Effect of the interfacial layer composition on the properties of emulsion creams

We have quantified observed differences in the microstructure and rheology of creaming emulsions stabilized by protein and low molecular weight surfactants. In this study, we made two sets of emulsions from a single parent emulsion, which differed only in their interfacial composition (i.e., either protein or surfactant). The protein studied was whey protein isolate. The zeta potential of the surfactant-stabilized emulsion was controlled by mixing anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Brij 35) surfactants to match the zeta potential of the protein-stabilized emulsion. Despite this, ultrasonic creaming measurements and confocal microscopy showed that the structures within the cream layers were different between the two sets of emulsions. The protein-stabilized emulsions appeared to slow or arrest the packing within the cream, leading to a lower density network of emulsion droplets, whereas the surfactant emulsion droplets rearranged more quickly into a well-packed, concentrated cream layer. Rheological analysis of the creams showed that despite the protein-stabilized emulsions having a lower dispersed phase volume fraction, their elastic modulus was approximately 30 times greater than that of a comparable surfactant-stabilized emulsion. These differences were caused by the ability of the protein to form a highly viscoelastic interfacial network around the droplets which may include intermolecular covalent cross-links. At close range the adhesive nature of the interaction between the layers contributes to the microstructure and rheology of concentrated emulsions. This is the first time that such well-defined emulsion systems have been studied in detail both noninvasively to look at the impact on creaming and also invasively to look at the impact on bulk rheological properties.     

分提橄榄油中主要脂肪酸成分傅里叶变换红外光谱法测量（英）

为了测量从橄榄油中分提的高、低熔点油脂的脂肪酸成分,在4 000～600 cm-1 的范围测量了31个含有不同脂肪酸成分植物油的傅里叶变换红外光谱,用于建立偏最小二乘（PLS）回归分析校正模型。在油脂的傅里叶变换红外光谱变量和脂肪酸组成变量之间建立了交叉验证的PLS校正模型。为了校正油酸和亚油酸含量,在4?000～600 cm-1 的频率范围,经平滑,二阶导数,规范化处理的红外光谱获得了最好的交叉验证校正模型和最佳的预测结果。PLS校正模型预测结果表明,与高熔点橄榄油（油酸,72.29%,亚油酸,9.98%）相比,低熔点橄榄油含有较高的油酸含量和亚油酸含量（油酸,77.46%,亚油酸,12.51%）,预测的结果与气相色谱测量的结果有很好的一致性。建立的PLS校正模型预测橄榄油的不饱和脂肪酸含量具有较好的相关性。该研究为分提油脂质量的判别评价提供了便捷的方法。     

Influence of strawberry yogurt composition on aroma release

The primary objective of this study was to determine how yogurt ingredients affect aroma release in the mouth during eating. A model strawberry flavor consisting of ethyl butanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, (Z)-hex-3-enol, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 5-hexylhydro-2(3H)-furanone, and 3-methyl-3-phenylglycidic acid ethyl ester was added to unflavored, unsweetened yogurt that had different added sweeteners and hydrocolloids. In all, 12 yogurt formulations were examined to determine the effects of gelatin, modified food starch, pectin, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and aspartame on aroma release. Aroma release was monitored by breath-by-breath analysis (proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry) during eating of the test yogurts. Results showed aroma release of the ethyl butanoate, (Z)-hex-3-enol, and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate to be suppressed by sweeteners, with 55 DE high-fructose corn syrup having the greatest effect. Addition of thickening agents had no significant effect on the aroma release profiles of the compounds under study.     

Effect of denaturants on the emulsifying activity of proteins

The relationship between protein flexibility and emulsifying activity was investigated by disrupting disulfide bonds and/or noncovalent interactions of the protein. Oil-in-water emulsions using model proteins (apomyoglobin, beta-casein, alpha-casein, lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, kappa-casein, and beta-lactoglobulin) were made in the presence of chemical denaturants (dithiothreitol and/or urea). In most cases, the presence of denaturants enhanced emulsifying activity. The effect was protein-specific and depended on the relative importance of disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions in stabilizing the native conformation of each protein. Implications for the design of novel protein emulsifiers are discussed.     

氟化物对酸性土壤溶液组成的影响

Atmospheric emissions of fluoride from an aluminium smelter-alumina refinery located on the northern coast of Galicia, NW Spain, increase the content of fluorine in soils and vegetation in the vicinity of the complex. The effects of the addition of fluoride solutions on the chemical properties of soil samples from the area surrounding the complex were investigated in laboratory experiments. Addition of fluoride to soils resulted in increases in pH and concentrations of Fe, Al, and organic matter in the equilibrium solutions and decreases in concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K. No consistent effects were observed on the Cu, Mn, or Zn concentrations. Most of the Al in solution was bound to organic matter. Within the fraction “labile aluminium,” the concentration of Al-OH complexes decreased and the Al-F complexes increased, especially AlF3 and AlF4-, which are less toxic than Al3+ and Al-OH species.     

Bioavailability of the herbicide 2,4-D formulated with organoclays

Research on organoclays as sorbents of pesticides has shown the usefulness of these materials as pesticide supports to prolong the efficacy of soil-applied pesticides and to reduce the large transport losses that usually affect pesticides applied in an immediately available form. Nevertheless, little information exists on the availability of organoclay-formulated pesticides for bacterial degradation. In this work, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption-desorption behavior of two hexadecyltrimethylammonium-treated Arizona montmorillonites (SA-HDTMA₅₀ and SA-HDTMA₁₀₀) for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and to evaluate the ability of these organoclays to slow the release of the herbicide and to reduce herbicide leaching losses as compared to the free (technical) compound. The kinetics of mineralization of free and formulated 2,4-D by adapted bacteria was also determined. Organoclay-based formulations of 2,4-D displayed slow release properties in water and reduced herbicide leaching through soil columns, while maintained a herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free (technical) 2,4-D. The total amount of ¹⁴C-2,4-D mineralized at the end of the biodegradation experiment (t=130 h) ranged between 30% and 46% of the formulated herbicide, which represented 53-81% of the amount of free 2,4-D mineralized in the same conditions. The release, leaching, and mineralization patterns of the formulated herbicide were found to depend both on the affinity of the organoclay for the herbicide and on the degree of interaction promoted during the preparation of the herbicide-organoclay complex. This suggests the possibility to select diverse preparations to achieve the desired release, leaching and biodegradation behavior.     

生物质三组分间交互作用对水热解产物及特性的影响

不同类型的生物质具有不同的纤维组成,且每种组分的水热反应路径存在差异,同时在水热过程中组分间相互作用影响生物质的水热解行为和产物分布,该文基于兼有上、下界约束条件的极端顶点,在高温高压反应釜中对组分(半纤维素,纤维素和木质素)间的相互作用进行了详细的研究,发现3种组分间的相互作用对产物的产率和特性存在明显的影响。根据气体产物结果,可以得出纤维素水解产物能够促进半纤维素水解,生成大量的CO2气体。较高的木质素含量和较低的纤维素和半纤维素含量对轻质油中的酸类和酮类化合物有抑制作用。此外,纤维素和半纤维素与木质素之间的交互作用有利于抑制重质油中酸类化合物的生成,促进酚类化合物。三组分间的交互作用使得水解产物更多的重新发生聚合、缩合等一系列反应生成焦炭,芳香化程度较高。通过组分间的交互作用更好地理解生物质水热机理并通过产物调控制备高品质的液体燃料和固体焦炭。     

Influence of prefermentary clarification on the composition of apple musts

The polyphenol contents and colors of cider apple juices were compared before (NCM, not clarified must) and after five clarification treatments: enzymatic depectinization by pectinases followed by (i) sedimentation (depectinized and decanted juice), (ii) tangential microfiltration (microfiltered juice) or (iii) fining using gelatin (gelatin-treated juice); (iv) enzymatic gelification of pectin by pectin methylesterase followed by natural keeving by a cider manufacturer (producer keeved juice), or (v) flotation (floated with nitrogen gas juice). The pressing of the apples led to the highly selective extraction of the flavan-3-ols with the lowest molecular weights: In the apples, the number average degree of polymerization of the flavanols was 14.7, and it dropped to 2.2 in the NCM. Keeving had the highest impact on the reduction of both flavanol content and number average degree of polymerization. The flavanol concentrations were decreased in the permeate by fining (30%) much more than by depectinization. The clarification step led to a further decrease of the number average degree of polymerization. Hydroxycinnamic acids were less affected by the extraction process (with extraction yields >50%) and not affected by clarification. The color evolved with all treatments: L*, a*, b*, and chromaticity distance index measures indicated a reduction of orange-yellow saturation except after sedimentation.     

Influence of glyphosate on amino acid composition of Egyptian broomrape

The parasitic plant broomrape is entirely dependent on its host for reduced carbon and nitrogen and is also susceptible to inhibition by glyphosate that is translocated to the parasite through a host. Studies were conducted to examine the effect of broomrape parasitism on amino acid concentrations of two hosts: common vetch that is tolerant of low levels of glyphosate and oilseed rape that has been genetically engineered for glyphosate resistance. The influence of glyphosate on the amino acid content of broomrape and the two hosts was also examined. Amino acid concentrations in leaves and roots of parasitized common vetch plants were generally similar to those of the corresponding tissues of nonparasitized plants. Amino acid concentrations in broomrape were lower than those of the parasitized common vetch root. For common vetch, glyphosate applied at rates that selectively inhibited broomrape growth did not alter individual amino acid concentrations in the leaves, but generally increased amino acid levels at 0.18 kg ha-1. Glyphosate application also increased the amino acid concentrations, with the exception of arginine, of broomrape growing on common vetch and did not generally influence concentrations in leaves or roots of common vetch. In oilseed rape, parasitization by broomrape generally led to higher amino acid concentrations in leaves but lower concentrations in roots of parasitized plants. Broomrape had higher amino acid concentrations than roots of the parasitized oilseed rape. Glyphosate applied at 0.25 and 0.5 kg ha-1 generally increased the amino acid concentrations in oilseed rape leaves, but the 0.75 kg ha-1 application caused the amino acid concentrations to decrease compared to those of untreated plants. In oilseed rape root the general trend was an increase in the concentration of amino acids at the two highest rates of glyphosate. Individual amino acid concentrations in broomrape attachments growing on oilseed rape were generally increased following glyphosate application of 0.25 kg ha-1. These results indicate that low rates of glyphosate alter amino acid profiles in both host and broomrape and raise questions about the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the parasite.     

Effect of transglutaminase-catalyzed polymerization of beta-casein on its emulsifying properties

beta-Casein was polymerized to various extents by the transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking reaction. Under the reaction conditions used, dimer, trimer, and tetramer of beta-casein were produced as predominant species at short reaction times (20-90 min) and large polymers at longer reaction times (3-24 h). Examination of the emulsifying properties of these cross-linked beta-casein polymers showed that although the emulsifying activity index decreased, the storage stability of the emulsions increased with increasing degree of polymerization. Experiments with mixtures of native and polymerized beta-casein also showed that increasing the fraction of polymerized beta-casein in the mixture increased the emulsion stability. This enhancement of emulsion stability might be due either to an enhancement in steric stabilization, attributable to the branched nature of the trasgutaminase-catalyzed polymers, or to stronger cohesive interactions between polymerized beta-casein molecules than between monomeric beta-casein molecules in the film.     

Influence of oak wood on the aromatic composition and quality of wines with different tannin contents

The aromatic compounds associated with aging in wood have been studied in Monastrell wines containing different quantities of tannin. Analyses were carried out before and after a six month period in wooden barrels (225 L) of American and French (Allier) medium-toasted oak. Three classes of wine were made: one from a free-run must; one to which enological tannin was added; and one to which was added the wine obtained by pressing the grape pomaces. The aromas were determined by GC-MS, and the quality was evaluated by a group of expert tasters. The aromatic compounds, some of which came from the wines themselves and others which came from the wood, all increased in concentration by the end of the aging process. The ratio between cis- and trans-whiskylactone contents in wines reflected the different types of oak wood used. The note "vanilla" used by the tasters is probably not totally due to the presence of vanillin. The wines of best quality were those with a natural tannin content which had been aged in American oak, whereas the wines to which enological tannin had been added but aged in the same wood were considered the worst. An equalizing effect on the sensorial wines qualities was seen to result from the use of French oak. The furfural, eugenol, and cis-, and in some cases trans-, whiskylactone contents identified the wines from the different classes of wood. The wood from which the barrels were made had a greater effect on wines differentiation than the tannin content.     

Influence of two exotic earthworm species with different foraging strategies on abundance and composition of boreal microarthropods

In North America, many species of European earthworms have been introduced to northern forests. Facilitative or competitive interactions between these earthworm species may result in non-additive effects on native plant and animal species. We investigated the combined versus individual effects of the litter-dwelling earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny, 1826 and the deep-burrowing species Lumbricus terrestris L., 1758 on microarthropod assemblages from boreal forest soil by conducting a mesocosm experiment. Soil cores from earthworm-free areas of northern Alberta, Canada, were inoculated with D. octaedra alone, L. terrestris alone, both worm species together, or no earthworms. After 4.5 months, microarthropods were extracted from the soil, counted, and identified to higher taxa. Oribatid mites were further identified to family and genus. Abundance of microarthropods was significantly lower in the treatment containing both species than in the no earthworm treatment and the L. terrestris treatment. Oribatida and Prostigmata/Astigmata differed significantly among treatments and were lowest in the treatment containing both earthworm species, followed by the D. octaedra treatment, although post-hoc pairwise comparisons were not significant. Within the Oribatida, composition differed between the control and L. terrestris treatments as compared to the D. octaedra and both-species treatments, with Suctobelbella and Tectocepheus in particular having higher abundances in the control treatment. Effects of the two earthworm species on microarthropods were neither synergistic nor antagonistic. Our results indicate that earthworms can have strong effects on microarthropod assemblages in boreal forest soils. Future research should examine whether these changes have cascading effects on nutrient cycling, microbial communities, or plant growth.     

Influence of variety and storage on the polyphenol composition of apple flesh

Apple is among the most consumed fruits worldwide. It is available on the market for the whole year being a major source of dietary polyphenols. Several studies suggested that apple polyphenols could play a role in prevention of degenarative diseases. The action of these compounds has been partially ascribed to their antioxidative ability, and fruit antioxidants profile is influenced by apple variety and by the postharvest storage. In this work, the polyphenols composition of the flesh of four apple varieties cultivated in southern Italy were investigated by HPLC, and a flow injection MS/MS procedure to quantify cholorogenic acid and catechins was set up. Phenolic composition and the radical scavenging activity were monitored during a postharvest storage of four months. The quantification by flow injection procedure gives results comparable to those obtained by HPLC, and the increase of the antioxidant activity during storage correlated with an increase of the concentration of catechin and phloridzin. This trend is particularly evident for the variety "Annurca" which is a typical product cultivated in the area around Naples. The genetic characteristics of the Annurca variety together with the anticipated harvest time and the peculiar postharvest conditions are likely responsible for this increase of the antioxidant activity.     

等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶解性和乳化特性的影响

鹰嘴豆作为植物蛋白的优质来源,营养价值高,但功能性质较差无法满足现代食品工业需求。该研究利用介质阻挡放电（Dielectric Barrier Discharge,DBD）等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白（Chickpea Protein Isolates,CPI）进行改性处理,研究不同处理时间（0、1、2、3、4 min）对CPI溶解性、乳化特性、结构的影响及其之间的相关性。结果表明：经等离子体处理后,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶液的pH值降低,电导率增加。溶解性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性得到显著的改善（P < 0.05）。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明等离子体处理并未改变CPI的组成成分及种类,但7S和11S等主要亚基条带强度增加。等离子体处理后α-螺旋含量、自由巯基含量和表面疏水性显著增加（P < 0.05）,无规卷曲含量降低（P < 0.05）,表明蛋白的高级结构发生改变。扫描电镜显示随着处理时间的延长,样品的尺寸减小,表面结构变得更为松散。利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析表明,不同处理时间后,蛋白结构的变化与功能性质的改善呈现较强的相关性。等离子体处理4 min后,CPI的溶解性及乳化特性达到较优效果,研究结果可为开发利用鹰嘴豆分离蛋白和指导实际生产实践提供技术支持。     

活塞环组结构参数对柴油机漏气量和机油消耗的影响

合理的活塞环组结构能有效改善内燃机整机性能。以某四缸高压共轨柴油机活塞组件为研究对象,结合实测的缸内压力及活塞与缸套工作温度场数据,建立了活塞组件动力学模型。重点研究了不同活塞环岸间隙、环槽间隙、活塞环开口间隙、活塞顶环径向弹力对缸内的机油消耗和漏气量的影响规律。运用Box-Behnken响应面法分析表明:顶环、二环开口间隙和顶环的径向弹力对漏气量的影响表现出了较为明显的线性关系,油环开口间隙对漏气量的影响较小,顶环对气体的密封能力强于二环。漏气量和二环岸压力均随着环岸间隙的增大而增大,顶环上下表面压力差的增大使得经过活塞环开口处的窜油量在环岸间隙为0.95 mm时最大。环槽深度及顶环上侧间隙的变化对漏气量无明显影响。在保证活塞环组性能的同时,适当减小环岸间隙与开口间隙、增加径向弹力,可有效降低漏气量与机油消耗。     

Influence of non-cellulose structural carbohydrate composition on plant material decomposition in soil

The C mineralisation pattern during the early stage of decomposition of plant materials is largely determined by their content of different carbohydrates. This study investigated whether detailed plant analysis could provide a better prediction of C mineralisation during decomposition than proximate analysis [neutral detergent solution (NDF)/acid detergent solution (ADF)]. The detailed analysis included sugars, fructans, starch, pectin, cellulose, lignin and organic N. To determine whether differences in decomposition rate were related to differences in hemicellulose composition, the analysis particularly emphasised the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in hemicelluloses. Carbon dioxide evolution was monitored hourly in soil amended with ten different plant materials. Principal component and regression analysis showed that C mineralisation during day 1 was closely related to free sugars, fructans and soluble organic N components (R ² = 0.83). The sum of non-cellulose structural carbohydrates (intermediate NDF/ADF fraction) was not related to C mineralisation between days 1 and 9. In contrast, a model including starch and protein in addition to the non-cellulose structural carbohydrates, with the hemicelluloses replaced by arabinose and xylose, showed a strong relationship with evolved CO₂ (R ² = 0.87). Carbon mineralisation between days 9 and 34 was better explained by xylan, cellulose and lignin (R ² = 0.72) than by lignocellulose in the ADF fraction. Our results indicated that proximate analyses were not sufficient to explain differences in decomposition. To predict C mineralisation from the range of plant materials studied, we propose a minimum set of analyses comprising total N, free sugars, starch, arabinose, xylan, cellulose and lignin.     

Influence of chemical composition of soils on the galanthamine content in Levcojum aestivum

The elemental composition of seven soils of the main geographical regions in Bulgaria for the growth of Leucojum aestivum L. was determined. It was found that a relationship exists between the galanthamine content of the plant and the chemical composition of the soil. These results indicate that galanthamine bio‐ synthesis could be controlled by the soil fertility level.     

葡聚糖分子量对玉米醇溶蛋白接枝物结构和乳化性的影

为了探究葡聚糖接枝作用对玉米醇溶蛋白结构和乳化性的影响,明确蛋白质结构与功能性的关系,本研究以玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)和不同分子量(6、20、40和70 k Da)葡聚糖(dextran,DX)为原料,采用湿热法制备Zein-DX接枝物,并对接枝物的结构和乳化性进行研究。结果表明,低分子量(6 k Da)DX具有更高的反应活性,赖氨酸和精氨酸是参与Zein与DX接枝反应的主要氨基酸。傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared,FTIR)证明了DX以共价键与Zein形成了复合物。DX的共价接枝能够导致Zein荧光猝灭的发生,降低Zein的热稳定性,改善Zein的乳化活性(emulsifying activity index,EAI)和乳化稳定性(emulsifying stability index,ESI)。低分子量(6 k Da)DX与Zein形成的接枝物最大发射波长发生显著红移,三级结构变的松散,具有更低的热稳定性,且EAI最高达到(23.28±0.71)m2/g。然而,高分子量(70 k Da)DX与Zein形成的接枝物ESI高达(26.44±0.47)min,高于其他Zein-DX接枝物样品。乳状液粒径和流变性分析表明,随着DX分子量的增加,乳状液粒径降低,黏度增加,这与ESI的研究结果相符。研究结果可为改善玉米蛋白功能性和深入了解玉米蛋白改性机制提供理论依据。     

Influence of storage conditions on chemical composition and sensory properties of citrus honey

Fresh citrus honey was stored at 10, 20, and 40 degrees C for 12 months. The effect of storage on the quality of honey was evaluated using physicochemical parameters, volatile compounds, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides, and sensory analysis. Diastase activity and HMF were out of the legal limit in honey stored 12 months at 40 degrees C. Volatile compounds (especially terpenes and terpene derivatives), monosaccharides, and disaccharides presented important losses during honey storage at any temperature. Honey storage at 10 or 20 degrees C maintained their floral, fresh, citric, and fresh fruit aroma, while the intensities of these attributes were diminished. Storage at 40 degrees C during 12 months resulted in the appearance of attributes such as "medicinal, smoked, toasted, cooked vegetable, and ripened fruit", associated with compounds formed during the Maillard reaction or through degradation of sugars such as volatile pyrroles, furanones, pyranones, and pyrazines, which appeared or increased in concentration during honey storage mainly at high temperature.