Seed germination and seedling growth parameters in nine tall fescue varieties under salinity stress

ABSTRACT

To assess seed germination parameters and identifying tolerant varieties, seeds of nine tall fescue varieties (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were germinated under various salinity levels for 14 days. Tall fescue is considered ‘moderately tolerant’ to salinity stress, but our study revealed a remarkable diversity among the tested varieties. Armani, Essential, Fatcat, and Starlett were found to reach the same final germination (>90%), irrespective of NaCl concentration up to 15 ds m^?1 NaCl; Asterix and Meandre expressed lower germination under the highest salinity level (>75%); and final germination decreased in Eyecandy, Rhizing star, and Thomahawk gradually with increasing salinity (>55%). The main effect of increasing salinity was a delay in germination, and our study suggests that the recording of final germination, which is performed on day-14 in a standard germination test, should be postponed in order to understand the full effect of salinity on germination potential. Nonetheless, a delay in germination will affect turf quality negatively and hence there is good reason to test for salinity tolerance when choosing a variety for sowing on saline soil. Further, our findings indicate a future perspective for breeding for improved salinity tolerance in tall fescue by the identification of salinity-tolerant breeding lines or varieties.     

大气压等离子体处理对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

利用自制大气压等离子体装置对黄瓜种子进行处理,研究了不同电压的大气压等离子体处理对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明：在5610～7310 V电压范围内,等离子体处理对种子的影响较明显,与对照相比其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数显著提高,增幅分别为8.22%～52.94%、2.21%～9.55%、5.37%～35.32%、4.72%～104.72%,种子α-淀粉酶活性提高,电导率降低。同时等离子体处理也提高了幼苗的出苗速度,幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部鲜(干)质量、地下部鲜(干)质量、根体积也有不同程度的增加。幼苗的根活力、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性分别比对照提高15.96%～34.37%、4.09%～27.04%、4.24%～16.58%。从本试验研究结果看,6290 V和6630 V电压处理效果较佳。     

种子引发对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以“Tx623A”ד89-363”(Sb1, 耐盐性较弱)和“黑30A”ד大粒早”(Sb2, 耐盐性较强)2 个高粱杂交组合为试验材料, 利用100 mmol·L^-1?NaCl 溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用营养液沙培试验, 设4 个NaCl 浓度(0、50 mmol·L^-1、100 mmol·L^-1和150 mmol·L^-1)模拟盐胁迫, 研究种子引发处理对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 随着盐胁迫强度增加, 无论经引发处理还是未经引发处理2 个高粱杂交组合种子的出苗时间均明显延迟, 出苗率和成苗率下降, 幼苗生长受到抑制, 物质积累减少。同等盐胁迫强度下,引发处理与未引发处理相比, 种子出苗时间缩短, 出苗率和成苗率提高, 幼苗地上部分干、鲜重和地下部分干、鲜重增加, 光合色素含量升高, Na⁺/K⁺值显著降低。由此得出, 种子引发处理可以不同程度地促进盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发, 减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害, 促进幼苗生长, 提高耐盐性; 耐盐性不同的品种引发效果存在差异, 对耐盐性较弱的品种引发效果更好。     

硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

近年来研究表明,Si可显著提高作物的抗盐性,降低作物盐害[5,6]。在盐胁迫条件下,加入Si可使小麦产量降幅从46%减到4%。Si可提高盐胁迫下大麦叶片的光合速率,提高K、Na吸收选择性比率,并且认为这是Si降低大麦盐害的机理之一[1]。黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)在我国蔬菜设施栽培中占有重要地位,由于设施栽培采用特殊的覆盖结构,致使土壤次生盐渍化的程度越来越高。然而有关Si对黄瓜耐盐性的研究却鲜有报道。本研究分析了外源Si对盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌芽期及其幼苗生长期部分生理指标和形态学指标的影响,以期阐明Si的生物学意义。1试验材料和方…     

紫外辐射增加对作物种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究了ＵＶ－Ｂ紫外辐射增加对作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,试验结果表明：ＵＶ－Ｂ增加能显著延缓种子发芽进程和幼苗生长,不同作物对ＵＶ－Ｂ增加的敏感程度不同,作物幼苗在三叶期前地上部与地下部对ＵＶ－Ｂ增加的敏感程度相近。     

Effects of water magnetic treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat

In this research, effects of magnetic field strength (400, 500 and 600?mT) and type of water (distilled and saline water) was studied on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. Results showed that the magnetic field intensity and type of treated water had significant effects on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. The morphological properties of treated plants were improved compared with controlled ones. Experimental results showed that germination rate of the seeds treated by 400?mT using distilled water had the highest amount (53.3%) and it was the lowest (20%) for control seeds using groundwater. Distilled water affected in 400?mT field and control groundwater resulted in the highest and lowest amounts of root length (155.3 and 20.0?mm, respectively). Seedling fresh weight had the highest amount for treated distilled water with 600?mT magnetic field.     

氮素对NaCl胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长与生理的影响

为了研究NaCl胁迫下氮肥对甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长和生理特性的影响,探索提高甜高粱耐盐能力的措施,室内设置不同盐分浓度、不同氮源及浓度条件下甜高粱萌芽试验。结果表明:NaCl胁迫和不同氮源对甜高粱发芽和芽苗生长的影响各有不同。NaCl浓度对甜高粱种子萌发有显著影响,在甜高粱芽苗生长阶段,通过提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质而增强耐盐伤害能力是有限的。100 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,根系POD活性最低,而叶片MDA积累量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最高,受盐害程度最大。没有盐胁迫情况下增加不同氮源及氮量对甜高粱根叶生理特性的影响差异显著,当氮浓度在20 mmol.L 1时,细胞受伤害程度最低,生长最好。不同形态氮源对甜高粱发芽和幼苗生长的影响差异明显,NH4Cl的促进效果优于KNO3。在100mmol.L 1的NaCl胁迫下,施加铵态氮或硝态氮源均可以增强甜高粱芽苗期的POD活性,减少MDA积累,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。研究表明采取适当的氮肥调控措施可以提高甜高粱的耐盐能力。     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency

Low‐input production of barley on the predominantly calcareous soils in most countries of West Asia and North Africa is affected by drought and a low availability of P and Zn. Especially during the early growth stages, P and Zn deficiencies retard seedling growth, rendering the young plantlets particularly sensitive to the frequently encountered dry spells. Seed priming (soaking in water and drying back to storage moisture until use) has been shown to improve crop establishment and, in some instances, to increase crop yields. While increased seedling vigor will improve barley establishment, possible benefits are likely to be limited when P and Zn are deficient. A promising variation of the priming concept is the seed treatment with solutions containing the limiting nutrient. A series of experiments was conducted in a phytotron in 2003 to develop a nutrient‐priming approach to foster the establishment of barley under marginal growing conditions. Seeds of the traditional barley cultivar Arabi aswad were soaked for 0–48 hours in water and for 12 hours in solutions containing 5–500 mM P, Zn, and P+Zn, and dried back to 12% moisture until further use. Seeds were incubated at 10°C, and germination was evaluated over a 6‐ to 8‐day period. Additionally, growth and nutrient uptake of 4‐week‐old seedlings, grown at 25% and 100% field capacity in a typical Xerosol from Syria were evaluated. Water priming for 12 hours with subsequent seed storage of up to 9 weeks increased germination rate from 65% to 95%, and advanced germination by up to 3 days compared to unprimed seeds. Addition of 10 mM Zn and 50 mM P to the priming solution increased the P and Zn content of the seeds without affecting germination. It furthermore significantly stimulated growth and P and Zn uptake by 4‐week‐old seedlings and improved the water use efficiency of drought‐stressed plants by 44% above that of unprimed seeds.     

盐胁迫下解盐促生菌对棉花种子发芽过程的影响

棉种经解盐促生菌Rs15-4处理后,播于含0.7％NaCl溶液的珍珠岩基质中培养。在种子萌发的过程中测定了细胞膜透性、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质及可溶性糖的变化。结果表明通过菌株处理后棉花子叶细胞膜透性比对照下降了26.15%;可溶性蛋白质含量高于对照的29.30%;在第7 d脯氨酸含量比对照提高了1.16倍;可溶性糖在发芽的第2 d至第6 d平均高于对照10%左右,以后又趋于稳定。同时,测定了过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD）和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,结果表明：解盐促生菌处理后的棉花子叶中CAT和POD活性高峰值较对照提前出现;SOD酶活性大大高于对照。经解盐促生菌Rs15-4处理后,发芽率比对照提高了11.8%。     

铬Cr^6＋对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度的铬(Cr6 )对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,六价铬对水稻种子的萌发及出苗都有不良影响;幼苗随着铬(Cr6 )浓度的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降,但水培较土培所引起铬的危害起始浓度更小,失绿症状更严重。     

沸石添加对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及离子含量的影响

试验研究了沸石添加对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及离子含量的影响。结果表明,在相同的NaCl溶液浓度下,随沸石量的增加,幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物重呈增加趋势;光合色素含量上升,蒸腾速率(E)、光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降;超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量(Pr)含量增加;K、Mg在根、茎、叶中的含量上升,Ca在茎叶中含量亦增加,Na在根、茎、叶中的含量明显下降。表明沸石可以在一定程度缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗造成的伤害。     

种子引发对水分胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的影响

试验研究了种子引发处理对弱抗旱"晋豆19号"和强抗旱"晋大53号"两个大豆品种种子膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量、种子发芽指标的影响及在干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生理特性的变化.结果表明:种子引发处理使两个大豆品种种子的膜透性显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,且不同程度地提高了两个品种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数;幼苗在水分胁迫加重时(6～9 h),与未引发处理比,引发处理下两个品种幼苗叶片膜透性减小,MDA含量降低,SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量升高.表明对种子进行引发处理,通过提高幼苗保护酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了大豆幼苗的耐旱性.试验还表明,引发处理对弱抗旱品种"晋豆19号"产生的耐早效应优于强抗旱品种"晋大53号".     

Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions

The effect of presowing wheat seed treatments was investigated for the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver and relatively salt-tolerant variety PARI-73 at the germination and early seedling stages. Seeds were treated with distilled water (DW) or 10/50 mm KCl, KNO₃ , CaCl₂, Ca(NO₃)₂ and then germinated in DW or 200 mm NaCl. Treatment with calcium (Ca) or potassium (K) did not lead to a significantly higher rate for final germination than the DW treatment. Ca salt treatments significantly improved shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage in both varieties, especially in the salt-sensitive variety Blue Silver. There were significant differences in the Ca content of seeds after various presowing treatments. There were also significant differences between both varieties in the ion contents after seed treatment. However, these differences appeared to be related to the improvement of shoot growth during the early seedling establishment stage and not to the effectiveness of pres owing seed treatments in increasing germination.     

Effects of nitric oxide and nitrogen on seedling emergence,ion accumulation,and seedling growth under salinity in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Recently nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signal molecule in plants. However, little is known about the role of NO in the salt tolerance of halophytes. Effects of the NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nitrate (NO ) on growth and ion accumulation in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa under salinity were investigated in the present study. The results showed that higher SNP supply increased seedling emergence, but SNP had no effect on shoot growth and the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–, and NO . Higher NO had no effect on seedling emergence of the species. Shoot Cl^– decreased, but NO₃^– increased markedly, with a higher NO supply. The decrease in the estimated contribution of Cl^– to the osmotic potential was compensated for by an increase in that of NO . It appears that NO plays an important osmotic role in S. salsa under high salinity with a higher NO supply, and this trait may increase salt tolerance of the species under high salinity.     

模拟气候变化对2针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

气候变化影响林木早期生长,设置温度和水分的双因素三水平控制实验,研究山西气候变化对关帝山林区2种针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响作用.结果表明,增温2℃和降水量增加20％利于这2树种种子出苗:出苗稳定期提前,出苗率提高;但增温6℃,降水减少20％时,种子出苗稳定期延迟,出苗率降低.气候变化对2树种的影响作用不同:华北落叶松对暖干化气候更敏感,增温或减少降水时,该种幼苗的死亡率大幅增加,苗高降低;温度和降水量变化对油松幼苗存活率和地上生长的影响作用不明显.降水量减少条件下的增温,促进华北落叶松和油松幼苗的主根和侧根伸长.发生土壤干旱时,华北落叶松和油松幼苗生长策略改变,优先满足根系生长.暖干化气候不利于华北落叶松种群的更新,生长季高温降低了幼苗适应性,即使降水量增加亦不能缓解.     

Germination and growth response of flax (Linum usitatissimum) to salinity stress by different salt types and concentrations

This investigation was conducted to explore the effects of salt types with different concentrations on germination and growth parameters of flax seeds. The experiment was set out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. We used six kinds of salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SO₄, Na₂CO₃ and KCl) with concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM. According to the results, the inhibitory effects of the five salt types differed substantially, especially in the case of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄. Inhibitory effects of these salts were very strong compared to those of NaCl and CaCl₂. Germination of flax seeds by various salts was in the order of NaCl > CaCl₂ > KCl > Na₂CO₃ > Na₂SO₄ > CaCO₃. The effect of salt concentration was obvious, too. Seeds of flax were able to germinate even in 200 mM NaCl, but they only germinated in distilled water or at very low CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄ concentrations (50 mM).     

盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发过程低场核磁共振研究

为探究盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发过程中水分的分布和种子活性的影响,以非糯性玉米郑单958种子为检测对象,对不同NaCl浓度（0 nmol/L,50 nmol/L,100 nmol/L,150 nmol/L,200 nmol/L）环境下试验样本进行低场核磁共振成像以及核磁共振波谱试验。结果表明：玉米萌发过程中,胚乳和胚部位的含水率均在0～2 d迅速增加,2 d之后胚乳水分波动增长,而胚部位水分则出现水平波动的现象。随着盐胁迫程度上升,种子发芽率从90%降至0,盐浓度在50 nmol/L及以下时,不同相态水信号幅值变化趋势受盐胁迫影响较小,达到100 nmol/L时自由水信号幅值被抑制在低水平,达到150 nmol/L时结合水和半结合水信号幅值的变化速率均被大幅延缓。T2弛豫谱图中结合水主峰左侧出现信号微弱,弛豫时间为0.1 ms～1 ms的副峰,副峰的出现和玉米种子发芽密切关联,是一种标志着种子发芽的结合水。试验为玉米种子萌发过程对盐碱胁迫的反应机制后续研究提供理论支持和数据参考。     

Influence of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on wheat germination in salinity stress conditions

In order to study the effects of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on germination indices of wheat seeds under salinity stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in 2009. Experimental factors consisted of: (1) the application of different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants; (2) priming of achieved seeds by biofertilizers (Nitragin, Biophosphorus and distilled water); and (3) different levels of salinity produced by NaCl (0, ?0.4, ?0.8 and ?1.2 MPa). Germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, germination index, radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule dry weight and radicle number per seedling were measured. Nitrogen application increased seed nitrogen content in parent plants. All germination indices decreased with increasing in salinity levels. Biofertilizer priming, especially Nitragin, had a positive effect on germination percentage, radicle number and radicle and plumule length in most salinity levels. The highest values for germination factors were related to achieved seeds from parent plants that were treated with 110 kg ha^?1 N. Overall, application of middle levels of N fertilizer (55 and 110 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants combined with seed priming with Nitragin biofertilizer improved the germination indices of wheat under salinity stress.     

沙埋和水分对3种灌草植物种子萌发及出苗的影响

选取柠条、紫花苜蓿和披碱草3种沙区常见灌草植物进行大田盆栽实验,研究种子在不同沙埋深度和供水条件下的萌发及出苗特性.结果表明：1）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子主要在2.5 ～5.0 mm供水量条件下出苗,柠条种子的最大出苗率为59.00％±7.21％,紫花苜蓿种子出苗率未超过40％,2.5 mm供水量条件下紫花苜蓿幼苗死亡率较大,存在萌发后大量死亡的现象,披碱草种子在5.0～9.0mm供水量条件下出苗较好,最大出苗率为52.67％士10.67％;2）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子的适宜沙埋深度分别为0.5～1 cm和0.5cm,随着埋深的增加,二者的出苗率显著降低,在4.5cm埋深时,柠条种子萌发后未出土幼苗数最多,披碱草种子对沙埋的适应性较好,4.5 am沙埋深度时出苗率最大.