A Knowledge-Based Model for Nitrogen Management in Rice and Wheat

Abstract

Excessive nitrogen fertilization results in low nitrogen-use efficiency. To improve nitrogen management for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency in rice and wheat, we developed a knowledge-based nitrogen fertilization model by integrating the quantitative relationship between N fertilization and yield target with respect to N supply and demand balance. The total amount of nitrogen and ratio of basal to top dressing nitrogen could be determined by this nitrogen fertilization model, and the desirable nitrogen fertilizer strategies could be made under the conditions of different climates, soil types and managements. Furthermore, the function of dynamic regulation of pre-designed N dressing rate could be determined by using the nitrogen fertilization model on the basis of actual growth status under a specific production system. The nitrogen fertilization model is evaluated using the data from field experiments of rice and wheat at Nanjing, and the results on crop growth pattern and N use showed that the grain yield and N recovery were markedly improved by the N fertilization plan given by the model. The nitrogen fertilization model can be used as guidance for quantifying N fertilization strategy in cereal crop production.     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

[目的]再生稻是头季稻生长的延续.本研究尝试从根际微生态系统的变化来阐明机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥管理对头季-再生季水稻产量形成的影响,为再生稻高产高效栽培提供参考.[方法]以"甬优1540"为材料,通过2年的田间试验,在头季总施氮量(225.00 kg/hm2)不变的前提下,设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理,分析了机械化栽培下再...     

Nitrogen Dynamics in Lowland Rice as Affected by Crop Establishment and Nitrogen Management

Abstract

Information on the dynamics of nitrogen as influenced by crop establishment method and N management strategy is meager, but such information is necessary in optimizing nitrogen input for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, during the wet and dry seasons of 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of crop establishment and nitrogen management strategies for lowland rice on the dynamics of mineral N. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four crop establishment methods as main plots and two N management techniques as subplots with three replications. Zero-N fertilizer (N-omission) micro-plots were embedded in each plot. Crop establishment method did not significantly influence uptake of indigenous mineral N during the wet (44-55 kg ha-1) and dry (43-50 kg ha-1) seasons. Apparently, NH4+-N and NO3～-N accumulated in the top 20-cm layer of the soil during the wet season, resulting in relatively high initial N during the dry season. Crop establishment and N management strategies did not influence crop removal of N during a one-year period. Actual N balance across crop establishment methods during the one-year period ranged from 10 to 16 kg ha-1, whereas the apparent N balance ranged from 45 to 99 kg ha-1. A fertilizer recommendation should be developed based on the actual N balance along with the assessment of crop N requirement for a given yield potential.     

灌溉模式与施氮量互作对水稻茎蘖产量形成的影响

[目的]明确灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻根系形态、茎蘖产量形成的影响,以期为水稻绿色生产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据.[方法]采用大田试验的方法,以两优287为材料,设置浸润式灌溉(W1)、常规灌溉(W2)和淹水灌溉(W3)三种灌水模式,不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm2)、常规施氮(N1,165.0 kg/hm2)和高氮...     

细胞分裂素对植物生长发育的调控机理研究进展及其在水稻生产中的应用探讨

细胞分裂素(cytokinin, CTK)对植物的形态、生理及产量有重要调控作用,是调控氮素吸收、转运与代谢的主要因子之一。本文概述了氮素的吸收、转运、代谢以及CTK的代谢、转运和信号转导路径,重点阐述了CTK与氮素协作调控根-冠关系的生理机制,即反式玉米素(tZ)及其核苷(tZR)受氮素诱导在根中合成,并转运至地上部,调控地上部氮的转运及分布,影响氮代谢酶的生理特性,从而影响植株光合特性及产量;冠层中氮能够诱导异戊烯基腺嘌呤(iP)及其腺苷(iPR)的合成,并通过韧皮部转运至根系,抑制根系氮素吸收、转运,抑制根系形态建成。在此基础上,进一步论述了CTK在协调源-库关系及提高籽粒充实度方面的作用,分析了栽培措施对CTK生理代谢的影响及其与作物生长相关的机理。同时探讨了CTK上述功能应用于水稻大田生产时存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

Measuring and predicting canopy nitrogen nutrition in wheat using a spectral index—The canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI)

Varying the spatial distribution of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer to match demand in crops has been shown to increase profits in Australia. Better matching the timing of N inputs to plant requirements has been shown to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop yields and could reduce nitrous oxide emissions from broad acre grains. Farmers in the wheat production area of south eastern Australia are increasingly splitting N application with the second timing applied at stem elongation (Zadoks 30). Spectral indices have shown the ability to detect crop canopy N status but a robust method using a consistent calibration that functions across seasons has been lacking. One spectral index, the canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI) designed to detect canopy N using three wavebands along the “red edge” of the spectrum was combined with the canopy nitrogen index (CNI), which was developed to normalize for crop biomass and correct for the N dilution effect of crop canopies. The CCCI–CNI index approach was applied to a 3-year study to develop a single calibration derived from a wheat crop sown in research plots near Horsham, Victoria, Australia. The index was able to predict canopy N (g m⁻²) from Zadoks 14–37 with an r² of 0.97 and RMSE of 0.65 g N m⁻² when dry weight biomass by area was also considered. We suggest that measures of N estimated from remote methods use N per unit area as the metric and that reference directly to canopy %N is not an appropriate method for estimating plant concentration without first accounting for the N dilution effect. This approach provides a link to crop development rather than creating a purely numerical relationship. The sole biophysical input, biomass, is challenging to quantify robustly via spectral methods. Combining remote sensing with crop modelling could provide a robust method for estimating biomass and therefore a method to estimate canopy N remotely. Future research will explore this and the use of active and passive sensor technologies for use in precision farming for targeted N management.     

甬优4949和超优1000在华中地区再生稻种植的氮肥运筹研究

【目的】研究不同氮肥运筹处理下,超优1000、甬优4949作再生稻种植时的产量、氮肥偏生产力以及再生力的表现,以期为超优1000和甬优4949引入再生稻系统提供理论依据。【方法】试验为裂区设计,主区为氮肥处理,共设置了6个不同的氮肥处理,分别为N_1(120_main150_ratoon)、N_2(120_main225_ratoon)、N_3(185_main150_ratoon)、N_4(185_main225_ratoon)、N_5(250_main150_ratoon)、N_6(250_main225_ratoon);品种为副区(甬优4949、超优1000,两优6326作为再生稻大面积种植的对照品种)。测定不同品种在不同氮肥运筹下株高、分蘖数、叶面积指数、地上部生物量、产量、产量构成因子和成熟籽粒氮含量。【结果】试验结果表明,在头季,两优6326、超优1000、甬优4949最高产量分别为9.16 t/hm^2、9.08 t/hm^2和11.15 t/hm^2,其对应的施氮量分别为185 kg/hm^2、120 kg/hm^2和185 kg/hm^2。三个品种在高施氮量下(225 kg/hm^2)的平均再生季产量分别为5.41 t/hm^2、4.98 t/hm^2、6.02 t/hm^2,在低施氮量下(150kg/hm^2)的平均再生季产量分别为5.78 t/hm^2、5.41 t/hm^2、6.49 t/hm^2。然而,三个品种在低氮处理下的氮肥偏生产力均显著高于高氮处理。综合产量和氮肥偏生产力,甬优4949的最优氮肥运筹应与两优6326保持一致(185_main150_ratoon),而超优1000在目前的产量水平下的头季施氮量低于两优6326(120 kg/hm^2),而再生季可与两优6326保持一致。【结论】甬优4949可在华中地区作再生稻种植并且氮肥运筹模式可与两优6326保持一致,而超优1000由于生育期太长,再生季不能完全成熟,不适合在华中地区作再生稻种植。     

N applications that increase plant N during panicle development are highly effective in increasing spikelet number in rice

Efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer is critical in improving yield stability in rice. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) top-dressing on the number of total spikelet (fertile plus sterile) production and evaluate the effect among rice cultivars. We analyzed 136 sets of experimental data on growth and spikelet production for three lowland cultivars, grown under various regimes of N over 10 seasons at Kyoto, Ibaraki and Kanagawa, Japan. In each season, one to three of the lowland cultivars, Nipponbare (japonica), Koshihikari (japonica) and Takanari (indica), were studied. In 1986, 1995 and 1999-2001, the N regimes included basal application only, light basal and heavy top-dressing from the panicle initiation stage onward, heavy basal and heavy top-dressing from the spikelet formation stage onward, and no applications. In 2002 and 2005-2008, we set up experimental plots with varied time of N top-dressing, with or without N basal application. Takanari had the largest spikelet number averaged over all plots and was considered better efficient in spikelet production per applied N than the other cultivars. Although the trend is not clear, the effect of time of top-dressing on spikelet number was generally the greatest when N was top-dressed from 35 to 30 days before heading. The variation of observed spikelet number was analyzed with a linear regression of plant N 14 days before heading and by a model that estimates spikelet production accounting for plant N 14 days before heading and crop growth rate (CGR) during the 14-day period preceding heading. For the variation of spikelet number within each cultivar, the linear function model expressed the observed spikelet number than the two function model with R² 0.43** versus 0.13*-0.28** for the former and later models, respectively. When the results of all cultivars were combined, the two function model was much better for estimation of spikelet number than the linear function model (R² = 0.36** vs. 0.20*). This indicates that yearly and varietal variation of spikelet number was caused mainly by plant N status at the late spikelet differentiation stage. The varietal variation in spikelet production efficiency is explained by CGR during this 14-day period. We concluded that N applications that increase plant N 14 days before heading is highly effective in maximizing spikelet production among cultivars.     

Identification of Nutrients Limiting Rice Growth in Soils of Northeast Thailand under Water-Limiting and Non-Limiting Conditions

Summary

Glasshouse nutrient omission trials are useful in identifying nutrient limitations for plant growth in soils under the same environmental conditions. Soils of low fertility are commonly used for production of rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.), and the crop often encounters water stress. Nutrient requirements may be modified when standing water disappears from the field. Two experiments with rice seedlings were conducted in a glasshouse at Ubon Rice Research Center, Thailand, to identify the nutrients which limit rice growth in soils of Northeast Thailand, and to determine whether nutrient limitations are affected by water availability. In Experiment 1, rice was grown on two soils (Roi et and Ubon series) under well-watered and water-limiting conditions, and 15 nutrient treatments were imposed. In Experiment 2, six soils from Northeast Thailand were examined using the same 15 nutrient treatments. The nutrients which clearly limited the growth of rice plants in soils of Northeast Thailand were nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In some cases, potassium (K) and sulfur (S) also limited growth, and in one soil zinc (Zn) and boron (B) also limited growth. A shortage of N was the most important limitation for plant growth in all soils except one in which P was more important. The low supply of P decreased plant height and leaf area development during early growth ; low N supply had a greater effect later during growth. The omission of P had a larger detrimental effect on growth when water supply was limited. In the Roi et soil, the omission of S had a large effect on leaf area and total dry matter production only under water stress conditions, but this was not found in the other soils examined. These results from glasshouse studies show that the nutrients limiting rice growth depend on soil type and water availability in soils of Northeast Thailand.     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

A model driven by crop water use and nitrogen supply for simulating changes in the regional yield of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand

Climate change will have significant impacts on the rain-fed rice production ecosystem, and particularly on the ecosystem’s hydrology and water resources. Under rain-fed lowland conditions, substantial variations among fields in grain yield are commonly observed, but a method that can account for field-scale yield variability to produce regional-scale yield estimates is lacking, thereby limiting our ability to predict future rice production under changing climate and variable water resources. In this study, we developed a model for estimating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand, by combining a simple crop model with a crop calendar model. The crop model incorporates the effects of two important resources (water and nitrogen) on crop growth. The biomass accumulation is driven by water use, whereas the nitrogen supply determines canopy development and thereby constrains crop water use. Accounting for the wide range of planting dates and the strong photoperiod-sensitive characteristics of rice varieties through the calendar model is an essential component in determining regional yield estimates. The present model does not account for the effects of mid-season drought or flooding, but was nonetheless able to explain the spatial and temporal yield variations at the province level for the past 25 years. Thus, it can be used as a prototype for simulating regional yields of rain-fed lowland rice.     

籼粳杂交稻精准条播育秧机插减氮增产的效应研究

[目的]明确精准条播育秧机插对籼粳杂交稻产量形成的影响及其在减氮条件下降低产量损失的作用.[方法]以甬优538和甬优1540为供试品种,精准条播(precision drill sowing,PS)16条机插,并以相同播种量传统撒播(broadcast sowing,BS)机插为对照,同时设置不施氮肥(0 kg/hm2...     

不同施氮水平催芽肥对欣荣优华占机收再生稻产量的影响

选用欣荣优华占作材料开展机收再生稻催芽肥不同施用水平试验,结果表明,施用催芽肥可明显提高头季机收后低位腋芽的存活率和萌发率,同时,对再生季每穗粒数也有一定影响。但催芽肥用量可比传统手割再生稻略减,中等肥力田块,一般杂交稻每667m~2尿素用量在10 kg左右。     

控释氮肥对杂交水稻糙米蛋白质品质和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

以八两优100（杂交早稻）和威优46（杂交晚稻）为材料,研究了施用控释氮肥对稻米蛋白质含量、氨基酸含量及其组分以及叶片和籽粒中硝酸还原酶（NRase）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和蛋白水解酶活性的影响。结果表明,八两优100和威优46控释氮肥处理糙米蛋白质、复合蛋白含量均显著或极显著高于尿素处理,其中谷蛋白和谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值增幅明显。施控释氮肥的八两优100和威优46糙米氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和限制性氨基酸含量均较施用尿素的明显提高。在施用尿素和控释氮肥条件下,供试两组合叶片中NRase、蛋白水解酶、GS以及籽粒中的GS活性的动态变化一致。施用控释氮肥有利于功能叶中NRase、GS、蛋白水解酶以及籽粒中的GS活性维持较高水平。控释氮肥对杂交水稻功能叶氮代谢关键酶活性和籽粒中蛋白质合成及氨基酸积累均有明显的调节作用。这可能是控释氮肥能显著提高杂交水稻产量和蛋白质及氨基酸含量的生理原因之一。     

麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115，采用二因素裂区设计，麦、油茬田同步开展试验，处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M1)和秸秆不还田(对照，M0)，副区设4个氮肥管理，即不施氮对照(N0)、m基肥∶m分蘖肥∶m促花肥∶m保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N1)、3∶3∶2∶2(N2)、2∶2∶3∶3(N3)，测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明，两种轮作方式下，氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率，其中，氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时，油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好，籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm2(5.22%)。M1N2处理、M0N3处理下，直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大，促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运，成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg?kg–1/17.85 kg?kg–1、67.27 kg?kg–1/71.28 kg?kg–1、74.93%/75.05%)，最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田，配合N2氮肥管理，可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率，增加籽粒产量，尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。     

Assessment for nitrogen pollution loads from farmland, Japan, by objective yield and standard fertilizer usage

This research proposes an assessment for nitrogen (N) pollution loads potential from farmland, based on comparison of N in objective crop yields with standard fertilizer usage. N in the objective yield was calculated using the “Standard Table of Food Composition in Japan”. Three findings were made by considering yields removed from farmland. First, paddy rice and beans have a low pollution potential, with rice paddies showing a negative pollution potential for N (around −14 kg/ha). Second, almost all vegetable and orchard crops tested had a high pollution potential for N, although this differed from crop to crop. Third, our outcomes align well with farmland pollution potential and non-absorbed nitrogen (NAN) as defined by Nishio, although the latter and indices rely on a laborious and complicated method. The correlation coefficients were 0.745 (R ² = 0.555). These outcomes show the effectiveness of our proposed assessment for potential environmental pollution loads.     

稻鳖共作模式中的土壤养分动态变化及产量形成

为探明稻鳖共作模式中的土壤养分变化及产量形成规律,选取湖南地区常用的两个水稻品种黄华占(H)及Y两优800(Y),设置稻鳖共作模式(T)及常规单作模式(N),以头季稻+再生稻(R)两季种植的方式,通过定时测定土壤中的养分含量变化情况及产量,进行了对比试验.结果表明:T模式中全氮、全磷含量呈"峰"型变化,N模式全程为缓慢下降趋势,相对平均差值为全氮15.3%、全磷16.35%;碱解氮、有效磷及有机质等指标在不同模式间变化趋势相似,相对平均差值为碱解氮5.3%、有效磷6.97%;T模式中有机质含量长期保持较高水平,相对平均差值为6.7%.T模式头季稻平均增产9.75%,再生稻平均增产10.05%.     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻植株干物质积累和产量的影响

氮肥运筹是影响水稻生长发育、物质生产及其产量的重要栽培措施。为探明双季稻区不同氮肥运筹模式对水稻植株干物质积累及产量的影响,设计5种施氮模式:早稻和晚稻均不施氮肥(N_0,CK),早稻施N120 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N210 kg/hm^2(N_120+210)、早稻施N150 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N180 kg/hm^2(N_150+180)、早稻施N180 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N150 kg/hm^2(N_180+150)、早稻施N210 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N120 kg/hm^2(N_(210 + 120)),比较研究5种氮肥运筹模式下早稻和晚稻植株干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)N_150+180处理植株分蘖数下降幅度平缓,其分蘖数多、成穗率较高;(2)早稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_180+150> N_150+180> N_(210 + 120)> N_120+210> CK,晚稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_150+180> N_120+210> N_180+150> N_(210 + 120)> CK;(3)分蘖期至成熟期,早稻和晚稻植株的根系干重分别以N_(210 + 120)、N_120+210处理最高,茎、叶干重分别以N_(210 + 120)和N_150+180处理最高,穗干重均以N_150+180和N_180+150处理最高,且均显著高于CK;(4)各处理水稻的穗总粒数和千粒重均无显著性差异;(5)早稻和晚稻产量均以N_150+180处理最高,分别比对照增加1849. 5和1879. 5 kg/hm^2。因此,早稻施用纯氮150 kg/hm^2和晚稻施用纯氮180 kg/hm^2的施肥模式,有利于增加水稻植株干物质积累,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。     

Improve Anthocyanin and Zinc Concentration in Purple Rice by Nitrogen and Zinc Fertilizer Application

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and anthocyanin is a secondary metabolite compound generally produced under stress conditions; both have benefits to human health. Rice is a staple food crop for most of the world’s population, and purple rice is well known as a natural source of Zn and anthocyanins, but their stability depends upon many factors. This review focuses on the opportunity to increase Zn and anthocyanin compounds in purple rice grains via Zn and nitrogen (N) management during cultivation. Variation in grain Zn concentration and anthocyanin compounds is found among purple rice varieties, thus presenting a challenge for breeding programs aiming at high grain Zn and anthocyanin contents. Genetic engineering has successfully achieved a high-efficiency vector system comprising two regulatory genes and six structural anthocyanin-related genes driven by endosperm-specific promoters to engineer purple endosperm rice that can provide new high-anthocyanin varieties. Grain Zn and anthocyanin concentrations in rice can also be affected by environmental factors during cultivation, e.g., light, temperature, soil salinity and nutrient (fertilizer) management. Applying N and Zn fertilizer is found to influence the physiological mechanisms of Zn absorption, uptake, transport and remobilization to promote grain Zn accumulation in rice, while N application can improve anthocyanin synthesis by promoting its biosynthesis pathway via the use of phenylalanine as a precursor. In summary, there is an opportunity to improve both grain Zn and anthocyanin in purple rice by appropriate management of Zn and N fertilizers during cultivation for specific varieties.     

半腐解秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻对15N的吸收和分配

 在模拟田间条件下的水泥池（微区）内，用半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻，两个水平的15N标记尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥施用，研究了不同时期施用的15N在水稻各部位的分配、15N的利用率和土壤 植株系统的氮素平衡。结果表明植株氮素含量中来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff%）、水稻对15N的吸收和利用率以及15N的土壤残留率因标记肥料的施用时期和用量的不同而有很大差异。分蘖肥的15N在水稻各部位中的Ndff%最高，而作为基肥施入的15N在水稻体内的Ndff%最低。植株对氮肥利用率的最低和最高值分别为5.58%和51.53%，氮肥的土壤残留率最低和最高值分别为13.81%和29.87%。