植物印记提取——以内蒙古大青山蒙椴为例

为提高呼和浩特市绿地系统的生物多样性及城郊绿地的生态修复质量,引进新西兰低影响城市设计与开发(Low Impact Urban Design and Development,LIUDD)实践活动中所使用的植物印记法(plant signature approach),对当地园林应用前景优良的野生树种蒙椴(Tilia mongolica)进行植物印记提取,以获取并验证植物印记提取方法。选取大青山哈拉沁沟为研究地,以蒙椴景观群落为研究对象,采用线路调查、典型取样及现场实测等方法,选取该区域生态效益好、景观优良及地带性突出的蒙椴植物群落,进行生物多样性分析;选取生物多样性较高的群落,进行群落分布、空间结构特征及种群结构等基础数据分析;依据分析结果,提取该树种"植物印记"。     

基于应用频度的唐山市园林树种应用研究

通过对唐山市区园林树种进行全面调查,根据唐山市自然生态环境特点和植被分布规律,对市区内主要绿地类型中现有园林树种进行统计,结合运用城市生态学、园林美学、植物群落学等学科的相关理论,根据各树种应用频度,对隶属于46科103属184种(含变种、变型和品种)的园林绿化树种进行了分析及评价,筛选出一批适合当地生长、能适应当地的气候条件、对维护城市生态平衡、保护和改善环境条件、满足园林绿地功能性、景观性、文化性等多方面的需求起主要作用的标志性地带型植物,为唐山市园林植物的应用研究提供依据。     

浙江省山矾科植物园林应用综合评析

本文通过对浙江省山矾科植物进行园林应用综合评析,以期为园林绿化建设提供适应性强、观赏价值高、生态功能强的优良园林树种,并筛选出了5种优良树种可供后期开发利用,并为山矾植物树种的引种、选育及产业化研究的开展提供相应的理论价值。     

岳阳市园林绿地系统景观结构分析

文章利用景观生态学理论和相关指标对岳阳市城市园林绿地景观结构进行分析,结果表明岳阳市岳阳楼区园林绿地景观类型齐全,面积分布均匀,云溪区和君山区受某一种类型园林绿地景观的支配,分布较不均匀;岳阳市城市园林绿地景观斑块密度大小依次为居住绿地〉单位附属绿地〉道路绿地〉生产绿地〉风景林地〉防护绿地〉公园绿地;廊道密度指数较小,城市绿地景观之间的连接性较差。根据研究结果,对岳阳市城市园林绿地景观建设针对性地提出建议,为建设功能完善、生态效益明显、景观优美的城市园林绿地景观提供科学依据。     

绿地植物多样性调查研究——以明光市公园为例

本文通过明光市公园绿地植物的调查,分析了公园绿地植物的种类构成。结果表明,明光市公园绿地共有植物74科、155属、213种;公园绿地植物以乡土树种为主,植物群落结构比较稳定;常绿物种远少于落叶物种;在园林树种配置上,部分公园冬季景观单调、重复,缺乏主题特色。从公园绿地植物物种的来源、丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数入手,分析了公园绿地植物存在的优势和问题,提出公园绿地植物的应用和绿地系统的建设方向,以期为公园绿化以及绿化管护水平提升提供参考。     

肇庆高新区园林树种规划研究

对肇庆高新区地理位置及经济发展对环境的影响进行了分析,结合园林树种初步规划的原则,探讨了高新区园林绿化的基调树种、骨干树种及一般树种初步规划方案的问题。为园林绿化树种设计中,利用植物种类因地制宜地建设具有南亚热带特色的工业新城绿地景观和适宜创业与生活居住的人居环境提供参考。     

羊蹄甲属景观树种在广州市３种绿地类型中的应用

以广州市城市公园、主干道和高校3种绿地类型的羊蹄甲属（Bauhinia）景观树种为研究对象,采用分层抽样调查、查阅文献和访问调查方法,对羊蹄甲属景观树种在广州市绿地中应用情况进行研究,结果表明：广州市城区3种绿地中,共有5种羊蹄甲属树种,分别为宫粉羊蹄甲（Bauhinia variegata）、红花羊蹄甲（B．blakeana）、白花洋紫荆（B．variegata var．candida）、羊蹄甲（B．purpurea）、嘉氏羊蹄甲（B． galpinii）。其中应用最广泛的是宫粉羊蹄甲,其次为红花羊蹄甲;从生长指标来看,各羊蹄甲属树种均表现出良好的生态适应性;在配置方式上,公园绿地以自然种植中的群植为主,城市主干道和高校绿地以规则种植中的列植为主;在景观表征上,有67．3％样方的羊蹄甲属树种都居于林冠优势层或优势木空间窄小的亚乔层,能够充分发挥其林冠花和观叶的生态景观特征。     

郑州市彩叶植物的种类调查及应用

彩叶树种的应用,可以更好地丰富园林绿地树种的景观多样性,更有效地促进园林苗木产业的健康发展,更迅疾地提升城市绿地建设的品位档次和生态美感.依据对郑州市建成区各种绿地彩叶植物的调查,分析了郑州市彩叶植物在园林设计中的应用现状,并提出了一些设计和应用中存在的问题及解决方法.     

河北省承德市园林树种调查及评价

该文对河北省承德市园林树种进行了调查,该城市常见园林树种共96种(含变种),初步分析了园林树种的应用现状,为承德市今后原有绿地改造和新增绿地合理规划,特别是园林树种的合理使用提供依据。     

太原市园林树种资源利用及开发前景

太原市为重污染区，如何充分利用城市绿化树种资源，对于太原市绿化工作和园林绿地建设质量极为重要，如果只局限在现有树种，而不对植物种类进行开发利用，甚至主要树种选择失误，将会严重影响城市的生态与景观环境。太原市要想在未来建成生态园林城市，就非常有必要对全市的园林树种资源进行研究分析，充分挖掘园林树种资源，     

Stammfaulen in Douglasien-, Kiefern-, Fichten-Mischbestanden1

Butt rot in mixed conifer stands. 70 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii trees on sandy soil, grown together with Pinus syhestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica were analysed for butt rot. 73 % resp. 70 % of the Douglas fir, 13% resp. 28% of the Scotch pine and 82% resp. 84% of the Norway spruce showed decay. The most frequent fungi in Pseudotsuga were Heterobasidion annosum, Calocera viscosa, Sparassis crispa, in Pinus Sparassis crispa and in Picea Heterobasidion annosum. In a neighbouring stand with 85 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii - more often thinned than the 70 years old stand - only 23 % of the trees were with decay.     

Carbon and nitrogen storage in agroforests, tree plantations, and pastures in western Oregon, USA

Pastures store over 90% of their carbon and nitrogen below-ground as soil organic matter. In contrast, temperate conifer forests often store large amounts of organic matter above-ground in woody plant tissue and fibrous litter. Silvopastures, which combine managed pastures with forest trees, should accrete more carbon and nitrogen than pastures or timber plantations because they may produce more total annual biomass and have both forest and grassland nutrient cycling patterns active. This hypothesis was investigated by conducting carbon and nitrogen inventories on three replications of 11 year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) agroforests, ryegrasss/subclover pastures, and Douglas-fir timber plantations near Corvallis, Oregon in August 2000. Over the 11 years since planting, agroforests accumulated approximately 740 kg ha^–1 year ^–1 more C than forests and 520 kg ha^–1 year^–1 more C than pastures. Agroforests stored approximately 12% of C and 2% of N aboveground compared to 9% of C and 1% of N above ground in plantations and less than 1% of N and C aboveground in pastures. Total N content of agroforests and pastures, both of which included a nitrogen-fixing legume, were approximately 530 and 1200 kg ha^–1 greater than plantations, respectively. These results support the proposition that agroforests, such as silvopastures, may be more efficient at accreting C than plantations or pasture monocultures. However, pastures may accrete more N than agroforests or plantations. This apparent separation of response in obviously interrelated agroecosystem processes, points out the difficulty in using forest plantation or pasture research results to predict outcomes for mixed systems such as agroforests. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Malay ethno-medico botany in Machang,Kelantan, Malaysia

A survey of the Malay ethno-medico botany in the Machang district, Kelantan state, Malaysia, identified 146 species used by the villagers to treat various ailments.     

Integration of pines,pastures, and cattle in south Georgia,USA

Agroforestry Systems - Native forages of southern United States are frequently low in nutrients and poorly digestible, while improved pastures are the opposite. Since this area produces rapid...     

Carbon, nitrogen, organic phosphorus, microbial biomass and N mineralization in soils under cacao agroforestry systems in Bahia, Brazil

Large amounts of plant litter deposited in cacao agroforestry systems play a key role in nutrient cycling. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and microbial biomass were investigated in cacao agroforestry systems on Latosols and Cambisols in Bahia, Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbial C and N, mineralizable N and organic P in two soil orders under three types of cacao agroforestry systems and an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil and also to evaluate the relationship between P fractions, microbial biomass and mineralized N with other soil attributes. Overall, the average stocks of organic C, total N and total organic P across all systems for 0?C50?cm soil depth were 89,072, 8,838 and 790?kg?ha^?1, respectively. At this soil depth the average stock of labile organic P was 55.5?kg?ha^?1. For 0?C10?cm soil depth, there were large amounts of microbial biomass C (mean of 286?kg?ha^?1), microbial biomass N (mean of 168?kg?ha^?1) and mineralizable N (mean of 79?kg?ha^?1). Organic P (total and labile) was negatively related to organic C, reflecting that the dynamics of organic P in these cacao agroforestry systems are not directly associated with organic C dynamics in soils, in contrast to the dynamics of N. Furthermore, the amounts of soil microbial biomass, mineralizable N, and organic P could be relevant for cacao nutrition, considering the low amount of N and P exported in cacao seeds.     

Soils, Forests, and Pastures in South Wales

Marginal upland soils may be used for forestry or sheep grazing.In the State Forests of South Wales a study of selective plantingshows the greatest volume yield is generally obtained from Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis) planted in ridge-crest soils. Yieldsfrom Sitka spruce on ridge-flank soils are reduced by the presenceof Ericaceae on upper slopes and the dryness of the soils onlower slopes. Contrary to this trend, the nutritional valueof the pasture for sheep is lowest on ridge crests and increasesdownslope, being greatest on the Agrostis pastures of lowerslopes. Further, reclamation is most economically accomplishedon ridge flanks where they are not too steep. Although profitcomparisons are very difficult to make, ridge slopes might bemore usefully allocated to sheep grazing and ridge crests toSitka spruce forests. To be economically viable, a forest mustbe large, but within any new forestry acquisitions the largerareas occupied by slope soils might be reclaimed or utilizedas sheep pastures.     

Agroforestry in central,northern, and eastern Europe

Integrated management of natural resources and the multiple use of trees and forests have prevailed in most European societies since prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages, expanding and intensified agriculture resulted in the separation of trees from agricultural fields. During the last century, with the introduction of sustainable and highly productive forest management, the goal of increased wood production has been achieved in most parts of central, northern, and eastern Europe. Today, agroforestry is not considered to be an important land-use option within the region; however, there are many practices that could rightfully be classified as agroforestry. These include tree/crop systems in which trees provide products and/or environmental benefits, and tree/animal systems in which animals are grazed in forests or open woodlands.The future seems to offer some prospects for agroforestry. Large areas, hitherto used for food production, are either marginally suited to agriculture, or will probably be taken out of production due to agricultural policy considerations. Agroforestry may, at least in part, offer alternatives for the use of such lands. The availability of (surplus) fertile soils, capital, and labor may provide incentives for site-adapted forms of agroforestry, including improved fallow management. The focus of such systems would be on maintenance of biodiversity in the landscape, environmental protection, recreation, and product diversification.There are numerous expectations as to what agroforestry might provide for the land holder and for society as a whole. These expectations should be carefully analyzed and evaluated prior to political decisions on future land use. The promotion of agroforestry requires overall investment; agroforestry does not happen by itself. A set of integrated actions — not isolated efforts — must be implemented if agroforestry is to become a successful land-use option.     

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy-tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Fo...     

乌盟后山干旱半干旱地区沙漠化治理模式探讨

地处阴山以北的乌盟后山地区,土地的风蚀沙化十分严重,北部五旗县80%的耕地遭风蚀危害,10%的草场荒漠化.草场退化,粮食产量下降,农牧业生产长期低而不稳.同时风蚀沙化也危害交通、水利设施和村镇安全.自乌盟实施"进退还"战略以来,在恢复植被、改善生态环境方面上成效显著,但在治理方式上以单一的灌草模式为主,缺乏生物多样性,并由于草种寿命短造成重复建设,为此,本文提出一些治理模式供讨论.     

Regulation,formalization, and smallholder timber production in northern Central Java,Indonesia

Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade agreements between the EU and countries that grow tropical timber aim to complement, alter, or generate new regulatory mechanisms that ensure the legality of timber products. These regulatory changes affect pre-existing policies and practices within timber production networks. The Indonesian-EU Voluntary Partnership Agreement was signed in 2013, and legality verification is scheduled to become mandatory for all smallholders by the end of 2017. Using grower surveys conducted in the Jepara regency of Central Java (n = 204), we generate information on who Jepara smallholders are, what timber species they are growing, and how programs that provide free and discounted seedlings contribute to STP. We use these data to understand how STP operates and how Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK), the Indonesian method for timber legality verification, will affect STP networks and producers. We find that resource provision and oversight of source documentation increase formalization within STP. Our discussion details four policy-relevant insights for promoting STP amid continued formalization.