大理多花山矾扦插繁育技术研究

[目的]研究提高多花山矾（Symplocos ramosissima）插穗生根率和生根质量的方法。[方法]以大理多花山矾枝条为材料,探讨不同生长调节剂、育苗基质对扦插苗生根和移植生长的影响,并筛选出扦插苗苗期适宜基肥施用量,以提高扦插苗移植的成活率。[结果]扦插前将穗条在ABT 400 mg/L+IAA 200 mg/L的混合溶液中浸蘸30 s,可以获得较好的成活率和生根效果。选取66.7%园土+33.3%椰糠混合基质进行移植,可促进多花山矾扦插苗的成活以及生长。适合多花山矾扦插苗的基肥施用最佳方案为复合肥2 g/株+复合生物菌剂1 g/株。[结论]研究得出适宜多花山矾扦插苗成活及生长的生长调节剂、育苗基质及基肥,可为多花山矾苗木生产提供良好的技术支撑。     

枫香不同基质扦插试验研究

[目的]为满足城乡绿化、美化的需要,对枫香进行不同基质扦插试验研究。、[方法]通过对6种不同基质（栽培基质与生根粉）的扦插对比试验,找出最经济、扦插生活率最高的的快繁技术、[结果]扦插基质为蛭石、ABT2号生根粉300mg／kg中浸30min处理的枫香苗扦插成活率最高。[结论]以蛭石为扦插基质,ABT2号生根粉处理后的扦插苗成活率较高,可为枫香扦插研究提供参考。     

六棱景天组织培养与快速繁殖研究

以六棱景天的盆栽苗为材料,建立无菌体系,比较不同激素组合、基本培养基、光质光强、琼脂浓度等条件对芽苗增殖、生根的影响及不同移栽基质对移栽成活率的影响。结果表明:MS+NAA 0.1 mg/L+6-BA1.0 mg/L培养基可诱导六棱景天茎段腋芽萌动,并形成丛生芽;增殖的最佳激素配比为NAA 0.1 mg/L+6-BA2.0 mg/L;以MS为基本培养,附加0.8%的琼脂可减少组培苗的白化和玻璃化现象,获得健壮丛生芽;光质对芽苗的增殖生长有较大影响,红光、蓝光和白光均促进芽苗的增殖和生长,其中以红光的效果最为显著,绿光最差;最佳生根培养基为1/4 MS+NAA 0.05 mg/L+IBA 0.01 mg/L,光强为1 000 lx时最利于六棱景天的生根壮苗,移栽成活率以1/2蛭石+1/2泥炭的基质为最高,达84.39%。     

冀西北高寒区微型薯高效生产技术研究

试验研究了在冀西北高寒区冷凉气候条件下脱毒微型薯的高效生产技术。在国内首次提出了单次无损害重复收获与选择采摘结合培“土”技术 ,使单位面积结薯数量提高 2 1 6 %～ 16 9 2 %。同时筛选出提高脱毒扦插苗成活率的生根液最佳组合NAA2 0mg/L +IBA2 0mg/L +GA36mg/L +6 BA2mg/L及成本较低的栽培基质 1/ 2河沙 +1/ 2珍珠岩。并在 10～ 11月霜冻期进行了地沟式拱棚生产微型薯的可行性试验 ,增加了微型薯生产周期数     

基质与营养液耦合对工业大麻扦插苗生长及产量的影响

为探究温室条件下工业大麻扦插苗栽培的最优基质和营养液配方,进而为工业大麻扦插苗规模化无土栽培提供理论依据。于2021年在长春市农业博览园温室下设置4种栽培基质(泥炭Z1、岩棉Z2、珍珠岩Z3和椰糠Z4)和3种营养液处理(M1、M2、M3),研究栽培基质种类和营养液配方对工业大麻扦插苗营养生长特性、基质温湿度及花叶产量的影响。结果表明,基质和营养液耦合对基质温度无显著影响,基质的湿度为泥炭>椰糠>珍珠岩>岩棉;椰糠+营养液1处理(Z4M1)的工业大麻扦插苗花叶产量、茎粗、植株干物质积累量及开花前后的干物质积累速率均最高。在营养生长期和成熟期,工业大麻扦插苗的干物质积累速率和分配比例均表现为根系最低,茎秆次之,叶片最高。成熟期的工业大麻扦插苗花叶产量与植株干物质积累量、叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、株高、茎粗和分枝数呈极显著正相关,与土壤温度及土壤湿度无相关性。试验发现,椰糠+营养液1为工业大麻扦插苗温室栽培的最适基质和营养液组合。     

宫粉紫荆容器扦插育苗技术研究

选择3种不同基质、生长在母树3种不同部位的穗条和5个吲哚乙酸浓度梯度,对宫粉紫荆扦插育苗进行研究。结果表明,采用黄心土基质进行扦插育苗,宫粉紫荆扦插苗成活率最高;生长在母树中部的穗条进行扦插,成活率极显著高于生长于上部以及下部的穗条;吲哚乙酸在300 mg/L浓度以下对扦插苗成活率有明显的提升,但浓度过高产生抑制作用,降低成活率。     

铁皮石斛组培快繁及移栽技术研究

以红杆铁皮石斛种子为外植体,进行组织培养快繁及移栽技术研究。采用对比试验研究不同培养基、激素浓度配比、基本培养基对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖、分化和生根壮苗的影响,并研究驯化时间与移栽基质对铁皮石斛移栽的影响。结果表明,MS+10％马铃薯泥+20％香蕉泥＋20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛原球茎增殖;MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+3.0 mg/L BA+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂+200 ml/L椰汁最适合原球茎分化;1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+15％香蕉泥+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛壮苗生根;驯化28 d的铁皮石斛移栽成活率最高,达96%;以松树皮∶椰糠∶石头=1∶1∶1为栽培基质,对其苗长势最佳。     

山东茶树良种组织培养及繁殖能力的研究

取茶树嫩茎段作外植体进行离体培养 ,以MS作基本培养基 ,经添加不同激素水平及组合的试验 ,得到最佳分化率 83% ,其培养基配方为MS +BA 1 5+ZT 0 5;最佳生根率 80 % ,其培养基配方为 1/ 2MS +IBA0 2 +2 0g糖。选出了最佳移栽基质为蛭石 +壤土 +木屑 ,其配比为 2∶1∶1,移栽成活率达 85%。一个外植体经三次继代培养可繁殖 4 7棵苗。     

不同处理对北方茶树扦插成活率的研究

通过对北方茶树扦插苗扦插时间、扦插基质、激素处理的研究发现,在北方早秋扦插成活率达80.78%,高于晚秋季6个百分点;心土扦插圃比沙质圃的成活率高20%,心土扦插处理的茶苗光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度高于沙质圃扦插处理,激素处理过的茶树扦插苗效果明显.     

青檀嫩枝扦插技术研究

[目的]提高青檀嫩枝扦插的成活率。[方法]以青檀嫩枝为试材,研究不同激素浓度、插穗不同长度和粗度以及不同扦插基质对青檀嫩枝扦插生根率的影响。[结果]结果表明,NAA1 000 mg/L处理过的嫩枝枝条生根率最高,为92.1%;长度为13 cm以上、粗度为0.5~0.7 cm的插穗扦插后各方面表现最好;利用草炭土+珍珠岩=1∶1的混合基质进行扦插,其生根状况明显好于中河沙和普通园土。[结论]研究结果为青檀嫩枝扦插提供了技术参考。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.