我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异分析

 采用40个SSR标记,分析了329份我国近50年来常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异。结果显示,39个SSR标记具有多态性,在多态性位点共检测到223个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均57个;平均Nei基因多样性指数（He）为0632。籼粳亚种间的SSR变异差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 54,He = 0440）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 44,He = 0397）。Nei遗传相似系数表明总体样本具有较小的遗传相似度（I = 0366）,而骨干亲本具有较高的遗传相似度（籼:I = 0590;粳:I = 0590）。这导致了籼粳亚种内较高的遗传一致性（籼:I = 0558;粳:I = 0600）。早、中、晚稻各类型遗传相似度差异明显,晚籼和早粳类型具有较高的遗传变异。籼粳稻品种尤其是粳稻的聚类结果显示出较强的季节型和地域特征。这些均提示育种家应选择更广泛的亲本源以拓宽选育品种的遗传基础。     

我国水稻主栽品种SSR多样性的比较分析

采用40个SSR标记,比较分析了151份20世纪50年代(78份）和近10年（73份）我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传差异,发现有39个标记具有多态性,多态性位点共检测到213个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均5.5个;平均Nei基因多样性指数(He)为0.649,范围在0.309（RM174）～0.869（RM418）。籼粳亚种间SSR多样性差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 4.4,He = 0.458）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 4.0,He = 0.395）。比较了78份20世纪50年代与73份近10年水稻主栽品种的遗传多样性,籼、粳亚种表现出相近的变化趋势,即Nei多样性指数和等位基因数20世纪50年代主栽品种高于近10年的。虽然Nei基因多样性指数的变化并不显著（籼稻：z= 1.471,P=0.141;粳稻：z= 1.932,P=0.053）,但等位基因数目的变化达到显著水平（籼稻：z= 2.677,P=0.007;粳稻：z= 3.441,P=0.001）。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异绝大部分存在于两时期内,尽管时期间平均贡献的遗传变异仅占1.9％,但仍然达到5％的显著水平;籼、粳亚种两时期间平均贡献的遗传变异高于整个分析样本,分别为5.0％和8.2％;籼、粳亚种不同位点的遗传分化程度也各不相同,籼稻和粳稻品种分别有13个（占33.3％）和11个（占28.2％）SSR位点的等位基因在两时期间差异显著,而其余位点的遗传变异则是因时期内品种间的差异引起的。研究表明近10年我国常规稻主栽品种丢失了一部分等位基因,水稻育种仍应加强更广泛的种质亲本的选择。     

基于SSILP、InDel和SSR标记的杂草稻籼粳分类

 采用40对SSILP、30对InDel和43对SSR标记对来自斯里兰卡的28份杂草稻和14栽培稻,来自国内外的9份籼型栽培稻、7份粳型栽培稻和4份代表性杂草稻进行遗传多样性分析。SSILP、InDel和SSR标记分别检测到84、61和213个等位基因,其平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.257、0.255和0.543。聚类分析显示供试的42份斯里兰卡杂草稻和栽培稻均为籼型。SSILP与InDel标记的相关性很高（r=0.989）,而它们与SSR标记相关性较低（0.812和0.808）。结果表明,SSILP和InDel标记可高效鉴别各类稻种资源的籼粳属性,而SSR标记更适用于亚种内的分类。     

贵州地方水稻品种的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用21对SSR引物对74份贵州"禾"水稻品种及6份国际上常用的典型籼稻和粳稻品种进行遗传多样性研究。共检测到92个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数变幅为2~9个,平均4.381个;平均Shannon信息指数为0.935,变幅为0·2793~1.8732;期望杂合度为0.5145,范围在0.0988~0.8313;品种间遗传相似系数为0.64~0.98。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数为0.682处可将"禾"品种分为4大类,大部分材料被聚类到典型粳稻的附近,品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大;主坐标分析结果与UPGMA聚类结果基本吻合。SSR检测结果表明,贵州省水稻地方品种——"禾"的多样性程度较低,且大多数属于粳稻。     

Genetic Diversity of Rice Landraces from Lowland and Upland Accessions of China

Genetic diversity of rice landraces from lowland and upland accessions of China was investigated using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.The total number of alleles detected from all 324 tested accessions was 555 with an average allele number (Na) of 8.409 per locus,the average effective number of alleles (Ne) of 3.574 and the average Shannon’s information index (I) of 1.378.The genetic diversity was higher for the indica landraces compared to the japonica landraces,and the upland landraces were more genetically diverse than the lowland landraces.The SSR markers,RM72,RM232,RM219,RM241,RM224 and RM3 showed the highest rates of polymorphism and these SSR markers were suitable to assess the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources.A dendrogram of 324 accessions of lowland and upland landraces showed that all rice accessions were mainly subdivided into two groups,japonica and indica,with some being intermediate.The distribution of lowland and upland landraces among the japonica and indica rice groups was distinct,with obvious differentiation between the lowland and upland landraces in japonica rice,but no such clear distinction in indica rice.     

利用微卫星标记比较云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种的遗传多样性

 为了揭示云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种的遗传多样性,以元阳哈尼梯田过去种植（20世纪70年代收集于元阳县,现保存于种质库）的72个和当前种植的76个品种为材料,采用48个SSR分子标记进行多态性、遗传相似性和聚类分析。平均每个标记检测到的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、位点多态信息含量和基因型多样性指标在过去与当前的品种间,差异均未达显著水平。共有24个SSR标记的52个等位基因位点在过去与当前种植的品种中存在差异,其中,有18个SSR标记的32个等位基因位点在当前的品种中未检测到,同样,有16个SSR标记的20个等位基因位点在过去的品种中未检测到。基于48个SSR分子标记的平均遗传相似性系数,当前种植的品种为03340,过去为03313,过去与当前的品种分别在遗传相似性系数0203和0174处分为籼、粳两个亚种群。表明元阳哈尼梯田水稻地方品种经过30多年的自然与人工选择,虽有部分等位基因位点发生了变异,但仍保留了原有的遗传多样性;元阳哈尼梯田水稻地方品种存在明显的籼、粳分化。元阳哈尼梯田及其水稻地方品种是研究稻作籼粳演化的理想基地和材料。     

A Comparative Study of SSR Diversity in Chinese Major Rice Varieties Planted in 1950s and in the Recent Ten Years （1995-2004）

Forty pairs of SSR markers were used to compare the genetic diversity changes in 151 Chinese major rice varieties planted in 1950s and in the recent ten years. Of 40 SSR loci, 39 were found to be polymorphic while one locus (RM479) monomorphic. A total of 213 alleles were identified from the 39 polymorphic loci. The average number of alleles per locus (Na) was of 5.5, ranging from 2 to 11. Nei’s gene diversity index (He) varied drastically among loci from 0.309 at RM174 to 0.869 at RM418, with an average value of 0.649. There existed significant difference in SSR allelic diversity between indica and japonica subspecies, and indica had more variation than japonica both in Na and He. By comparison with the genetic changes in Na and He, it was revealed that the varieties planted in 1950s had more alleles and higher He than those in the recent ten years both for indica and japonica rices. The difference between two subspecies for Na was significant in a tendency over time (indica: z = 2.677, P = 0.007; japonica: z = 3.441, P = 0.001), but not significant for He (indica: z = 1.471, P = 0.141; japonica: z = 1.932, P = 0.053). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there existed significant difference (P < 0.05) in genetic variation between the two periods, of which more genetic variation was contributed by indica (Fst = 0.050) and japonica (Fst = 0.082) subsets. Using locus-by-locus AMOVA procedure, significant genetic differentiations were observed in 13 loci (RM21, RM128, RM147, RM169, RM190, RM221, RM231, RM251, RM253, RM317, RM341, RM418, and RM478) for indica varieties and 11 loci (RM101, RM135, RM152, RM159, RM169, RM190, RM251, RM253, RM311, RM418, and RM478) for japonica ones between the two periods. It was found some alleles had been lost in current major rice varieties as comparing with those in 1950s. Therefore, it should be necessary to exploit more alien elite genetic resources for extension of genetic background in current rice breeding program.     

Comparative Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure in Rice Using ILP and SSR Markers

Genetic diversity of 36 rice entries from the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)rice collection was assessed using 103 ILP(intron length polymorphism)and 54 SSR(simple sequence repeats)markers.A total of 236 and 332 alleles were detected by the ILP and SSR markers,respectively.On average,the SSR markers produced higher polymorphism information content value and number of alleles than the ILP markers.Whereas the Nei's genetic distance measured using the SSR markers was much higher than that measured using the ILP markers.Mantel's test indicated that there was a statistically significant correlation(r=0.827,P0.001)between the two marker systems.UPGMA clustering based on the ILP and SSR markers resulted in consensus dendrograms.The cophenetic correlation coefficient(r=0.918,0.878 and 0.924,P0.001 for the ILP,SSR and combined markers,respectively)showed a highly accurate dendrogram represented the genetic distance among these entries.The 36 entries were divided into four groups.Four African Oryza glaberrima accessions were clustered within a distinct group(Ⅰ),and the remaining entries were separated into three groups(Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV).All the entries could be also clustered into two main groups:One was composed of Ⅲ and IV,considered as indica group, and the other was composed of Ⅰ(O.glaberrima)and Ⅱ(japonica-like).Model-based cluster analysis revealed that the japonica-like group maintained very pure ancestry while the indica group shared mixed ancestry,especially for group Ⅲ, which had seven admixtures sharing from 19.5%to 30.0%of ancestry with group Ⅳ(based on SSR markers).It is suggested that ILP and SSR markers could be very useful for the genetic study and breeding in rice.     

利用微卫星标记分析浙江省近年来主要水稻品种的遗传多样性

 利用12个DNA微卫星标记分析了浙江省近年来主要的44个常规水稻品种和54个杂交水稻组合,共检测到等位基因68个,每个标记2~10个;带型数共127种,每个标记3~18种;平均多态性频率0.752,变幅为0.567~0905。常规品种和杂交组合均表现为亚种间遗传差异明显、亚种内遗传差异较小,籼型遗传多样性高于粳型。平均遗传相似系数,常规品种籼型为0.672,粳型为0.711,籼粳间为0.103,杂交组合籼型为0.636,粳型为0.669,籼粳间为0.343。聚类分析显示,以遗传相似系数0.618为阈值将常规品种分成6类,以0.601为阈值将杂交组合分成7类,且多数同类型品种或组合聚为同一类。     

中国栽培稻等位酶的遗传结构及地理分布

对我国6330份栽培稻品种进行了5种等位酶12个位点的遗传结构分析,共检测到53个等位基因,平均等位基因数为4.41,多样性指数值为0.269,表明中国栽培稻具有丰富的等位酶遗传多样性。地方农家品种和现代育成品种遗传多样性指数差异不大,但现代育成品种等位基因较少,共有13个稀有等位基因仅存在于地方农家品种中。比较我国六大生态稻区的等位酶分布,发现西南稻区的等位酶基因最为丰富,为我国稻种资源的多样性中心,但华北和华中稻区在某些等位酶基因上的多样性以及某些稀有等位基因的存在暗示着淮河流域和长江流域可能与栽培稻的起源有关。利用等位基因聚类分析基本可以把地方农家品种分成两大类,分别是籼稻和粳稻,籼稻的遗传多样性大于粳稻。籼粳稻在等位酶位点上的差异不仅表现为单个等位基因形式和频率的不同,还表现为多位点非随机组合的遗传差异。     

利用SSR分子标记分析云南陆稻品种遗传多样性

 利用24对SSR引物对云南131个陆稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到195个等位基因。每个位点的等位基因数平均为8.125个,范围在5(RM55)～13(RM218、RM241)之间;平均表观杂合度为0.0014,平均期望杂合度为0.6545;平均Shannon Weaver指数(I)为1.381;Nei基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.6543,变幅为0.2073(RM235)～0.8689(RM218)。不同地区间陆稻种质资源遗传多样性比较分析表明,滇西南和滇南地区存在丰富的遗传变异,是云南陆稻品种遗传多样性的分布中心。藏缅语族和孟 高棉语族所种植的陆稻品种遗传多样性最丰富。AMOVA分析表明陆稻的遗传变异主要存在于地区内品种间(82%),只有3%遗传变异存在于地区间,品种内的遗传变异占15%。聚类分析显示Nei遗传相似系数为0.22时,云南陆稻品种分为籼粳两个类群,主坐标分析与UPGMA聚类结果基本吻合,并将类群Ⅳ的4个偏籼品种从粳稻类群中重新划归到籼稻类群中,校正了UPGMA聚类的误差,但是不能区分地理组。     

稻属AA染色体组8个种间SSR多样性与亲缘关系

选用平均分布于水稻基因组的30对SSR 引物,对AA染色体组8个野生稻种共42份材料的遗传多样性及遗传关系进行了研究。结果显示,本试验选取的30个SSR标记均具有多态性,多态性位点百分率为100%。30个多态性位点共扩增出的等位基因数为224, 每个位点可扩增出3～10个等位基因,平均7.47个;等位基因有效数(Ae)变幅为1.25～891,平均5.45。多样性指数中,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.454～2.386,平均1.826;而Nei基因多样性指数变幅为0.199～0.888,平均0.774。系统聚类和带型分析结果表明,亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa) 与普通野生稻(O. rufipogon) 的亲缘关系最近,非洲栽培稻(O. glaberrima) 则与巴蒂野生稻(O. barthii) 关系最为密切,杂草稻(O. spontanea) 与普通野生稻 (O. rufipogon)、亚洲栽培稻(O. sativa) 之间有较近的亲缘关系,而展颖野生稻(O. glumaepatula)、长雄蕊野生稻(O. longistaminata)与AA组其他稻种之间的亲缘关系较远。     

中国常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及籼粳组分变化

 采用SSR标记分析了304份我国20世纪50-90年代生产上广泛应用的常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及不同时期籼粳组分的变化。结果显示,我国常规稻主栽品种可明显分为籼、粳两类,籼稻的亚遗传结构比粳稻更为复杂,但晚籼和早粳类型的遗传背景略为单一。早、中、晚各季节类型与遗传结构的分型结果符合度较低。利用12个籼粳分化特异的SSR位点分析各品种的籼粳组分,发现20世纪90年代晚籼类型的粳型组分明显增加,而其他类型不同时期间籼粳组分的差异较小。研究结果对了解我国常规稻品种的遗传结构以及籼粳交育种具有一定的意义。     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Landraces and Improved Rice Varieties from India

A set of 50 rice genotypes comprising landraces, local selections, and improved varieties were characterized using simple sequence repeat(SSR) and inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) markers to study genetic diversity and population structure. Following unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based clustering using binary data of polymorphic markers, the genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters and 11 sub-clusters, whereas population structure analysis separated 50 rice genotypes into 5 sub-populations. Grouping of rice genotypes showed better resemblance with the pedigree information of the genotypes. Both genetic diversity and population structure analysis separated majority of the improved varieties from landraces and local selections. Some of the SSR markers amplified unique alleles which were specific to a particular genotype and could distinguish them from the rest. The results indicate that these rice genotypes exhibit a higher genetic diversity and can be very useful in rice improvement program.     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

亚洲栽培稻程氏指数与SSR标记分类的比较分析

 选取具有代表性的100份亚洲栽培稻品种,应用程氏指数和109个SSR分子标记对它们进行分类。结果表明,等位酶Ⅰ群（典型籼稻）和Ⅵ A群（温带粳稻）程氏指数和SSR标记亚结构特征均十分明显,拟合度较高（73.3%～100%）。Mantel检测揭示,程氏指数与SSR分子标记进行栽培稻分类存在明显的正相关,两种方法各个材料间遗传距离的相关达极显著水平（r＝0.466,P<0.01）。遗传结构和聚类分析表明,在籼粳亚种水平上,程氏指数和SSR标记分类结果趋于一致,但在亚种内亚结构分析中,程氏指数偏差较大,SSR标记具有更高的准确性。 同时, SSR分析表明混合型材料多存在于Ⅱ群和Ⅵ群内部。     

Subspecies specific RAPD markers in rice

The cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known to contain two major subspecies, indica (O. sativa L. ssp. indica) and japonica (O. sativa L. ssp. japonica). The indica and japonica differentiation resulted in significance of hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown, which are barriers of gene flow between the two major subgene pools within O. sativa. Traditional classification of indica and japonica germplasm based on isozymes. Here, we report the identification of several random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that have alleles specific in indica or japonica varieties and thus provide a quick and accurate tool to distinguish japonica lines from indica ones.     

SSR标记遗传距离与粳稻杂种优势的相关性分析

 利用SSR分子标记对30个粳稻品种进行遗传多样性分析,继而研究分子标记遗传距离与按照NCⅡ设计获得的200个杂交组合主要产量性状杂种优势的相关性,探讨分子标记遗传距离预测杂种优势的可行性。结果表明,64对SSR引物共检测到185条多态性片段,平均每对引物2.9条,每个SSR位点的多态性信息含量指数（PIC值）变化范围为0.064~0.844,平均为0.380。以SSR标记遗传相似系数为原始数据,按UPGMA聚类方法将30个亲本材料划分为7大类群,分类结果与系谱关系基本相符。分子标记遗传距离与杂种性状平均值的相关除每穗总粒数外均达到显著或极显著水平,与杂种优势的相关均达到极显著水平,相关系数介于-0.361~0.359,说明分子标记可用于水稻杂种优势群的划分和遗传多样性分析,但相关程度还不足以预测产量杂种优势。     

江淮稻区不同生态型粳稻品种的籼粳分化度和遗传多样性

 摘要： 利用25对籼粳特异性SSR标记分析81份江淮稻区不同生态型粳稻品种籼粳分化程度,品种TDj值变异幅度为0773~0962,以中熟中粳类型品种最高,晚粳类型品种最低。49对多态性SSR引物共检测到131个等位基因,每个位点为2~5个,平均为267个; 多态性信息量（PIC）为0068~0657,平均为0362,第11染色体平均位点等位基因数和平均PIC值最高。在三个生态型粳稻品种群体中,中熟中粳品种检测出的等位基因数最多,而迟熟中粳品种的平均位点PIC值和Nei基因多样性指数（He）均高于中熟中粳和晚粳品种,表明在DNA水平上迟熟中粳品种的遗传多样性高于中熟中粳和晚粳品种。中熟中粳与迟熟中粳群体之间的遗传相似性最高,遗传距离最近,而中熟中粳与晚粳群体之间的遗传相似性最低,遗传距离最远。UPGMA聚类结果表明,同一育种单位育成品种的品种间遗传距离较小,亲缘关系较近。     

Genetic Diversity of Tropical Hybrid Rice Germplasm Measured by Molecular Markers

Investigation of genetic diversity and relationships among breeding lines is of great importance to facilitate parent selection in hybrid rice breeding programs.In this study,we characterized 168 hybrid rice parents from International Rice Research Institute with 207 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 353 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.A total of 1 267 SSR and 706 SNP alleles were detected with the averages of 6.1 (SSR) and 2.0 (SNP) alleles per locus respectively across all lines.Based on the genetic distances estimated from the SSR and SNP markers separately and combined,the unrooted neighbor-joining cluster and STRUCTURE analyses consistently separated the 168 hybrid rice parents into two major groups:B-line and R-line,which is consistent with known parent pedigree information.The genetic distance matrices derived from the SSR and SNP genotyping were highly correlated (r=0.81,P < 0.001),indicating that both of the SSR and SNP markers have distinguishable power to detect polymorphism and are appropriate for genetic diversity analysis among tropical hybrid rice parents.A subset of 60 SSR markers were also chosen by the Core Hunter with 368 alleles,and the cluster analysis based on the total and subset of SSR markers highly corresponded at r=0.91 (P < 0.001),suggesting that fewer SSR markers can be used to classify and evaluate genetic diversity among parental lines.