reduced significantly under both salinity and drought stress conditions. Protein content showed positive correlation with wet gluten, dry gluten, SDS sedimentation, and volume and strong negative correlation with other traits. It is concluded that influence of salinity stress was greater than drought stress on grain protein yield and some other grain-quality-related traits.     

节水灌溉方式与磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响

为探明滴灌、微喷灌和磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,通过田间试验,以漫灌常量施肥为对照（CK）,设滴灌（W₁）和微喷灌（W₂）2种节水灌溉方式,生育期均灌水4次,即越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水（越冬水、拔节水灌水量600 m³/hm²、返青水和灌浆水灌水量300 m³/hm²）;W₁和W₂下设磷钾肥常量（R_PK）和磷钾肥减施20%（R_PK-20）,30%（R_PK-30）和40%（R_PK-40）,施用方式均底肥撒施50%,返青期和拔节期水肥一体化各施25%;以磷钾肥常量全部底施为相对对照（CK_相）,11个处理,调查分析产量及其构成、品质特性和水肥利用效率等。结果表明,W₁和W₂减施处理的产量均随磷钾肥减施量增加而减少,其中滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时显著增产,较CK增产15.49%,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;相同减施处理W₂产量低于W₁;W₁、W₂处理的蛋白质含量、沉降值及稳定时间均较CK显著提高,R_PK和减施处理的沉降值W₁>W₂。相同减施处理生育期耗水量W₁2,水分利用效率则相反,其中W₁较CK提高42.35%~105.24%,W₂较CK提高36.06%~56.18%。磷钾肥底施+水肥一体化追施的水分利用效率高于CK_相;W₁、W₂较CK氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高,相同减施处理氮磷钾肥偏生产力W₁>W₂,滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时氮肥偏生产力显著提高;滴灌磷钾肥减施对0—40 cm土壤养分含量影响较小,但使有效磷含量有所提高。综合分析,山西省南部麦区,冬小麦采用滴灌浇水,生育期灌4水（1 800 m³/hm²）,磷钾肥减施且采用50%底施+返青期和拔节期水肥一体化追施25%时,减施20%产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,是高产高效水肥管理模式,减施30%虽产量次高,但品质性状最好,是稳产提质水肥管理模式。     

微喷灌对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究微喷灌对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,本试验在旱棚条件下以郑单958为试验材料,设置2种灌水方式:微喷灌P(灌水定额:38 mm/次)和畦灌Q(灌水定额:75 mm/次),3种灌水次数:1次(W1)、2次(W2)和3次(W3),采用土壤水分测定仪实时监测整个夏玉米生长季多土层(0～200 cm)土壤体积含水量的动态变化。结果表明,在2种灌水模式下,随着灌水次数的增加(总灌水量增加),夏玉米产量呈增加趋势;相同灌水次数下,微喷灌处理的产量均低于畦灌。与QW1相比,PW2灌水量相同、灌水次数较多,产量提高5.0%;与QW2相比,PW3灌水量减少24%、灌水次数增加,产量提高14.3%。与QW1和QW2相比,PW3植株具有较高的穗位叶光合速率和干物质积累量,且增加了粒重和产量。进一步分析微喷灌(PW2)和畦灌(QW2)的耗水特性发现,与QW2相比,PW2叶面积指数、穗位叶蒸腾速率、阶段耗水量、耗水强度、灌水后日蒸散量及对0～100 cm土层水分的消耗均降低,而深层尤其是100 cm以下土壤水分的利用比例增加,进而PW2全生育期总蒸散量降低10.8%,WUE提高10.3%。综...     

施氮和干旱锻炼后复水/复旱对小麦水分利用效率的影响

以“XR4347”冬小麦品种为供试作物,在温室内开展盆栽试验。试验设置不施氮（N0）和施氮（N1, 1.5g·盆1）2个氮素水平,每个水平下设置3种水分处理模式,即全程充分灌水（CK）、干旱锻炼后复水（PW）和干旱锻炼后复旱（PD）,研究施氮和干旱锻炼后复水/复旱对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：干旱锻炼后复旱使植株水势降低。与CK和PW处理相比,干旱锻炼后复旱对气孔导度（gs）的降低作用大于光合速率（Pn）的下降,因此,提高了叶片和植株水平的水分利用效率。在CK和PW处理下,施氮与未施氮处理相比,叶片的Pn和gs均显著提高,而内在水分利用效率（WUEint, Pn/gs）小幅度增加。PD处理下,施氮对gs的影响大于对Pn的影响,与不施氮（N0）处理相比,施氮（N1）处理下小麦叶片Pn增加4.5%,而gs下降13.6%,因此,WUEint显著提高。干旱锻炼后复旱显著降低了施氮后植株的gs和耗水量,其WUEb和叶片δ13C在施氮后最高,进一步表明干旱锻炼后复旱条件下施氮提高植株的WUEb主要是由于气孔的调控造成的。因此,在干旱缺水地区,将干旱锻炼与施氮结合,不仅可以显著降低植株耗水量、节约灌溉用水、维持作物生长和养分吸收,还可以提高叶片和植株水平的水分利用效率。     

Interactions of Salinity Stress and Flower Thinning on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress and flower number on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (5-m wide × 11-m long) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment (NT1 and ST1 were with four plants), giving a total of 44 plants in 22 pots (two plants per pot). Two different salinity levels [no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity: 0.8 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively] and four flower number treatments (8, 13, 18, and free per truss) were investigated in the experiment. The results showed that salinity stress negatively affected tomato growth, yield, and marketable yield, but improved tomato fruit quality. The number of flowers had no effect on tomato growth variables and WUE, but the yield significantly increased with increasing flower number. However, the fruit quality was decreased with increased flower number. A reasonable control for fruit load can increase marketable yield in commercial cultivation. Under salinity stress conditions, properly increasing the number of flowers can avoid yield reduction.     

浅埋滴灌水氮钾互作对春玉米水分利用效率的影响

为揭示浅埋滴灌水肥互作对春玉米水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）的影响,采用二次回归正交设计,以灌水量（W）、施氮量（N）、施钾量（K）为自变量,WUE为因变量,于2017—2020年开展了不同水肥用量组合对浅埋滴灌春玉米WUE影响的田间试验。结果表明：单因子作用下,WUE随水肥用量的提高均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,影响大小为W>N>K;2个因子互作时,WN、WK、NK对WUE的影响均呈1个凸面趋势变化,且存在最大值,影响大小为WN>NK>WK;W、N、K 3个因子共同作用时,WUE随W、N、K 3个因子编码水平的共同提高呈先升高后降低的趋势变化,中水中肥较低水低肥和高水高肥用量组合可获得较高WUE。通过模型寻优,得出在灌溉量为43.25~58.87 mm、施氮量为229.93~382.97 kg/hm²、施钾量为104.94~148.49 kg/hm²条件下,可获得较高WUE （≥25.00 kg/（hm²·mm））。研究结果可为试验区春玉米浅埋滴灌水肥优化管理、水分高效利用提供科学依据。     

不同生育期干旱胁迫条件下施钾对水稻生理性状和产量的影响

明确不同生育时期干旱胁迫对水稻影响与钾素调控干旱胁迫机制，可为水稻的钾素管理和节水抗旱提供理论依据。采用不同时期水分和钾素管理两因素盆栽试验，设置施钾（+K）、不施钾（-K）两个钾肥处理；有效分蘖期干旱胁迫（TD）、孕穗期干旱胁迫（BD）、灌浆期干旱胁迫（MD）和正常灌溉（WW）四个水分处理，分析在不同生育期干旱胁迫钾肥对水稻产量和生理性状的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫显著降低了稻谷产量，TD、BD、MD处理相较于WW处理，在-K条件下稻谷分别减产53.9%、45.2%、7.6%；而在+K条件下稻谷分别减产28.3%、16.5%和5.9%，不同生育期的干旱胁迫对产量的影响程度为：TD>BD>MD，且缺钾加剧了水分亏缺的负面影响。同时，干旱胁迫也造成冠层蒸腾速率、叶水势和叶片净光合速率下降，减少干物质积累，TD、BD处理相较于WW处理，叶片生物量分别平均降低42.9%、31.2%；茎鞘生物量分别降低43.8%和38.0%。不同生育期水分亏缺对生物量的影响为：TD＞BD。而缺钾不仅造成净光合速率下降，也使叶面积和叶绿素含量降低，植株截获光辐射能力显著下降，干物质积累量减少，相较于+K处理，TD、BD及相应同时期WW处理的叶片生物量在缺钾条件下分别降低52.6%、32.7%、42.1%、31.2%，茎鞘生物量分别降低55.3%、63.6%、52.2%、28.0%，干旱胁迫加剧缺钾的消极影响。综上，干旱胁迫会降低净光合速率与叶水势，造成水稻减产，其中有效分蘖期和孕穗期的减产效应较灌浆期明显；缺钾不仅降低叶片净光合速率，也减少叶面积与叶绿素含量，水稻同化积累物质能力下降，抗旱性显著降低。     

Responses of Canola Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics to Zeolite and Zinc Fertilization under Drought Stress

Research was performed during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to investigate the effect of zeolite and zinc (Zn) foliar application on the qualitative characteristics and oil yield of canola cultivars at different moisture regimes. A factorial split-plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The treatments were as follows: (1) irrigation (I), complete (I₁), and restricted (I₂) at the pod formation stage, (2) zeolite (Z), 0 (Z₁), and 15 t ha^?1 (Z₂), and (3) Zn, zinc sulfate concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, and 0.2 % (Zn₁, Zn₂, and Zn₃) at the pod formation stage. These treatments were applied on Licord, RGS003, and Opera cultivars. The results show that the simple effect of treatments were statistically significant for all assessed traits at P < 0; as well as the interaction effects of Z and Zn (P < 0.01) and the interaction effects of I and cultivar (P < 0.01). The greatest rates of all studied traits were obtained by applying Z₂Zn₂ (15 ton ha^?1 zeolite and 0.1% Zn sulfate) in both irrigation regimes. The rates of grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index improved by 43.82%, 73.99%, and 30.04%, respectively, using a combined application of Z and Zn. Therefore, based on the low cost of natural Z and a low Zn intake, these treatments could be used to enhance the performance of canola, especially in regions that are exposed to water stress.     

水氮互作对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米产量与水氮利用的影响

为探讨不同滴灌施氮策略对玉米生长、产量、水肥利用效率的影响,于2015年在河套灌区开展了玉米膜下滴灌田间试验。试验设置3个灌水水平(采用张力计指导灌溉,分别控制滴头正下方20cm深度处土壤基质势下限高于-20,-30,-40kPa),6个施氮水平(0,180,225,262.5,300,345kg/hm2),研究水氮互作对玉米株高、LAI、产量、水氮利用率的影响。结果表明,在玉米生育期前期,高氮对玉米株高与叶面积指数(LAI)具有明显的促进作用,在灌浆期,受水氮互作以及施氮量的影响,随施氮量的增大表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当施氮水平为N3(262.5kg/hm2)时为最大。完熟期玉米干物质积累对灌水的响应表现为:W1(-20kPa)W2(-30kPa)W3(-40kPa),施氮对玉米籽粒吸氮量的变化表现为:N3(262.5kg/hm2)N4(225kg/hm2)N2(300kg/hm2)N5(345kg/hm2)N0(0kg/hm2),N3比N1和N2分别升高15.71%和11.13%,比N4仅提高1.51%。灌水与施氮均可显著增加玉米籽粒产量、百粒重、穗行数以及行粒数,二者有显著的交互作用,且以氮为主效应。在施氮0~262.5kg/hm2范围内,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而升高,此后反而降低;在该范围内水分利用效率以及灌溉水利用效率均随施氮量升高而增加,随基质势控制水平的升高而明显下降,以灌水水平W3(-40kPa)为最大。在试验中,以W3N3处理的水氮利用率最高,其水分利用效率与氮肥回收率比产量最高的W2N4要分别高出1.93%和76.60%,但产量比W2N4要下降约8.58%。在河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌施氮条件下,灌水量-30kPa和施氮量225kg/hm2时,可获得最高的籽粒产量。在灌水量-40kPa和施氮量262.5kg/hm2条件下,可以获得低于最高籽粒产量约8%的籽粒产量与最高的水氮利用率。从节水和生态可持续发展角度来看,灌水水平W3(-40kPa)、施氮水平N3(262.5kg/hm2)为当地最佳的滴灌施氮策略。     

氮肥配施增效剂实现寒地水稻增产、提质与增效

研究氮肥增效剂对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮素利用的影响,旨在为制定合理的稻田氮素管理措施及增产、提质和增效策略提供科学依据。2017年和2018年在黑龙江省方正县设置田间试验,研究氮肥配施硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂对水稻产量、品质、氮素利用和转化及经济收益的影响。结果表明:尿素配施硝化抑制剂CP和脲酶抑制剂NBPT(N+NI+UI)显著提高水稻产量,2017年较氮肥处理(N)水稻籽粒、秸秆和总生物量分别增产6.4%,4.9%和5.8%,2018年分别增产8.8%,7.2%和8.2%。施用氮肥增效剂可以提高寒地水稻碾磨品质、外观品质和营养品质,并促进水稻氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用效率。与N处理相比,N+NI+UI处理水稻氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高15.6%,19.1%和7.6%。CP和NBPT配施对氮素转化表现出明显的协同抑制效果,延迟和降低土壤NH4^+—N含量峰值,保持水稻生育期较高的NH4^+—N含量,延长了氮素供应时间。施用氮肥增效剂可使寒地水稻增收2499.08元/hm^2。可见,寒地水稻氮肥配施硝化抑制剂CP与脲酶抑制剂NBPT能够延长氮素释放周期,促进水稻氮素吸收,增加水稻产量,改善水稻品质,提高氮肥利用效率,增加经济效益。     

Influence of Drought Applied at Different Growth Stages on Kernel Yield and Quality in Maize (Zea Mays L.)

Drought severely affects yield and its quality in different plants. In a field experiment, maize was exposed to drought stress at vegetative, silking, and kernel-filling growth stages to determine the drought-induced changes in kernel yield and quality traits. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Withholding water at the vegetative stage was very effective in increasing protein, total amino acids, total soluble sugars, glucose, and sucrose contents in maize kernels. In contrast, drought applied at the kernel-filling stage increased the total free amino acids, total phenolics, and activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize kernels. Drought at the vegetative stage improved the kernel quality while at the silking stage severely affected kernel yield in maize. Taken together, the results suggested that incidence of drought should be avoided at the silking stage to minimize kernel yield losses and decrease in kernel quality in maize.     

控释钾肥对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响

通过玉米—小麦轮作条件下连续2年的大田定位试验,以钾空白(CK)、普通氯化钾常量(K1)、普通氯化钾高量(K2)为对照处理,研究通过控释氯化钾常量(CRK1)、控释氯化钾高量(CRK2)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混常量(BBF1)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混高量(BBF2)处理对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明:(1)BBF2玉米-小麦季产量分别为11 697.8kg/hm2和11 921.1kg/hm2,增产和增收效果最好,较K1分别显著增产13.3%和15.7%,较K1分别显著增收16.6%和19.6%;(2)BBF2钾肥农学利用率较K1分别显著提高了49.0%和41.9%,生理利用率较K1分别显著提高了17.6%和34.8%;BBF1钾肥表观利用率最高,玉米—小麦分别为23.73%和35.22%;(3)施用钾肥显著提高了玉米的株高和茎粗;BBF2提高了玉米吐絮后期至成熟期的株高;CRK1、CRK2、BBF1、BBF2均提高了玉米吐絮后期叶片SPAD值。本试验条件下,控释氯化钾与普通氯化钾掺混施用可满足玉米整个生育期的钾素需求,提高玉米产量和钾肥利用率,BBF2处理为玉米最佳钾肥施用方案。     

Amelioration in Growth and Physiological Efficiency of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Drought by Potassium Application

The present study investigated the induced drought tolerance in sunflower through foliar application of potassium (K) at critical growth stages (head formation or achene filling). Five genotypes of sunflower (G-101, SF-187, Hysun-33, Hysun-38, and 64-A-93) were tested for drought tolerance at ?0.55, ?1.36, and ?1.60 MPa osmotic potential using polyethylene glycol 6000. Hysun-33 showed the highest stress tolerance index as calculated from germination percentage, seedling height, root length, and dry matter. This genotype was further evaluated in the field under drought at head formation or achene filling stages, with or without 1% K foliar application. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Drought at head formation or achene filling stage significantly decreased biological yield, head diameter, plant height, 1000 achene weight, and achene yield as compared to unstressed control. Potassium application significantly improved all the aforementioned parameters and therefore could be a better strategy for ameliorating drought stress in sunflower.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Rice Grain Yield,Nitrogen-Use Efficiency,and Water Quality in Paddy Field

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is common in the central Zhejiang Province area, China. A three-year (2009–11) experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N application rate for this area by studying the effects of various N rates on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield, N-use efficiency (NUE), and quality of paddy field water. Results showed that no significant yield differences were observed under N rates from 180 to 315 kg ha^?1. The NUE could be improved by reducing N application rates without significantly decreasing yield. Due to high ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃^—N) concentrations, 5–7 days after N application was a critical stage for reducing N pollution. The N rate for the greatest yield was 176 kg ha^?1, accounting for 65 percent of the conventional N rate (270 kg ha^?1). The N-rate reduction in this area may be necessary for maintaining high yield, improving NUE, and reducing environmental pollution.     

Effect of Zeolites and Zinc on the Physiological Characteristics of Canola under Late-Season Drought Stress

Research was performed during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to investigate the effect of zeolites and zinc foliar application on the physiological characteristics of canola cultivars at different moisture regimes. A factorial split-plot experiment was performed on the basis of the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The treatments were as follows: (1) irrigation (I), complete (I₁), and restricted (I₂) at the pod formation stage, (2) zeolite (Z), 0 (Z₁), and 15 t ha^?1 (Z₂), and (3) (Zn), zinc sulfate concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, and 0.2% (Zn₁, Zn₂, and Zn₃) at the pod formation stage. These treatments were applied on Licord, RGS003, and Opera cultivars. Although applying Z and Zn had positive effects on the quality of canola, the highest performance and the best results were obtained using a combination of Z and Zn. The combined application of Z and Zn increased the relative water content, yield, and oil yield and decreased the stomatal resistance and canopy temperature. Therefore, with the low cost of natural Z and moderate Zn intake, these treatments can be used to enhance the performance of canola, especially in regions frequently subjected to water stress.     

抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻产量构成要素和品质的影响

以扬稻6号与南粳43为试验材料,通过在人工气候箱中进行高温处理,研究抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻产量构成要素及稻米品质的影响,旨在深入探讨高温对水稻的伤害机理。研究表明:水稻抽穗期高温降低了水稻的每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重,同时稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量也呈下降趋势,而稻米的垩白率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量增加明显,随胁迫温度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,2个水稻品种的产量构成要素和稻米品质急剧下降。相同温度胁迫下,扬稻6号的热害指数(Index of heat sensitivity,HIS)稍低于南粳43,其中扬稻6号的产量构成要素和品质受高温的影响也稍低于南粳43,说明扬稻6号耐高温能力高于南粳43。研究结果为进一步了解高温对水稻结实和稻米品质的伤害机理,筛选耐热性强的水稻品种提供重要的理论依据。     

Interactive Influences of Salinity Stress and Leaf Thinning on the Growth,Yield, Water use Efficiency,and Fruit Quality of Cherry Tomatoes

This research has experimentally investigated the interactive influences of salinity stress and leaf thinning on the growth, yield, water use efficiency, and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (width of 5 m and length of 11 m) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment, and a total of 36 plants in 18 pots (two plants per pot). The experiment received salinity treatment (no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.8 dS m^?1 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively) and leaf thinning treatment (no leaf thinning, basal leaf thinning and intersegment leaf thinning except the closest two). The experimental results showed that salinity stress negatively affected the growth, yield, marketable yield and water use efficiency of cherry tomatoes, but positively affected the fruit quality. Basal leaf removal significantly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, and yield but significantly improved the fruit quality; that basal leaf removal coupled with salinity stress showed no influence on plant growth, but reduced the yield and greatly improved the fruit quality. Besides, tender leaves around truss removal significantly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, yield, and water consumption, but improved the fruit quality; that tender leaves around truss removal coupled with salinity stress greatly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, yield, and water consumption, but significantly improved the fruit quality.     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻剑叶生理特性和稻米品质的影响

以水稻耐热品系996和热敏感品系4628为材料,在灌浆结实期利用人工气候室进行高温处理（9：00-17：00,37℃,17：00-翌日9：00,30℃）和适温处理（CK,9：00-17：00,30℃,17：00-翌日9：00,25℃）22d,研究高温胁迫对水稻剑叶光合特性、膜透性、抗氧化酶活性及稻米品质的影响,并进行对比分析.结果表明：（1）灌浆结实期高温胁迫下水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和净光合速率均降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性表现出胁迫初期升高,高温处理5d后,随胁迫时间延长呈降低趋势,热敏感品系4628剑叶中叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性下降幅度大于耐热品系996;（2）高温下剑叶丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,相对电导率增加,热敏感品系4628增加幅度大于耐热品系996;（3）高温胁迫下垩白粒率和垩白度显著增加,精米率和整精米率显著降低,直链淀粉含量降低,蛋白质含量增加.灌浆结实期高温胁迫下,水稻功能叶抗氧化酶活性降低,膜透性增加,光合能力及光合产物的运输与卸载能力下降,可能是稻米品质降低的重要原因.     

畦灌液施方式对夏玉米灌溉质量和水分利用率的影响

通过田间夏玉米畦灌试验,分析畦灌液施方式对作物生长和土壤水氮的影响,评价不同处理下的灌溉施肥质量和水分利用效率,探究适宜的畦灌液施方式。在畦田试验中选择不同畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数,采用正交设计选取最优的液施组合。结果表明,不同畦灌处理对土壤水氮存储效率影响不显著,但对水氮均匀度产生显著影响,土壤水分存储效率(59%～63%)略低于氮素存储效率(61%～64%),而均匀度(95%～99%)略高于氮素均匀度(85%～94%)。畦宽、施肥时机和改水成数显著影响夏玉米产量和水分利用效率。综合各项指标考虑,畦宽为1.5m、改水成数为95%和灌溉到畦长1/2时施肥的畦灌灌水施肥方式下具有较高的土壤水氮储存效率(63.36%和64.01%)和均匀度(98.71%和94.42%),为作物高效吸收利用提供较为均匀的土壤状态,从而获得较高产量(9 886.1kg/hm2)和水分利用效率(2.62kg/(hm2·mm))。