添加生物炭改善菜地土壤氨氧化细菌群落并提高净硝化率

  【目的】  氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤,对氮循环有着重要影响。本研究通过分析生物炭输入下土壤氨氧化微生物群落的变化,揭示其影响土壤硝化作用的生物学机制。  【方法】  以华北潮土区设施菜地土壤为对象,设置生物炭梯度 (C₀、C_0.5、C_1.5、C_4.0) 土壤培养试验,结合PCR和T-RFLP等分析技术,观测生物炭输入下土壤氨氧化细菌群落变化动态,解析生物炭、土壤硝化作用与氨氧化细菌群落之间的关系。  【结果】  添加生物炭明显改变了土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构及氮素硝化过程。与未添加生物炭处理相比,生物炭添加处理培养前期土壤氨氧化细菌群落Shannon、Evenness指数分别升高5.4%～18.8%、26.2%～33.8%,后期Shannon指数降低20.7%～34.2%。生物炭输入对AOA群落没有明显影响,AOB群落256、58 bp代表物种丰度分别增加61.4%～56.0%、60.6%～78.6%,488 bp代表物种丰度降低22.8%～26.9%。21 bp代表物种丰度前期增加后期降低,与491 bp代表物种丰度变化相反。添加生物炭土壤AOB amoA基因丰度增加48.9%～53.2%。土壤NO₃–-N含量提高1.7%～25.6%,NH₄+-N含量下降13.4%～31.1%,土壤净硝化速率提高21.8%～70.2%。  【结论】  生物炭的输入可以改善以AOB为主的土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构,提高amoA酶活性,但是对氨氧化古菌微生物群落结构未产生明显影响。因此,生物炭提高土壤净硝化速率的作用与其对土壤氨氧化细菌群落和组成的影响密切相关。     

不同肥力潮土硝化潜势及其影响因素

依托河南郑州潮土长期定位施肥试验,探索不同肥力土壤的硝化潜势(NP)及其主要影响因素。采集高肥力土壤(有机无机肥配施)、中肥力土壤(化肥平衡施用)和低肥力土壤(不施肥或不施氮肥),分析土壤NP、全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),并通过逐步回归、路径分析和方差分解分析(VDA)等统计分析方法,明确不同肥力潮土NP的主要影响因素,量化各主效应因子对NP的贡献率。结果表明:潮土NP为0.3～1.1 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在不同肥力梯度土壤中差异显著(P0.05),其中高肥力较中肥力平均提高7.9%;中肥力较低肥力平均提高162.5%。在各项土壤指标中,MBC、NO_3~--N、TN、MBN是土壤NP变化的主要影响因素,其中,MBC、NO_3~--N和MBN与NP为直接效应,TN与NP为间接效应大于直接效应,微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC和MBN)、NO_3~--N和TN对NP变异的贡献率分别为24.3%、18.9%和13.7%,而4个主效应因子交互作用对硝化潜势变异的贡献率达52.8%,各变量及其交互作用对硝化潜势变异的总贡献率达92.9%。可见,高肥力土壤上硝化作用较强,铵态氮很容易被硝化成为硝态氮,硝态氮累积和淋洗的可能性较大,应通过改善水肥条件适当降低其土壤硝化强度,进而达到构建氮素养分库和减少氮素损失的目的。     

土壤生态系统硝化微生物研究进展

微生物主导的硝化作用是生态系统中氮素循环的关键过程,其不仅与酸雨、温室气体、水体富营养化等环境问题的发生有关,还作用于土壤中氮素营养的转化,与人类生产生活密切相关。土壤生态系统中进行硝化作用的微生物包括细菌、古细菌、真菌等。这些微生物根据自身能量代谢类型的不同,利用不同的生物酶进行着不同机制的硝化作用。本文综述了目前已报道的生态系统中进行自养(经典自养硝化和全程氨氧化)和异养硝化作用的微生物类群、硝化作用关键酶及其编码基因类型、其在生态系统中多样的分布特征,以及其前沿的分子生态学研究方法。同时对不同类型硝化微生物类群今后的研究热点提出了展望,以期为系统地研究土壤生态系统中硝化微生物提供参考。     

模拟酸雨对冬小麦-大豆轮作农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化作用的影响

为研究模拟酸雨对冬小麦-大豆轮作农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化作用的影响,在农田进行随机区组试验,布设4个区组,每块区组随机设置4个模拟酸雨处理,分别为去离子水A1（pH=6.7）、A2（pH=4.0）、A3（pH=3.0）、A4（pH=2.0）。采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对不同酸雨强度的冬小麦-大豆轮作农田进行土壤呼吸速率观测,并采用气压过程分离技术（BaPS）测定不同酸雨处理的土壤CO2产生速率、硝化速率和反硝化速率。试验结果表明,冬小麦田各处理间土壤呼吸速率无显著差异（P〉0.05）;大豆田高强度模拟酸雨A4处理明显抑制了土壤呼吸作用（P〈0.05）。就冬小麦-大豆轮作生长季而言,各处理土壤呼吸速率无显著差异（P〉0.05）,其平均土壤呼吸速率分别为（2.26±0.11）、（2.31±0.20）、（1.91±0.09）、（2.03±0.17）μmol·m-2·s-1。冬小麦田A1、A3、A4处理间土壤CO2产生速率、硝化速率和反硝化速率均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。高强度模拟酸雨抑制了大豆田土壤CO2产生速率;大豆田A1、A3、A4处理的硝化速率测定均值分别为（191.6±36.1）、（261.6±36.3）μg·kg-1·h-1和（255.2±45.1）μg·kg-1·h-1,这3个处理的反硝化速率均值分别为（172.8±19.8）、（216.0±45.7）μg·kg-·1h-1和（216.3±44.6）μg·kg-·1h-1。研究表明,模拟酸雨强度升高未显著影响冬小麦田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化作用;高强度模拟酸雨（pH=2.0）降低了大豆田土壤呼吸速率和CO2产生速率,但对土壤硝化和反硝化作用有促进作用。     

农田土壤硝化微生物的生态学研究进展

硝化作用是农田生态系统的重要过程。传统硝化作用是指微生物将氨氧化成亚硝酸盐再氧化为硝酸盐的两步反应,氨氧化过程是硝化过程的第一步也是限速步骤。该过程是由编码氨单加氧酶基因（amoA）的氨氧化细菌（AOB）和氨氧化古菌（AOA）催化完成。2015年底,可以进行一步硝化的完全氨氧化菌（comammox）的发现颠覆了人们对硝化过程近百年的认知,并引发众多对comammox生理代谢、分布特征和相对贡献的深入思考。本文重点阐述农田土壤硝化微生物的生态学研究进展,通过比较AOB、AOA和comammox的发现、系统发育以及对环境因子的响应等方面的差异,对农田土壤硝化微生物相关研究成果进行概括和总结,以期深入了解农田土壤中氮素转化机制,为农田尺度氮素养分管理、面源污染防控及温室气体减排提供理论依据。     

上海城郊不同农业用地类型土壤硝化和反硝化作用

采用气压过程分离(BaPS)技术对上海城郊不同农业用地类型土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率进行了测定.结果表明:不同农业用地类型土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率差异显著(p<0.05).其中大棚蔬菜总硝化速率和反硝化速率最高;在土壤含水量15%～30%范围内.土壤总硝化作用和反硝化作用对氮损失的贡献率分别为46.8%,53.2%.土壤含水量和土壤通气孔隙度的适度增加均有利于土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用的进行;总硝化速率与土壤含水量、土壤通气孔隙度、全氮含量呈显著性相关(p<0.05),与土壤N_3~--N呈极显著性相关(p<0.01);反硝化速率与土壤含水量、N_3~--N、全氮呈显著性相关(p<0.05),与土壤通气孔隙度呈极显著性相关(p<0.01);中等土壤含水量范围内,影响土壤硝化作用、反硝化作用的环境因子趋于多样和复杂化,各种土壤环境因子共同影响和决定土壤硝化和反硝化过程.     

华北平原农田生态系统土壤C、N净矿化及尿素转化研究

以华北平原区4个农田生态系统[京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)和河北栾城(LF)、河北南皮(NF)、山东惠民(HF)3个粮田]为研究对象,采用室内好气、恒温、避光条件下培养30.d,对比研究了不同海拔和不同农业扰动强度下的农田生态系统中耕层(020.cm)土壤的净N矿化、净硝化、净C矿化以及尿素的转化,旨在探索人类农业扰动强度和地理海拔对土壤供N潜力和尿素N转化的影响。结果表明,4个地区的土壤供N潜力分别为:14.4、13.2,17.7和16.5.mg/kg,说明高度熟化的华北区农田土壤供N潜力相对稳定。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚和以施用化肥为主的粮田对土壤供N没有显著影响。农田土壤净矿化后的供N形式主要是NO3--N。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚积累了较高的土壤有机质和全N,但是土壤净C矿化以及施用尿素后CO2的排放量均低于以施用化肥为主的粮田。尿素在各区域农田土壤中水解转化后均主要以NO3--N形式存在,NO3--N占尿素水解后无机N增量的98%9～9%;华北平原农田生态系统施入尿素态N.30d后,水解成有效态无机N的转化率为63.4%8～3.2%,即每克尿素态N在京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)、栾城高产农田(LF)、南皮农田(NF)和惠民农田(HF)土壤中转化为NO3--N的量分别为0.69、0.82、0.64和0.63.g/kg,同时可使相应区域农田的CO2排放量分别增加CO21.20、1.360、.67和1.58.g/kg。     

不同种植时间菜园土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化特征

土壤生物学指标能够反映土壤质量在各种自然和人为作用下的微小变化,是敏感的土壤质量指标。本文以太湖地区高强度开发为背景,研究了不同利用年限的菜园土壤微生物生物量C和酶活性的变化特征。研究结果表明,菜园土壤随着利用年限的不断增加,土壤养分逐渐升高,土壤脲酶活性、土壤微生物生物量C与土壤有机质、全N、全P之间具有良好的线性关系,土壤纤维素酶活性随菜地利用时间增加有上升的趋势,它们能较好地区别不同利用年限的菜地土壤,可以作为敏感的土壤生物学指标。但土壤转化酶活性与土壤养分的变化没有明显的相关性。     

紫外分光光度法测定农田土壤微生物生物量氮可行性初探

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提-紫外分光光度法和消化法比较测定了田间定位试验不同施肥处理土壤、添加植物残体土壤、添加葡萄糖土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC,SMBN)。结果表明,当土壤微生物生物量氮含量较高时(>20 mg kg-1),采用分光光度法与消化法测定的SMBN具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),但当SMBN量较低时(<20 mg kg-1)时,分光光度法测定与消化法测定的SMBN没有显著相关性。当土壤中添加麦秸和玉米秸时,土壤浸提液颜色较深(黄色),不适合采用分光光度法测定SMBN。因此,熏蒸提取–分光光度法测定SMBN,仅适于土壤浸提液无色透明、且SMBN含量较高的土壤。     

添加葡萄糖对红壤农田肥料氮转化及其酸化的影响

采用室内培养实验,初步研究了外加葡萄糖对红壤肥料氮素转化及其酸化作用的影响,其中葡萄糖添加量充足,为8 g·kg–1干土,氮肥以(NH4)2SO4和KNO3为例.结果表明,在对照、单施(NH4)2SO4或KNO3处理中,土壤中氮转化过程主要以有机氮净矿化和铵态氮净硝化为主,这主要是由于红壤可利用碳源较少.而外加足够葡萄...     

Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates in forest soil in northeastern Taiwan

We used a laboratory incubation approach to measure rates of net N mineralization and nitrification in forest soils from Fu-shan Experimental Forest WS1 in northern Taiwan. Net mineralization rates in the O horizon ranged from 4.0 to 13.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹, and net nitrification rates ranged from 2.2 to 11.6 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. For mineral (10–20 cm depth) soil, net mineralization ranged from 0.06 to 2.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and net nitrification rates ranged from 0.02 to 2.8 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. We did not find any consistent differences in N mineralization or nitrification rates in soils from the upper and lower part of the watershed. We compared the rates of these processes in three soil horizons (to a soil depth of 30 cm) on a single sampling date and found a large decrease in both net N mineralization and nitrification with depth. We estimated that the soil total N pool was 6,909 kg N ha⁻¹. The present study demonstrates the importance of the stock of mineral soil N in WS1, mostly organic N, which can be transformed to inorganic N and potentially exported to surface and ground water from this watershed. Additional studies quantifying the rates of soil N cycling, particularly multi-site comparisons within Taiwan and the East Asia–Pacific region, will greatly improve our understanding of regional patterns in nitrogen cycling.     

Potential mineralization and nitrification in volcanic grassland soils in Chile

Abstract

A proportion of the nitrogen (N) applied to grasslands as organic or inorganic fertilizers can be lost to water courses as nitrate and to the atmosphere as nitrous and nitric oxides. Volcanic soils from Chile are not generally prone to leaching, possibly due to net immobilization of nitrate and/or ammonium, and/or due to inhibition of nitrification by either chemical or physical processes. In laboratory studies we found large mineralization potentials in soils from three different Chilean soils after 17 weeks of incubation, totalling 215 and 254 mg kg^?1 dry soil for two Andisols and 127 mg kg^?1 dry soil in an Ultisol. Nitrification occurred after a short period, and was lowest in the Ultisol. In addition, microbial analysis showed nitrifiers to be present in all three soils. Adsorption of ammonium was two-fold stronger than for nitrate, ranging from 29 to 180 kg N ha^?1. The highest potential for N adsorption in the 0–60 cm soil profile was with the Ultisol (398 kg N ha^?1), but was similar in both Andisols (193 and 172 kg N ha^?1, respectively). The combination of ammonium retention together with delayed nitrification could account for the low leaching rates in these soils.     

A proposed use of ion exchange resins to measure nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in intact soil cores

Abstract

A procedure is proposed for measuring nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in intact soil cores. The method relies on ion exchange resins to trap ammonium and nitrate entering and leaving cores of soil otherwise open at the top and bottom. Changes in soil concentrations plus an accounting of ions trapped by the lower resin after field incubations, indicate rates of nitrogen reactions. Using this technique, we estimated net ammonification rates from 0–36 mg N/kg/mo and nitrification rates from 0–16 mg N/kg/mo for the surface of a sandy, low nutrient soil under pine cultivation in north Florida; higher rates occurred after urea fertilization. The procedure has potential advantages over others, but must be more fully evaluated under a variety of conditions.     

夜间增温对免耕农田土壤氮矿化与硝化速率的影响

研究了农田土壤氮矿化速率和硝化速率对长期夜间增温和免耕的响应特征。试验设置4种处理:常温+翻耕(CK)、夜间增温+翻耕(W)、常温+免耕(NT)、夜间增温+免耕(WNT)。与对照相比,W处理下土壤中碱解氮和铵态氮明显增加,其中1~2月增幅分别为26%~28%和82%~133%,且土壤氮矿化速率和硝化速率均显著高于CK处理。NT处理下,土壤碱解氮和铵态氮的季节均值分别提高了15%和41%;土壤氮总矿化速率显著高于CK和W处理,硝化速率则显著低于CK和W处理。WNT处理下的土壤氮矿化速率显著高于NT处理,而硝化速率则显著低于CK和W处理,可见,在夜间增温条件下,采取免耕措施将有利于土壤有机氮的矿化过程,降低了土壤硝化速率,从而减小了土壤氮素损失的风险。     

硝化抑制剂对春玉米氮素利用及土壤pH值和无机氮的影响

通过大田试验,研究了黑土区春玉米施用硝化抑制剂对土壤pH值、土壤铵态氮和硝态氮变化、硝化抑制率、产量及氮素利用率的影响。试验结果表明:硝化抑制剂处理中,混合物B的中水平添加量处理(B2)玉米产量较一次性全施肥处理(AF)能够增产且增产率最高,为5.60%,氮素利用率较追肥处理(TP)提高5.43%,硝化抑制作用和增产的效果明显;施用硝化抑制剂可使土壤pH值缓慢阶梯式下降;土壤含水率与土壤铵态氮含量呈负相关性(P0.01);土壤铵态氮含量与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;所选用的两种硝化抑制剂的配方中,B2和A3(混合物A的低水平添加量)处理的增产和硝化抑制效果最佳。     

Factors controlling nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest ecosystems in New Mexico

Summary Forest floor and mineral soil from ponderosa-pine, Douglas-fir, aspen and spruce-fir ecosystems located along a rising gradient in New Mexico were tested with laboratory assays for factors controlling N mineralization and nitrification. We concluded that low pH in combination with factors associated with organic quality controlled N mineralization and almost completely limited nitrification in spruce-fir soils, while N mineralization in the forest floor of ponderosa-pine was limited by low nutrient availability (other than N). Organic quality of the substrate and temporal changes in organic quality appeared to control N-mineralization and nitrification processes in forest-floor and mineral soils from all other sites.     

浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土氮素净转化的影响

以东北旱作黑土为对象,在25℃和浅层淹水条件下开展了为期35 d的室内培养试验,研究不同施肥处理对黑土矿化作用和硝化作用的影响。结果表明,浅层淹水条件下土壤矿化作用和硝化作用仍能进行。与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮肥抑制了培养初期的有机氮矿化,但对后期氮矿化没有影响。氮肥施用初期对硝化作用没有影响,但2周后显著促进了硝化作用的进行。培养期间单施氮肥处理的平均净矿化速率为N 1.07 mg/(kg·d),与对照处理没有显著差异;平均净硝化速率为N 4.50 mg/(kg·d),是对照处理的2.43倍。浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著促进了土壤无机氮的生物固定,培养初期氮肥配施秸秆处理的无机氮固定量大于氮肥配施猪粪处理,后期则相对稍低,氮肥配施猪粪和配施秸秆处理的平均净氮矿化速率分别为N-5.61和-3.15 mg/(kg·d),两者间差异显著。与单施氮肥处理相比,浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著抑制了土壤硝化作用,培养期间氮肥配施猪粪和氮肥配施秸秆处理的平均净硝化速率分别为N 0.29和0.18 mg/(kg·d),分别比单施氮肥处理下降了93.5%和96.0%。     

Interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on nitrogen mineralization of wheat residues in a calcareous soil

Abstract

Because of the high pH of the soil in semiarid regions, phosphorus adsorption is unfavorable. So, considerable amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used annually, where this fertilizer may affect the plant residues' decomposition. To examine the interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen mineralization in calcareous soil, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of various C:N ratios (20, 40, and 60 or three levels of nitrogen N₁:0, N₂:11, and N₃:43?kg N ha^?1, respectively) and the second factor consisted of various C:P ratios (87, 174, and 260 or three levels of phosphorus P₁:0, P₂:12, and P₃:45?kg P ha^?1, respectively), under incubation conditions. The results indicated that the cumulative mineral nitrogen content in all treatments, except for N1P2 and N1P3 treatments, started from a positive amount and remained positive until the end of the incubation period. The highest amount of cumulative mineral nitrogen among treatments was related to N3P1 treatment, while the lowest was associated with N2P3 treatment. Mineralization of nitrogen during 60?d of incubation was the dominant phenomenon, except for the N1P2 and N1P3 treatments which remained in the organic phase. The effect of phosphorus on the cumulative mineralization of nitrogen was significant. With increasing the amount of phosphorus, the total inorganic nitrogen diminished. Nitrogen release begins earlier with lower C:N ratios, and therefore the available nitrogen can be released more quickly to the plant. It is generally concluded that, in calcareous soil, the use of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C:N ratio and to improve the mineralization of wheat residues will be a suitable option.     

温度变化对森林土壤氮矿化的影响

Nitrogen mineralization in forest soil wa studied in laboratory by incubating undisturbed soil cores enclosed within PVC columns at different temperatures to compare the effect of flucttuating temperature with that of constant temperaature,and to find out whether soil nitrification shows linearity over time .The results showed that there was no significant difference between soil nitrification at fluctuating temperature and that at constant temperature,and suggested that it must be careful to make the conclusion that soil nitrification has linearity over time.