Ingestive behavior of supplemented Nellore heifers grazing palisadegrass pastures managed with different sward heights

Three sward heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) and three supplement types (energy, energy‐protein, and a mineral mix supplement) were evaluated in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement distributed in a completely randomized design to study changes in forage search patterns in Nellore heifers in a continuous grazing system. Pasture data were collected using two replicates (paddocks) per treatment over four periods during the rainy season. The behavior assessments were made in the first and fourth grazing seasons. It was hypothesized that supplements and pasture management would modify ingestive behavior, considering that animals would require less time grazing if they had energy requirements met through higher digestibility of better managed paddocks, or use of supplements high in energy. Total and green forage masses along with green : dead material ratio were greater in treatments managed with higher sward heights. Sward managed with 35 cm height resulted in lower leaf : stem ratio compared with 15 cm sward height treatments. The animals on the 15 cm pastures spent more time grazing overall and during each meal, but there were no differences observed in meal numbers in comparison to 35 cm treatments. Heifers fed protein and/or energy supplements spent less time grazing in the early afternoon, but overall grazing time was the same for all animals.     

Camelina meal and crude glycerin as feed supplements for developing replacement beef heifers

Angus × Gelbvieh rotationally crossbred yearling heifers (n = 99, yr 1; n = 105, yr 2) were used in a 2-yr randomized complete block design experiment with repeated measures to determine the effect of feeding camelina biodiesel coproducts (meal and crude glycerin) on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose, as well as on growth and reproductive performance. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 15 pens, and pens were assigned initially to receive 7.03 k·?heifer(-1)·d(-1) of bromegrass hay plus 0.95 kg·heifer(-1)·d(-1) of 1 of 3 supplements for 60 d before breeding: 1) control (50% ground corn and 50% soybean meal, as-fed basis); 2) mechanically extracted camelina meal; or 3) crude glycerin (50% soybean meal, 33% ground corn, 15% crude glycerin, 2% corn gluten meal; as-fed basis). Preprandial blood samples were collected via the jugular vein on d 0, 30, and 60 of the feeding period. A 2-injection PGF(2α) protocol (d 60 and 70 of the study) was used to synchronize estrus. Heifers were artificially inseminated 12 h after estrus was first detected. Heifers not detected in estrus within 66 h received a GnRH injection and were artificially inseminated. Dietary treatment × sampling period interactions were not detected (P = 0.17 to 0.87). Dietary treatment did not affect BW (P = 0.44 to 0.59) or serum concentrations of thyroxine (P = 0.96), β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.46), glucose (P = 0.59), or insulin (P = 0.44). Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine were greater (P = 0.05) in heifers fed camelina meal. Additionally, dietary treatment did not affect the percentage of heifers detected in estrus before timed AI (P = 0.83), first-service pregnancy rates of those heifers detected in estrus (P = 0.97), or overall first-service pregnancy rates (P = 0.58). Heifers fed camelina meal, however, had greater (P = 0.05) first-service pregnancy rates to timed AI than did heifers fed the control and crude glycerin supplements. The cost per pregnancy was similar for heifers fed the crude glycerin or the control supplement, whereas the cost per pregnancy was the least for heifers fed camelina meal. We conclude that camelina coproducts can replace conventional corn-soybean meal supplements in the diets of developing replacement beef heifers.     

Energy to protein ratios in supplements for grazing heifers in the rainy season

Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study evaluated the effect of energy and protein supplementation on the nutritional characteristics, ingestive behavior, and productive performance in...     

金鲳鱼饲料中发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的研究

试验采用单因子试验设计,选用初始体重为(60±4)g的金鲳鱼(Trachinotus ovatus),随机分成5个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,饲养在浮式海水网箱中,进行为期65 d的试验。在对照组配方中鱼粉用量为51%的基础上,分别用13%、24%、34%和44%的发酵豆粕代替配方中9%、16%、23%和31%的鱼粉用量,研究发酵豆粕代替鱼粉对金鲳鱼生长性能的影响。试验结果表明:在金鲳鱼饲料中用发酵豆粕代替23%的进口鱼粉,金鲳鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,发酵豆粕代替25%的鱼粉用量对金鲳鱼的生产性能不会产生不良影响。     

木瓜蛋白酶体外酶解苜蓿草粉适宜条件的研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶水解部分苜蓿草粉替代豆粕,研究其酶用量、水解温度、水解时间对蛋白质水解率的影响。结果表明：最佳酶解条件为酶用量0.02g,水解时间10h,水解温度65℃。     

大豆豆粕:长期看好短期平稳震荡

1 国内大豆市场情况 国庆节后，国产大豆市场逐渐走出了相对低迷的行情。价格在短暂的下跌后迅速上扬，而且较为持续，总体走势先抑后扬（图1），截至11月29日．国内大豆均价为2640元／t，较节前上涨了约246元／t．地区最高涨幅达到300元／t。10月中旬后黑龙江产区大豆收割基本完毕，由于压榨国产豆利润相对较高（外盘连续上涨，进口成本不断攀升），有较强的竞争力，吸引了较多外地油厂进入产区收购大豆，其中南方油厂，期货大豆商也在观望后开始收购，众多收购主体的人市抬高了收购价格，也一度形成了收购积极和农户惜售对峙的局面。11月下旬，国产大豆与进口大豆价差已明显缩减，国内大豆价格以稳为主，局部出现回落。截至11月30日，黑龙江地区油厂大豆入厂价在2440～2500元／t。     

Substitution of DL-methionine for soybean meal as a winter supplement for gestating cows grazing native range

A winter grazing study was conducted to determine whether DL-methionine could replace soybean meal as a N supplement for gestating beef cows. During two winters (Trial 1, n = 51; Trial 2, n = 60), crossbred beef cows grazed native foothill range. Three treatment groups were supplemented with either none (CON), DL-methionine (7.5 g Trial 1 and 9 g Trial 2) in .5 kg beet pulp carrier (BPM) or .4 kg soybean meal (SBM). Cows were supplemented individually every other day. Small differences were noted in cow BW, condition score and blood metabolites. Unsupplemented cows lost the greatest amount of BW (P less than .01) in both trials and lost more (P less than .05) condition during Trial 1 than cows fed BPM or SBM supplements. Blood samples were obtained on two consecutive days during each trial (45 d and 25 d prepartum) and analyzed for blood urea N, total bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, total protein and cholesterol. A treatment x day preparatum interaction (P less than .05) was noted for blood urea. Blood urea nitrogen declined as gestation length increased for CON and SBM cows, but blood urea of BPM-supplemented cows remained low and unchanged. In situ forage digestion was measured in 12 ruminally cannulated cows (four/treatment). In both trials, in situ rate of NDF disappearance was greater (P less than .05) for SBM than for BPM. In Trial 2, a treatment x sampling hour interaction was detected for purine concentration of whole ruminal contents; SBM maintained greater purine concentrations throughout the 48-h supplementation cycle than BPM did. Principal component analysis suggested that ruminal ammonia limited the microbial growth response to DL-methionine. Therefore, alternate-day supplementation of DL-methionine plus beet pulp did not effectively substitute for soybean meal in these trials.     

Peanut cake can replace soybean meal in supplements for lactating cows without affecting production

Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study evaluated the total replacement of soybean meal with peanut cake in the concentrate supplement of lactating cows grazing. Eight crossbred 5/8...     

Absence of a weight gain response to Vitamin B12 supplementation in weaned dairy heifers grazing pastures of marginal cobalt content

Aim. To obtain information on serum and liver vitamin B₁₂ and urinary methylmalonic acid concentrations as diagnostic tests to predict a weight gain response to supplementation with vitamin B₁₂ in young dairy cattle when grazing pasture of low cobalt content.

Methodology. Forty dairy cattle (12 Friesian, 14 Friesian × Jersey and 14 Jersey) were allocated to two equal sized groups, treated and untreated, based on liveweight. At monthly intervals for 14 months, all animals were weighed, their serum and urine sampled, their liver biopsied and the pasture sampled from the paddocks they were grazing and going to graze. Serum and liver were assayed for Vitamin B₁₂ concentrations. For the first 5 months of the trial, urine was assayed for methylmalonic acid concentrations. Both washed and unwashed pasture samples were assayed for cobalt concentrations.

Results. No weight gain response occurred to Vitamin B₁₂ supplementation in young growing cattle grazing pasture with a cobalt concentration of 0.04-0.06 mg/kg DM. For 5 months of the trial, liver Vitamin B₁₂ concentrations from untreated calves were in the range 75-220 nmol/kg and serum vitamin B₁₂ concentrations were as low as 72 pmol/1. There was no associated growth response to supplementation.

Conclusion. Further trials involving young cattle grazing pastures with cobalt concentrations less than 0.04 mg/kg DM are required to reliably determine liver and serum Vitamin B₁₂ concentrations at which growth responses to Vitamin B₁₂ or cobalt supplementation are likely under New Zealand pastoral grazing conditions.     

Absence of a weight gain response to Vitamin B12 supplementation in weaned dairy heifers grazing pastures of marginal cobalt content

AIM: To obtain information on serum and liver vitamin B12 and urinary methylmalonic acid concentrations as diagnostic tests to predict a weight gain response to supplementation with vitamin B12 in young dairy cattle when grazing pasture of low cobalt content. Methodology. Forty dairy cattle (12 Friesian, 14 Friesian x Jersey and 14 Jersey) were allocated to two equal sized groups, treated and untreated, based on liveweight. At monthly intervals for 14 months, all animals were weighed, their serum and urine sampled, their liver biopsied and the pasture sampled from the paddocks they were grazing and going to graze. Serum and liver were assayed for vitamin B12 concentrations. For the first 5 months of the trial, urine was assayed for methylmalonic acid concentrations. Both washed and unwashed pasture samples were assayed for cobalt concentrations. RESULTS: No weight gain response occurred vitamin B12 supplementation in young growing cattle grazing pasture with a cobalt concentration of 0.04-0.06 mg/kg DM. For 5 months of the trial, liver vitamin B12 concentrations from untreated calves were in the range 75-220 nmol/kg and serum vitamin B12 concentrations were as low as 72 pmol/1. There was no associated growth response to supplementation. CONCLUSION: Further trials involving young cattle grazing pastures with cobalt concentrations less than 0.04 mg/kg DM are required to reliably determine liver and serum vitamin B12 concentrations at which growth responses to vitamin B12 or cobalt supplementation are likely under New Zealand pastoral grazing conditions.     

Absence of a weight gain response to Vitamin B12 supplementation in weaned dairy heifers grazing pastures of marginal cobalt content

extract

Unfortunately there is an error in the paper by Clark et al. in the August 1999 issue of the Journal (Vol 47, 125-127, 1999) entitled: “Absence of a weight-gain response to Vitamin B₁₂ supplementation in weaned dairy heifers grazing pasture of marginal cobalt content”. In the Materials and Methods section, the dose of hydroxycobalamin administered to the treated group reads “2000 mg”; the correct dose is “2000 𝛍g”.     

Sunflower seed meal as a substitute for soybean meal in commercial broiler chicken diets

1. An experiment was conducted to study the possibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower seed meal (SFM) in broiler chick diets. The SBM in broiler starter (317.9 g/kg) and finisher (275.4 g/kg) diets was replaced with SFM at 33, 67 and 100% on an iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous basis using sunflower oil to balance the energy content of the diets. The metabolisable energy levels used in the diet were considerably less than the recommended levels for broilers. Each experimental diet was fed ad libitum from 2 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 5 birds. Parameters studied included amino acid and apparent metabolisable energy contents in food ingredients, body weight, food intake, food efficiency, leg abnormality score, dry matter digestibility, carcase traits, relative weight and length of intestine, fat and protein content in liver and serum biochemical profile. 2. SFM had higher concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, methionine and cystine and lower energy content than SBM. 3. Replacement of SBM with SFM up to 67% in starter and 100% in finisher diets did not affect weight gain. Total and 67% replacement of SBM with SFM depressed food efficiency at 21 and 42 d of age, respectively. Food intake was significantly higher in SFM-based diets than in the SBM reference diet at 21 and 42 d of age, except in groups given SFM100 at 21 d of age. In the latter group, the food intake was similar to that on the SBM reference diet. The digestibility of dry matter decreased with increased levels of SFM in the diet. 4. The relative weights of giblet, liver and abdominal fat, length of intestine, activity of alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in serum were not influenced by incorporation of SFM in the broiler diet. 5. The ready to cook yield and liver fat content decreased, while the relative weights of gizzard and intestine and protein content in liver increased, with increasing levels of SFM in the diet. 6. The concentration of HDL cholesterol increased while the concentration of LDL cholesterol decreased with increasing content of SFM (> or =67% of SBM) in diet. The serum protein concentration decreased progressively with increase in dietary SFM. The concentrations of protein and triglycerides in serum were lowest in groups receiving SFM100. 7. Body weight gain was not affected by total replacement of SBM with SFM at 42 d of age. However, considering food efficiency, carcase yields, serum lipid profile and level of supplemental fat in diet, it is concluded that SFM can replace up to two-thirds of soybean, corresponding to inclusion of 345 and 296 g SFM per kg for starter and finisher phases, respectively.     

Comparative efficacy of up to 50% partial fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal or enzymatically prepared soybean meal on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs

This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of partial fish meal (FM) replacement (up to 50%) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM; SoELAB, PepSoyGen and Soytide) or enzymatically prepared SBM (HP 300) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs (body weight 6.59 ± 0.29 kg) were used in experimental feeding trials, lasting for up to 6 weeks, and were randomly allotted to five groups with four block replicates of five pigs per pen serving as one block. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) 100% FM, (ii) 50% FM + 50% SoELAB‐54, (iii) 50% FM + 50% PepSoyGen, (iv) 50% FM + 50% Soytide and (v) 50% FM + 50% HP 300. Concerning growth performance, none of the treated SBM preparations demonstrated any significantly different effect compared with FM treatment. With respect to nutrient digestibility, SoELAB and HP 300 treatments demonstrated no significant difference compared with FM treatment. Lastly, none of the SBM preparations demonstrated any significant differences in animal fecal score and all of the differentially treated SBM increased fecal Lactobacillus counts, while maintaining similar Escherichia coli counts compared with FM treatment.     

饲用大豆多肽替代进口鱼粉与乳清粉对仔猪生产性能的影响研究

试验旨在探讨用饲用大豆多肽同时取代35日龄断奶仔猪日粮中的进口鱼粉与乳清粉。采用单因子试验设计,按体重、性别、窝别一致的原则,选取35日龄"杜长大"三元杂交仔猪36头,随机分成对照组与试验组2个组。试验组用饲用大豆多肽分别取代对照组中4%的乳清粉与4%的进口鱼粉。结果表明,饲用大豆多肽可以同时取代35日龄断奶仔猪日粮中的乳清粉与进口鱼粉,而不会影响仔猪的生产性能(P>0.05),并能显著提高经济效益(P<0.01)。     

Influence of soybean meal and sorghum grain supplementation on intake, digesta kinetics, ruminal fermentation, site and extent of digestion and microbial protein synthesis in beef steers grazing blue grama rangeland

Six beef steers (British x Brahman) cannulated at the rumen, duodenum and ileum (avg wt 334 kg) and three mature steers (British x British) cannulated at the esophagus were used in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design and fed no supplement (C), .5 kg soybean meal (SBM) or .5 kg steam-flaked sorghum grain (SFS).head-1.d-1 (DM basis) while grazing blue grama rangeland. Periods of the latin square included a minimum of 14 d for adaptation and 11 d for esophageal masticate collection and digesta sampling. In September, October and November, respectively, forage collected by esophageally cannulated steers averaged 74.5, 88.8 and 71.0% grasses; 2.06, 1.53 and 1.77% N and 68.3, (P greater than .10) by treatment, but total N intake was greater (P less than .05) for SBM vs C and SFS treatments. No differences (P greater than .10) were detected among treatments in OM, NDF, ADF and N digestibilities in the rumen, small intestine or hindgut, but total tract OM digestibility was greater (P less than .10) for SBM and SFS than for C, and total tract N digestibility was greater (P less than .10) for SBM than for C or SFS. Duodenal ammonia N flow was greater (P less than .05) when SBM was fed that when SFS and C were fed, but microbial N and non-ammonia, non-microbial N flows and microbial efficiency were not altered by treatment. Likewise, ileal N flow was not affected (P greater than .10) by treatment. Particulate passage rate, gastrointestinal mean retention time, forage in vitro OM disappearance and in situ rate of forage NDF digestion also were not affected (P greater than .10) by treatments. Ruminal fluid volume was greater (P less than .05) for SFS vs SBM and C treatments, but no differences were noted in fluid dilution rate. Ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was greater (P less than .05) when SBM was fed than when SFS and C were fed (13.5, 9.9 and 8.7 mg/dl, respectively), whereas pH and total VFA concentrations were not different (P greater than .10). Proportion of acetate in ruminal fluid was less (P less than .10) for SBM and SFS than for C. Small amounts of supplemental SBM and SFS had little effect on forage intake, ruminal fermentation and site of digestion but both increased total tract OM digestion in steers grazing blue grama rangeland.     

Effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers

Two experiments were done to evaluate the effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate, anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. In experiment 1, good control of nematode contamination of pasture was indicated by lower worm burdens in tracer calves that grazed with 15 heifers treated orally with a single bolus and by significantly decreased numbers of nematode eggs in the feces of the 15 treated heifers, as compared with numbers of eggs in the feces of 15 nontreated control calves. Significant differences in weight gain were not seen between treated and nontreated heifers, probably due to low amounts of larval exposure, the small number of heifers evaluated, and parasitic resistance in the heifers, which may have developed as a result of prestudy exposure to contaminated pasture. In experiment 2, done 1 year after the 1st experiment, using the same pastures that were used in experiment 1, young heifers were used. Many of the heifers were parasite naive at the beginning of the experiment (ie, nematode eggs were not found before the experiment). Treatment with the bolus was effective in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in the heifers and in controlling nematode contamination of pasture. Compared with nontreated heifers, treated heifers had significantly higher cumulative weight gains, a significant decrease in plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and a significant decrease in worm egg excretion. The number of worms acquired by tracer calves that were grazed with treated heifers was significantly less than for tracer calves that were grazed with nontreated heifers.     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉在加州鲈饲料中的研究

配制4种等氮等能的饲料,分别含有0％（对照）、20％、10％、5％发酵豆粕（FSM）来替代鱼粉,这四种饲料分别命名为D1、D2、D3、D4。另外一种饲料是利用“70％基础饲料＋30％发酵豆粕”来评价加州鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对发酵豆粕的表观消化率。加州鲈初始体重20．62±0．92g,随机放入半循环系统的15个缸中（270L）,分别投喂不同饲料养殖8周。评价指标有SGR、FCR及相关生理指标。 加州鲈对于发酵豆粕的蛋白表观消化率为103．22±4．0,脂肪表观消化率为97．80±1．27,干物质表观消化率为93．47±11．24。从结果中可以看出,虽然投喂D3、D4饲料的加州鲈的SGR高于投喂D2,但是差异不显著（P〉0．05）。另外FOR及CF（肥满度）在各组间差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。在脏体比和肝体比方面,D1显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,而其中D4组最低。在干物质的表观消化率方面D3、D4也显著高于D1（P〈0．05）。但在蛋白质及脂肪的表观消化率方面虽然D3、D4始终高于D1,但各组间差异不显著。以上结果表明,饲料中含有5％、10％发酵豆粕,加州鲈有较好的生长,生理及表观消化率的表现。在测定原料消化率时发现发酵豆粕蛋白表观消化率为103．22±4．0,这可能是因为发酵豆粕能够促进饲料中其他物质的消化吸收,从而提高整体的消化吸收率。同时结果还表明投喂含有发酵豆粕的饲料能够显著降低加州鲈的脏体比和肝体比,这表明发酵豆粕可能在一定程度上可以降低脂肪在体内的沉积,从而降低脂肪肝的发生率。根据以上分析,加州鲈饲料中至少可以添加10％发酵豆粕。