中药多糖均一组分对雏鸡免疫器官影响的研究

本试验观察测定了从自拟中药复方中分离纯化的复合多糖均一组分对雏鸡免疫器官的影响。660只14日龄健康雏鸡随机分为12组,每组55只。从15日龄开始用药,分别在15、22、29、36、43、57日龄,各组随机选取8只鸡称重,口腔放血处死,取其法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺,分别称重,计算器官指数：结果：黄芪多糖、复合多糖、复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ可使雏鸡免疫器官指数显著升高,其中中药复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ的作用效果最优．复合多糖均一组分Ⅰ、复合多糖均一组分Ⅲ的作用效果不理想．环磷酰胺可使器官指数明显下降,黄芪多糖、复合多糖、复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ能使环磷酰胺所致的免疫抑制逆转至正常水平或以上水平。表明复方粗多糖分离纯化的均一组分并非每个组分都具有很好的免疫增强效果,其中只有复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ的效果显著．优于昔芪多糖、复合多糖。     

中药多糖均一组分对雏鸡免疫器官影响的研究

利用不同配方的复方多糖喂养雏鸡,连续喂养3d后,检查其免疫器官变化。结果表明,在未处理之前,各组的法氏囊、脾脏等器官指数差异不显著,在同一日龄采取的器官,经统计计算,黄芪多糖、复合多糖、复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ可使雏鸡免疫器官指数显著升高(P<0.05)、(P<0.01),其中中药复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ作用效果最优,复合多糖均一组分Ⅰ、复合多糖均一组分Ⅲ有效果,但不显著,环磷酰胺可使器官指数指标明显下降,黄芪多糖、复合多糖、复合多糖均一组分Ⅱ能使环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制逆转至正常或正常以上的水平。     

鸡用缓释复方免疫增强剂的筛选试验研究

选择14日龄雏鸡110只,随机均分为11组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ～Ⅺ为试验组,各组雏鸡在14日龄时均颈部皮下注射鸡ND—La Sota疫苗0．2ml／只．试验组雏鸡同时经口投服由不同配方和比例黄芪多糖、淫羊藿多糖、左旋咪唑、维生素E和亚硒酸钠制备的10种缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒,对照组雏鸡不投服。在免疫前后不同时间采血测定各组雏鸡ND—HI抗体效价和T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率．结果表明制备的10种缓释复方免疫增强剂均不同程度地提高了雏鸡ND—HI抗体效价和T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率．其中以X组和Ⅺ组配方效果最好,为今后研制缓释复方免疫增强剂奠定了基础。     

中药多糖对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

将100只1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分为5组,每组20只。分别于1日龄皮下注射生理盐水以及中药复方多糖、黄芪多糖（APS）、当归多糖（ASP）、淫羊藿多糖（EPS）,连续注射7（I,于7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56日龄采血,检测淋巴细胞转化率、AI抗体效价、红细胞免疫功能,计算增重率。结果表明,使用中药复方多糖、APS、ASP、EPS后,各试验组外周血淋巴细胞转化率、Al—HI抗体效价、红细胞-C3b花环率和红细胞-IC花环率、增重率明显升高。中药复方多糖效果优于其他各组（P〈0．05）。     

黄芪多糖对肉鸡新城疫免疫效果的影响

研究黄芪多糖在新城疫(ND) La Sota疫苗免疫过程中对肉鸡免疫效果的影响.120只1日龄肉雏鸡随机分为3组,每组40只鸡.分为对照组、试验I和Ⅱ组.所有肉鸡于21和42 d分别进行La Sota疫苗的首免和二免,胸肌注射,0.3 mL/羽.试验I组每只鸡分别注射0.3mL黄芪多糖注射液;试验Ⅱ组每只鸡分别注射0.6mL黄芪多糖注射液;对照组正常饲喂全价料.试验结束时称量肉鸡质量,测定脾和法氏囊指数;分别在首免前1d、首免7、14和21 d及二免14和21 d测定ND抗体效价.结果表明:试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组肉鸡体质量、脾和法氏囊指数均高于对照组,差异显著;试验Ⅰ组从首免21 d开始与对照组差异显著;试验Ⅱ组首免14 d开始与对照组差异显著.从而得出黄芪多糖提高肉鸡体质量和免疫器官指数及新城疫血凝抑制试验抗体效价.     

复方中药多糖对禽流感抗体水平的影响

将280只1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分成14组,每组20只.分别于皮下注射生理盐水、中药复方多糖、黄芪多糖(APs)、当归多糖(AsP)及淫羊藿多糖(EPs),连续注射7 d.于7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56日龄采血,用β-微量法检测AI-HI抗体效价.结果发现:复方中药多糖可提高雏鸡AI-HI抗体效价.且效果优于其他多糖组和对照组.     

复方中多糖对禽流感抗体水平的影响

将280只1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分成14组,每组20只.分别于皮下注射生理盐水、中药复方多糖、黄芪多糖(APS)、当归多糖(ASP)及淫羊藿多糖(EPS),连续注射7 d.于7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56日龄采血,用β-微量法检测AI-HI抗体效价.结果发现:复方中药多糖可提高雏鸡AI-HI抗体效价,且效果优于其他多糖组和对照组.     

氧化苦参碱-黄芪多糖中药复方对雏鸡血清中抗氧化指标的影响

为研究氧化苦参碱-黄芪多糖中药复方在鸡生产中的应用效果,测定了不同剂量氧化苦参碱-黄芪多糖中药复方(OAP)对雏鸡血清抗氧化性能的影响。选择120羽14日龄非免疫健康罗曼公雏鸡,随机均分为4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别口服低剂量(1 mg/mL)、中剂量(2 mg/mL)和高剂量(4 mg/mL)的氧化苦参碱-黄芪多糖中药复方,每羽1 mL,Ⅳ组为口服等量生理盐水的空白对照组,分别于试验开始后的第7、14、21和28天时采血,测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和丙二醛(MDA)活性。结果:雏鸡血清SOD含量在第28天时Ⅰ组与Ⅳ组差异极显著(P0.01),提高17.81%,Ⅱ组在试验第7、14、21和28天与Ⅳ组雏鸡血清SOD含量均出现差异极显著(P0.01),分别提高16.23%、35.96%、25.08%和30.53%;Ⅱ组在试验全期与Ⅳ组雏鸡血清GSH-Px含量差异极显著(P0.01),分别提高25.08%、19.48%、25.50%和15.91%;雏鸡血清GR在第14天时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组差异显著(P0.01),分别提高了30.09%、54.03%、30.02%,第21天时雏鸡血清GR差异显著(P0.01),分别提高了18.78%、39.28%和18.96%,第28天时雏鸡血清GR差异显著(P0.01),分别提高了26.41%、48.24%和25.25%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在整个试验期间雏鸡血清中MDA含量都有不同程度降低,Ⅰ、Ⅲ组在试验全期与Ⅳ组雏鸡血清中MDA含量出现显著差异(P0.05),Ⅱ组在试验全期与对照组雏鸡血清中MDA含量出现极显著差异(P0.01)。综上,3种不同剂量氧化苦参碱-黄芪多糖中药复方均对机体抗氧化能力能显著改善,以Ⅱ组中剂量(2 mg/mL)最为适宜。     

中药多糖对雏鸡淋巴细胞转化和新城疫抗体水平的影响

观察不同浓度的复方多糖、黄芪多糖（APS）、当归多糖（ASP）及淫羊藿多糖（EPS）对正常罗曼雏鸡免疫功能的影响。将260只1d龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分为13组,每组20只。分别于1d龄皮下注射生理盐水以及复方多糖、APS、ASP、EPS,连续注射7d。于7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56d龄采血,检测淋巴细胞转化率和ND—HI抗体效价。试验结果表明：使用复方多糖、APS、ASP、EPS后,各试验组外周血淋巴细胞转化率和ND—HI抗体效价明显升高。复方多糖可使外周血淋巴细胞转化率和ND—HI抗体效价显著高于其他各多糖组。复方多糖、APS、ASP、EPS均可提高鸡的外周血淋巴细胞转化率和ND—HI抗体效价,其中复方多糖效果最好。     

中药复方多糖对雏鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

为探讨中药复方多糖对鸡的生长及免疫作用,本试验选取300只1日龄雏鸡,随机分成5组,每组60只,第Ⅰ组为免疫对照组,第Ⅱ组为400mg/kg黄芪多糖组,第Ⅲ组为200mg/kg中药复方多糖组,第Ⅳ组为400mg/kg中药复方多糖组,第Ⅴ组800mg/kg中药复方多糖组。试验期为42d。每组分别于14、21、28、35、42日龄测定平均日增重、平均采食量、料重比、新城疫血凝抑制(ND-HI)抗体水平和血液免疫指标。结果显示,不同浓度中药复方多糖均能提高平均日增重、ND抗体效价、免疫球蛋白含量,降低平均采食量、料重比,且400mg/kg中药复方多糖和800mg/kg复方多糖对雏鸡的生长性能和免疫功能的作用效果显著,提示该复方多糖的免疫增强作用有最适浓度。从经济角度考虑,确定400mg/kg中药复方多糖为最佳添加剂量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -