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1.
China has made efforts to protect wild yak (Bos mutus) species and prevent the hybrids between wild yak and domestic yak (Bos grunniens) species.At present,wild yak population of a reasonable estimate would be over 70,000.Due to conservation efforts in environmental protection and ecological construction such as the Wildlife Protection and Nature Reserve Construction Project,the \"Grain-for-Green\" Project and the Natural Forest Resources Protection Project,the number of wild yaks is increasing.In general,Tibetan Plateau's ecosystem is getting better and its environmental quality shows a gradual improving trend.Tibetan Plateau is one of the world's cleanest regions called as the \"Third Pole\".In order to preserve the genetic pool of wild yaks,local pastoralists and polices drive off the wild male yaks from the domestic yak herds by making noise (banging washbasins,pots,etc.) or driving cars.Local government also incentivizes the culling of domestic yaks found in wild herds.For the sake of the biological and genetic features of this wild species,and the pastoralist way of life,wild yaks should continuously be protected to keep their genetic integrity.We appeal plans to investigate the gene pollution of wild yaks in some important distribution regions of this species.In the face of hybridizing with domestic yaks,proper guidance is urgently needed to address genetic pollution and protect the genetic integrity of wild yaks. 相似文献
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小麦根际pH,细菌数量,有机质变化研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过研究灰漠上和碱化灰漠上中小麦根际、非根际pH、细菌数量和有机质含量变化,发现两种土壤小麦根际上中细菌数量和有机质含量比非根际上中高。由于较低的pH值,因而灰漠土中小麦根际、非极际土中的有机质含量和细菌数量均高于碱化灰漠土中。 相似文献
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为了探讨渭北果园土壤生物质量演化趋势,分析制约地区苹果可持续发展的土壤因素,在渭北旱塬果区选择了<10a、10~20a、>20a园龄段苹果园各3个,选用农田土壤作为对照,研究0~100cm范围内土壤有机质、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的变化趋势.结果表明,随着果树种植年限的增加,果园土壤有机质含量仅在表层0~20cm有不同程度地累积趋势,且在>20a果园累积较为明显;20~40cm土层处有机质呈现在植果初期递减,20a后逐渐增加的趋势;果园土壤3种酶活性交化差异主要体现在0~40cm土层范围,过氧化氢酶活性在0~40cm呈现递减趋势,且在0~100cm土层显著高于农田土壤;脲酶活性在0~40cm有不同程度递增过程,碱性磷酸酶活性在0~40cm也呈现出相对增高的态势.相关性分析表明土壤有机质与3种酶之间存在着极显著相关.由此得出,渭北地区果树对土壤生物质量的影响主要体现在0~40cm范围,果园土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著递减和表层土壤脲酶活性增加可能会对苹果树生长产生一定影响. 相似文献
4.
硫酸除氯在含氯土壤有机质测定中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对土壤有机质中不同氯离子含量的测定 ,总结出了用提前加H2 SO4方法消除氯离子干扰的检索表。根据该表在测定土壤有机质时 ,用提前加H2 SO4的方法能消除氯离子的部分干扰。试验结果是 :当有机质小于2 3.0 g·kg-1时 ,用提前加硫酸的方法能消除氯离子的最低含量为 4 0 g·kg-1;当有机质为 2 3.0~ 32 .0 g·kg-1时 ,用提前加硫酸的方法能消除氯离子的最低含量为 12g·kg-1;当有机质为 32 .0~ 38.0g·kg-1时 ,用提前加硫酸的方法能消除氯离子的最低含量为 4 g·kg-1。因此 ,在土壤有机质分析工作中 ,对于一般的土壤都可以用提前加H2 SO4的方法来消除氯离子的干扰。 相似文献
5.
Soil salinity and sodicity are land degradation processes that strongly alter soil quality and consequently plant productivity. The reclamation of soils affected by salinity and/or sodicity is an important goal to maintain the sustainability of production. The objectives of this review were (1) to investigate the effectiveness of different organic amendments to reclaim saline/sodic soils and improve environmental quality and productivity of agro-ecosystems and (2) to provide useful information on the most appropriate waste management for minimizing any potential risks. To achieve these aims, recently published literature, related to field and laboratory studies, considering the effects of a wide range of organic amendments on main soil properties, was collected. Results of these studies underline that input of exogenous organic matter (manure, plant residues, by-product of farming or municipal activities, etc.) can be a feasible way to reclaim soils with serious problems of salinity and sodicity. Optimal rates (not greater than 50 t ha?1) of different organic amendments can improve physical (soil structure, permeability, water holding capacity, etc.) and chemical (pH, cation exchangeable capacity, etc.) soil properties, favoring plant growth and microbial activity, without any risks for the environment (subsoil and groundwater contamination). Of course, it is very important to characterize carefully the organic wastes before their use in agriculture and optimize their management, for avoiding further land degradation. 相似文献
6.
The dependence of the behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl on soil pH was confirmed during incubations under controlled laboratory conditions with two French soils used for wheat cropping. The fate of [14C] residues from [triazine-14C]metsulfuron-methyl was studied by combining different experimen-tal conditions: soil pH (8·1 and 5·2), temperature (28 and 10°C), soil moisture (90 and 50% of soil water holding capacity) and microbial activity (sterile and non-sterile conditions). Metsulfuron-methyl degradation was mainly influenced by soil pH and temperature. The metsulfuron-methyl half-life varied from five days in the acidic soil to 69 days in the alkaline soil. Under sterile conditions, the half-life increased in alkaline soil to 139 days but was not changed in the acidic soil. Metsulfuron-methyl degradation mainly resulted in the formation of the amino-triazine. In the acidic soil, degradation was characterised by rapid hydrolysis giving two specific unidentified metabolites, not detected during incubations in the alkaline soil. Bound residues formation and metsulfuron-methyl mineralisation were highly correlated. The extent of bound residue formation increased when soil water content decreased and was maximal [48 (±4)% of the applied metsulfuron-methyl after 98 incubation days] in the acidic soil at 50% of the water holding capacity and 28°C. Otherwise, bound residues represented between 13 and 32% of the initial radioactivity. © 1998 SCI 相似文献
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8.
E. Harries L. A. Berruezo M. Z. Galván V. B. Rajal G. E. Mercado Cárdenas 《Plant pathology》2020,69(1):77-86
Biotic and abiotic factors from soils have been implicated in the disease suppression of Rhizoctonia solani. This study included a Eucalyptus twig baiting assay, disease index and qPCR quantification of R. solani, and physicochemical analysis of 10 tobacco soils from five different locations (V: Vaqueros, C: Cerrillos, R: Rosario de Lerma, SA: San Agustín, CH: Chicoana) in the northwest of Argentina. Levels of Rhizoctonia soil inoculum quantified by baiting assay and qPCR were positively correlated. However, there was no correlation with root rot disease index in tobacco fields. Soils from V1, SA2 and CH2 fields, which reduced root rot disease on tobacco plants, were suppressive to R. solani infection. High clay, pH, organic matter content and physical stability in tobacco soils were the main physicochemical properties that limited Rhizoctonia development. Interestingly, growth of R. solani subgroups AG4-HGI and AG4-HGIII was highly suppressed in V1 and CH2 fields, and in SA2 fields, respectively. Undisturbed soil from a local forested mountain also resulted in reduction of growth of AG4-HGIII and AG4-HGI, while AG2-1 was less affected, suggesting that high soil organic matter contributed to suppression of R. solani. Soils highly suppressive of R. solani had significantly different populations of culturable bacteria, Pseudomonas and fungi, but populations of actinobacteria and Trichoderma spp. did not differ. These different populations may be involved in the inhibition of fungal growth. The results demonstrated that physicochemical and biological properties of soil suppressive to R. solani could act as an alternative for controlling Rhizoctonia diseases on tobacco. 相似文献
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采用平衡振荡法研究了精异丙甲草胺在粘壤土、粘土及砂壤土中的吸附和解吸附行为。结果表明,3种土壤的吸附等温线均属L型并符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数(Kf)分别为4.01、6.15及8.62,且Kf 和1/n(n为经验常数)的乘积与土壤有机质含量呈正相关性。解吸附实验结果表明,精异丙甲草胺在土壤中的解吸附与吸附并不一致,显示出明显的滞后性。温度及pH值等环境因素对吸附影响的结果显示,随温度升高精异丙甲草胺在土壤中的吸附量有所减少,中性环境下土壤吸附量较低。 相似文献
10.
为探索生态炭肥(以生物质炭为主要成分)防治小麦根腐病的效果及对土壤健康的修复机理,通过设置2个生态炭肥处理分析其对小麦根腐病的发病率和病情指数、小麦产量、土壤有机质含量、土壤细菌数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,生态炭肥防控小麦根腐病效果明显,1 200kg/hm2和750 kg/hm2两个处理的防效均达到77.00%以上,最高可达86.25%;且对小麦增产增收效果显著,2个处理的小麦产量减损率分别为86.62%和76.11%,净增产值分别为7 315.52元/hm2和7 038.04元/hm2;施用生态炭肥均能有效提高小麦返青期和灌浆期的土壤有机质含量、细菌数量及土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶及纤维素酶活性;且施用生态炭肥对小麦根腐病的防效及对土壤健康修复作用存在正剂量效应。表明麦田增施生态炭肥是一个能快速修复土壤健康、有效防控小麦根腐病的新途径。 相似文献
11.
基于对黑土区松花江流域东山沟小流域坡耕地耕层土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量及土壤侵蚀速率的分析,研究了坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度与土壤有机质、氮素含量的相关性及坡面侵蚀、沉积对土壤有机质和氮素空间分布的影响。结果表明,土壤侵蚀强度在流域分布呈现上游>中游>下游;土壤侵蚀强度沿坡面分布呈现出较弱—强—弱的变化趋势,存在明显的侵蚀强弱交替变化规律。小流域土壤有机质和氮素含量空间分布特征与土壤侵蚀强度分布特征相对应,表现为流域上游<中游<下游;三种土壤养分沿坡长分布呈现较高—低—高的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率与土壤有机质、全氮含量之间呈极显著负相关关系,与碱解氮含量存在显著负相关关系,证实了土壤侵蚀是影响我国东北典型黑土区土壤质量下降最重要因素。 相似文献
12.
为了了解陕西省渭北苹果园土壤有机质含量现状,选取该区有代表性的56个果园,调查了施用有机肥料的种类、方法、施肥量和苹果产量,分析不同深度的土壤有机质含量。结果表明:平均施肥量及有机质含量与苹果产量呈正相关;渭北地区苹果园土壤0~40cm土层有机质含量平均值为1.26%,总体处于中等水平,变幅在0.86%~2.17%;有机质0~40cm含量(1.26%)明显大于40~60cm含量(0.90%),且不同地区含量差别较大:不同地区土壤有机质的垂直分布存在差异。最后,根据试验结果提出了陕西省苹果园土壤有机质含量分级指标。 相似文献
13.
Amir Zarrabi Jafar Yasrebi Abdolmajid Ronaghi Reza Ghasemi Fasaei Abdolmajid Sameni 《Arid Land Research and Management》2018,32(2):170-183
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for crop growth. This metal can be found in chemical forms or fractions in the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of Zn in special chemical forms using the sequential extraction method after treating eight calcareous soils by zinc sulfate and municipal solid waste (MSW) compost. Zn was separated in seven defined forms as exchangeable (Ex), carbonate (Car), organic (Om), manganese oxide bound (MnOX), amorphous iron oxide bound (FeAOX), crystalline iron oxide bound (FeCOX), and residual (Res). According to the results, the mean concentrations of Zn in chemical forms in untreated soils from higher to lower were 31.84, 8.13, 2.64, 2.57, 0.45, 0.39, and 0.16?mg?kg?1 for the Res, FeCOX, Car, FeAOX, Om, MnOX, and Ex forms, respectively. The total applied Zn to the studied soils from both the sources of zinc sulfate and MSW compost after incubation for 30 days was converted to chemical forms in the following order: Car?>?Res?>?FeCOX?>?Om?>?FeAOX?>?MnOX?>?Ex. On average, 30.3% of total Zn from zinc sulfate and 28.8% of total Zn in the MSW compost were converted into the Car form. The high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the studied soils is an important factor affecting the conversion of Zn forms, mostly in the Car form through the application of both the inorganic and the organic sources of Zn. 相似文献
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试验设20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)、40 cm立秆(NS40)、20 cm立秆(NS20)、6 750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB40)和3750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB20)和传统耕作(CT)7个处理,研究了不同秸秆覆盖量、留茬高度和秸秆处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和作物产量的影响.结果表明:土壤微生物量C含量随季节变化表现为播种前最高,收获后最低;不同时期土壤操作措施对土壤微生物量C的影响不同.从播种期开始,保护性耕作土壤有机质含量大于传统耕作,且保护性耕作各处理土壤有机质随土层深度的增加而递减,而传统耕作各层次之间无差异;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量:NPS20、NPS40、NS40、NS20、NSB40和NSB20较CT分别增产53.08%、46.59%、40.81%、19.93%、17.33%和4.34%. 相似文献
15.
Mahsa Fallah Vahid Hosseini Gholamhossein Moravej D. J. Eldridge 《Arid Land Research and Management》2017,31(2):159-168
Livestock grazing is a major driver of ecosystem functions in drylands and would be expected to influence soil biota such as termites. We examined changes in soil chemistry and plant community composition on mounds constructed by the subterranean termite Anacanthotermes ahngerianus along a gradient in grazing intensity in an arid steppe in north-eastern Iran. The grazing gradient was represented by increasing distance from an area used by resting livestock, and plant and soil attributes measured within three adjacent microsites (termite mounds, non-mound controls, intervening annular zone surrounding the mounds). Values of soil EC; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Na; and total nitrogen and organic carbon were greatest in mound soils and declined from mounds to control microsites. Mounds were completely devoid of plants. Annular zones had three-times less cover than the control sites, but there were no differences in diversity or evenness. Electrical conductivity values were ten-times greater on mounds than controls close to resting sites, but the difference diminished rapidly with distance from resting sites. For all other soil and plant variables, differences between microsites were consistent across the grazing gradient. Increased grazing intensity was associated with increasing soil pH, EC and sand content, and reduced plant cover. Overall our study shows that the effects of termites on soil chemistry and plant cover varied little across the grazing gradient. Our results suggest that termite mounds may sustain their role as sites of enhanced soil nutrients under even high levels of grazing. 相似文献
16.
有机肥不同施用量对宁南土壤团聚体粒级分布和稳定性的影响 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
通过连续3 a有机肥施用田间试验研究了有机肥不同施用量对半干旱旱作区土壤团聚体各层粒径分布和稳定性的影响。试验设计为高肥H(有机肥90000 kg/hm2)、中肥M(有机肥60 000 kg/hm2)和低肥L(有机肥30 000 kg/hm2)3个施肥水平,每个层次设3次重复,供试作物为小麦,品种为西峰26;土壤团聚体的各个粒径分布状况采用干筛法和湿筛法测定。与试验开始时土壤相比,施肥处理0~10 cm和30~40 cm土层0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量最大增幅分别是35%和75%;0.5 mm以上各粒级的水稳性团聚体含量均呈上升趋势,其中5 mm和2~5 mm大粒径团聚体的增加幅度最明显,0.25~0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量增加不显著。不同处理间5 mm土壤团聚体与0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量具有显著性差异。干筛结果表明,土壤中的团聚体主要以5 mm土壤团聚体为主,且处理之间差异性主要表现在0~20 cm土层。施肥处理使30~40 cm土层土壤团聚体的稳定性提高,稳定率平均较0~10 cm土层高87%。施肥处理平均重量直径均大于对照,且与0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量呈显著正相关。有机肥不同施用量可显著增加土壤中大团聚体的比例,改良土壤中团聚体的结构;适宜的施肥量在60000 kg/hm2左右。 相似文献
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新疆北部不同类型土壤光谱特征及对有机质含量的预测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对北疆地区淡栗钙土、冷钙土、石灰性黑钙土、石膏灰棕漠土等4种土壤类型的反射光谱进行分析,研究土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率之间的关系。结果表明,石灰性黑钙土的反射率明显低于其它土壤类型。有机质含量高于14 g·kg-1时光谱反射率与有机质含量呈负相关,有机质含量很低(<8 g·kg-1)时,土壤的光谱反射率与有机质含量之间呈正相关。分别采用593.6 nm波段的原始光谱反射率、661 nm波段的反射率去除包络线和547.4 nm波段反射率的一阶微分与土壤有机质含量建立回归模型,经检验三种模型均能较好地预测有机质的含量,其中光谱的一阶微分预测精度相对较高,可较好地预测北疆主要类型土壤的有机质含量。 相似文献
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为了探明不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳形态和活性的影响,以关中地区小麦、玉米轮作条件下,历时7 a不同耕作方式(深松、旋耕、免耕、传统耕作)的定位试验为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤的总有机碳,高、中活性有机碳含量以及松结态、稳结态、紧接态有机碳含量,并计算了松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值(松/紧)。结果表明,与传统耕作比较,在小麦秸秆高留茬情况下,无论玉米秸秆是否还田,旋耕、深松和免耕处理均既能提高土壤有机碳含量,又能提高土壤的活性有机碳和松结态有机碳含量,并提高松结态有机碳与紧结态有机碳的比值,而深松和旋耕的效果比免耕明显,是关中地区比较理想的耕作模式。 相似文献
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黄土高原不同坡位苹果园土壤生物学特征——以陕西省淳化县为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解坡位因素对黄土高原苹果园土壤生物学性状的影响,以陕西省淳化县坡地富士苹果园为研究对象,分析了该区不同坡位(上坡位、中坡位、下坡位)0~20、20~40、40~60 cm的果园土壤有机质、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳、氮之间的差异,同时利用Biolog-ECO平板法研究了土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,该区苹果园土壤有机质含量普遍较低,且不同坡位之间存在差异,表现为下坡位上坡位中坡位。土壤酶、土壤微生物量在坡位间差异不显著,其中过氧化氢酶表现为下坡位中坡位上坡位,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现为下坡位上坡位中坡位,微生物量碳含量表现为上坡位下坡位中坡位,微生物量氮含量表现为下坡位中坡位上坡位。不同坡位碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD)基本趋势表现为下坡位上坡位中坡位,微生物多样性指数均表现为下坡位上坡位中坡位;主成分分析结果表明,对主成分1(PC1)和主成分2(PC2)贡献较大的碳源主要为糖类和羧酸类,下坡位土壤微生物群落稳定性优于上坡位和中坡位。综合研究结果表明,该区下坡位土壤质量较好,适宜种植苹果等经济作物。 相似文献
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研究了六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征及其与海拔和林型的关系,结果表明:六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤有机质和饱和导水率显著高于针叶林地,土壤容重显著低于针叶林地,阔叶林地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机质和饱和导水率分别比针叶林地高27.7%、21.2%和38.0%、42.2%,容重比针叶林地低13.8%和7.6%;高海拔处林地土壤有机质含量较高,容重较低;研究区土壤饱和导水率不受海拔影响,土壤水稳性团聚体分布不受林型和海拔的影响;阔叶林地0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径平均值分别比针叶林地高3.46%和5.21%,但不受海拔影响,大团聚体数量与饱和导水率极显著正相关。研究表明六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤物理性状显著优于针叶林地,林地土壤结构的改良主要体现在大团聚体增加方面。 相似文献