水土保持对区域植被演替的影响——以黄土高原地区为例

 在综述已有研究的基础上,结合实地调查,初步分析了水土保持对植被演替影响的主要方式,不同水土保持措施(工程措施、人工恢复植被、水土保持生态自我修复)对植被演替所产生的影响。结果表明,水土保持生态自我修复下的植被演替趋向自然演替过程,而人工恢复植被的影响取决于物种选择与营造方式,不当的物种及纯林营造,往往使植物群落结构单一化,植被正常演替中断或逆向发展。反之,则可促进植被正常演替,缩短植被恢复过程。工程措施对植被演替的影响,可能更多地表现其对植物群落空间分布格局方面。但要全面科学地认识和评价水土保持对区域植被演替的影响,仍需系统的调查研究。     

土壤侵蚀强度等级与侵蚀演替关系研究：以福建省长汀县为例

Soil erosion gradation is a robust and objective quantitative indicator of soil erosion intensity. Recent applications of soil erosion gradation have focused on monitoring soil erosion with models or simulation of soil erosion through gradation trends. However, soil erosion simulation accuracy is generally being reduced due to the rare consideration of the relationship between soil erosion gradation and erosion evolution. In this study, we investigated different soil erosion intensity grades to demonstrate their sensitivity to types and rates of erosion. Specifically, the objective was to define the relationship between soil erosion gradation and soil erosion evolution in Changting, an undeveloped area in Fujian Province, China, for four time intervals (1975, 1990, 1999, and 2006). The time series of erosion gradation were developed by modeling analysis with integration of several erosion indicators, and the relationships between the erosion grades and evolution types and rates were quantified. Comparison of the collapsing forces with natural and restoring forces based on human activity demonstrated that there existed an obvious spatial uncertainty in the erosion evolution types, both positive and negative succession coexisted, and the evolution rates were mostly influenced by the force of policy orientation. The impacts of these driving forces were eventually reflected in the erosion intensity gradation and erosion evolution. The correlation between the negative succession rate and erosion intensity gradation was weak and showed a poor contribution to the average succession rate, while the negative correlation between the positive succession rate and erosion intensity gradation would be increasingly clear as time passed.     

晋西黄土区蔡家川封禁流域植被演替规律

黄土高原地区由于强烈的水土流失,生态系统处于极度退化的状态,探讨该地区植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义。采用样线与样方相结合的方法,对晋西黄土区蔡家川封禁流域植被的自然恢复及分布规律进行调查;采用聚类分析和演替分析方法,研究了该流域植物群落类型与演替过程。研究结果表明,随着植物群落的演替,流域植被总的覆盖度大幅度增加,物种多样性增加,流域现为该地区的顶级群落-以油松为建群种的植物群丛所占据。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段植物群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的耦合关系

采用空间代替时间序列的方法,在野外样方调查和室内实验分析的基础上,分析衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段群落物种多样性、土壤理化特征以及二者的耦合关系。结果表明:（1）在整个植被恢复阶段,物种多样性指数存在明显差异,Patrick丰富度指数（R）和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）沿演替中后期（Ⅲ）→演替后期（Ⅳ）→演替中前期（Ⅱ）→演替初期（Ⅰ）的顺序显著减小（P < 0.05）,Simpson优势度指数（D）沿Ⅰ→Ⅱ→Ⅳ→Ⅲ的顺序显著减小（P < 0.05）,Pielou均匀度指数（E）沿Ⅳ→Ⅲ→Ⅱ→Ⅰ显著减小（P < 0.05）;（2）在植被恢复过程中,0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳（Soil Organic C,SOC）、全氮（Total N,TN）和碱解氮（Available N,AN）显著增加（P < 0.05）,土壤容重（Soil Bulk Density,SBD）显著减小（P < 0.05）,土壤含水量（Soil Water Content,SWC）变化虽有波动,但总体上升,在20—40 cm土层,土壤理化性质的变化虽在整体上呈现出与0—20 cm土层相同的变化趋势,但改善程度要低于0—20 cm土层,在40—60 cm土层,土壤理化性质的变化并不呈现一定的规律,表明其与植被恢复没有必然的联系;（3）物种多样性指数与土壤理化因子存在一定的相关性,其中0—20 cm土层SOC和TN与物种多样性指数呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,随土层的加深,物种多样性对土壤理化性质的影响表现出减弱的趋势。     

Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation in Abandoned Croplands on the Loess Plateau

The Grain to Green Program in China which began in 1999 led to the conversion of 0.64 million ha of cropland to grassland on steep sloping landscapes. However, the pattern of natural vegetation succession following cropland has not been well represented in previous regional syntheses of land use change effects on soil organic carbon (SOC). A chronosequence study focusing on the vegetation succession and soil carbon stocks was conducted in the center of the Loess Plateau. The chronosequence included fields of 0, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 and 25 years of self‐restoration after cropland abandonment, as well as a natural grassland reference. Plant coverage, species richness and plant biomass increased significantly with time of cropland abandonment. Over time, the species composition more nearly resembled a natural grasslands community. Cropland abandonment replenished SOC stocks by 3.6 kg C m⁻² during the 25‐year self‐restoration, but the SOC accumulation was restricted to the upper soil profiles (0–60 cm). SOC accumulation rate was 88 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ in 0–30 cm and 55 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ in 30–60 cm soil depth, respectively. These carbon stocks were still significantly lower than those found in the natural grassland soil. Our results suggest that the recovery of plant communities and SOC stocks appears to be slow in this semiarid environment without revegetation effort along with appropriate field management, although the post‐agricultural soils have a high potential for carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕坡地不同植物群落的土壤侵蚀特征

黄土高原地区水土流失造成严重的农业和生态环境问题,而植被能从根本上控制黄土高原的水土流失.以安塞县典型退耕坡地不同植物群落为研究对象,采用侵蚀针法,结合2012-2015年降雨数据及不同植物群落特征的分析,研究不同植被恢复坡地的土壤侵蚀特征.结果表明:研究期间,不同年份植被群落土壤侵蚀强度为丰水年＞平水年＞枯水年.不同植被类型群落防治土壤侵蚀的能力不同,具体为自然恢复灌木群落＞自然恢复草本群落＞人工灌木群落＞人工乔木群落.灰色关联度显示,降雨量与坡度是影响植被群落土壤侵蚀最重要的因素,乔灌木群落坡度＞降雨量,草本群落降雨量＞坡度.自然恢复植被群落枯落物盖度＞植被盖度,人工植被群落植被盖度＞枯落物盖度;因此,在当前植被条件下,未受到扰动的群落可有效减少降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响;在进行植被恢复时,应优先进行植被自然修复,适时适地引入乔灌木进行植被恢复人工调控,尽早促进乔木群落的林下植被发育,保护其林下灌草层和枯落物层,同时减少人为干扰.     

六盘山森林土壤种子库与植被演替过程

以六盘山森林植被为研究对象,通过20多年的森林土壤种子库变化与植被演替过程的试验研究,分析了8种森林群落类型的不同生长年限、生长坡位、枯枝落叶层和土壤深度对土壤种子库形成过程的影响。结果表明:六盘山森林群落不同生长坡位,土壤种子库的储量坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同层次土壤种子库,枯枝落叶层远高于0-15 cm深土层,8种森林群落类型排序为华北落叶松林>油松林>华山松林>辽东栎林>山杨林>白桦林>灌丛>草地;土壤种子库储量高峰期,不同群落有显著差异,华山松林和油松林在林龄的30~40年,华北落叶松林在20年,辽东栎林、山杨林、白桦林在15~20年,灌丛和草地在10~20年,其森林群落生长年限与土壤种子库储量变化趋势呈拟合曲线,符合指数方程,相关性极为显著;土壤种子库物种组成丰富,草本和灌木植物远高于乔木树种,乔木树种仅有3~5种,但多数为外来入侵种,而在每一类型中出现频率最高的草地植物多为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎树种。因此,在六盘山林区植被自然更新与合理演替的驱动种和先锋种草地植物为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎,其次是华北落叶松、油松和华山松。     

Changes in soil properties across a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil fertility is important for vegetation growth and productivity. The relationship between vegetation and soil fertility is important for both scientific and practical reasons. However, the effects of soil fertility on vegetation development and succession are poorly documented on the Loess Plateau. In this study, we compared soil properties of the Yanhe Watershed in northern Shaanxi across five different land uses (shrubland, farmland, natural grassland, woodland and artificial grassland) and a chronosequence of soils undergoing restoration for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 years. We found that revegetation had a positive effect on soil bulk density decrease, total porosity and capillary porosity increase in the surface soil layers but not in the subsurface layer. Additionally, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium were greater at shrubland and woodland sites compared with other land uses. Total phosphorus and available phosphorus were greater at farmland sites. Results of the study indicate that revegetation on eroded soil can produce important increases in soil fertility on older plantations and in areas with natural succession.     

黄土和红壤丘陵区输变电线路工程水土流失影响因素及特征

为顺应国家电网公司高质量绿色发展的内在需求,防治输电线工程施工过程中造成的严重水土流失。以黄土丘陵区和红壤丘陵区为研究对象,通过野外调查和文献查阅,选取区域内两条典型线路,就气候、地形、土壤和植被等自然因素对输电线路工程水土流失特征的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区相较于红壤丘陵区侵蚀营力除水力之外还有风力。(2)黄土丘陵区土壤渗透性强、土层深厚,而红壤丘陵区质地粘重、遇水易板结、入渗能力差。(3)黄土丘陵区植被自我恢复能力较差,施工过程中需要随时进行补植,而红壤区植被遭受破坏后恢复能力强,即使施工中植被遭受破坏,在短期内也可自然恢复。(4)黄土丘陵区输电线路工程在施工期土壤侵蚀模数是自然恢复期的1～10倍。黄土丘陵区输电线路各区域的土壤侵蚀模数是红壤丘陵区的2.5～31.25倍。(5)黄土丘陵区侵蚀模数在换流站站区、电机电缆区和榆林市线路工程塔基区的侵蚀模数取最大值,换流站站区和线路工程塔基区新增水土流失量最大; 而红壤丘陵区输电线路工程侵蚀模数在宜昌市线路工程塔基区取最大值,塔基区的新增水土流失量亦为最大。塔基区是水土流失防治和监测的重点区域。因此,根据当地自然因素差异,分区域设计工程措施,有利于减少水土流失。     

黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的特征分析简

为阐明黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的相关特征,通过野外调查与定点观测,对延河流域内不同演替阶段的5种草本植被（长芒草、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、白羊草、大针茅）群落地上生物量、土壤水分特征及其相关关系进行研究与分析.结果表明：在0～ 500 cm土层内,各演替阶段草本群落土壤含水量的垂直分布规律明显,均表现为浅层（0 ～ 50 cm）减少、中层（50 ～200 cm）增加、深层（200 ～ 500 cm）基本稳定的趋势;植物群落地上生物量均随着演替年限呈先增加后减小趋势,在白羊草群落阶段（退耕演替25 a左右）达到最大值;草本群落地上生物量与土壤含水量整体呈正相关关系,相关程度以0 ～ 200 cm土层较高;植被群落利用土壤水分土层深度随群落演替阶段逐渐加深,表现出对环境更强的适应性.     

Plant type differently promote the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biodiversity in the rhizosphere after revegetation of a degraded, semiarid land

It is suggested that the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their association with distinct plants species are crucial in the early stages of revegetation procedures since the AMF roots colonisation plays an important role improving plant establishment and growth. We carried out a study where we analyse the AMF community composition in the roots of Ephedra fragilis, Rhamnus lycioides, Pistacia lentiscus and Retama sphaerocarpa fourteen months after revegetation in a Mediterranean semiarid degraded area of southeast Spain in order to verify whether different plant species can variably promote the diversity of AM fungi in their rhizospheres after planted. We analysed a portion of approximately 795 bases pairs of the small-subunit ribosomal DNA by means of nested PCR, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Eight fungal sequence types belonging to Glomus group A and B and to the genus Paraglomus were identified. The different plant species had different AM fungal community composition. Thus, R. lycioides harboured the highest number of four fungal sequence types while from E. fragilis only two types could be characterized that were specific for this plant species. P. lentiscus and R. sphaerocarpa harboured each one three sequence types and two of them were shared. All AMF sequence types were found in the natural soil. These results show that one effective way of restoring degraded lands is to increase the number of plant species used, which would increase the AMF diversity in the soil and thus the below-ground, positive interactions.     

Secondary succession of terrestrial isopod,centipede, and millipede communities in grasslands under restoration

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of restoration management on the composition of a macro-invertebrate community in a formerly, nutrient-poor grassland. Four grassland plots were selected that were last fertilised 7, 11, 24 or 29 years before sampling in 1996. In the same plots it was observed that nutrient impoverishment as a restoration tool resulted in a decrease in primary production and a directional shift in vegetation composition after cessation of fertiliser application. Terrestrial isopods, millipedes, and centipedes were sampled with pitfall traps in the four plots. The directional shift observed in vegetation composition before this study was not accompanied by a directional change in macro-invertebrate composition. Both the field poorest in nutrients and the one richest in nutrients showed the lowest density and species richness, while the species composition was similar across intermediate succession stages. By far the most specimens and species were caught in the field that had not received fertilisers for 24 years. Succession theory could only partly explain the observed results. Canonical correspondence analysis of the data revealed that only a small part of the pattern could be explained by the nutrient status of the grasslands. The C accumulation due to secondary succession of plants was hypothesised to influence the densities and diversity of macro-invertebrate communities in these grasslands.     

Soil arthropods in a developmental succession on the Nouragues inselberg (French Guiana)

Tropical inselbergs are isolated rock outcrops with a special type of vegetation surrounded by rain forest. They are exposed to a harsh climate (alternation of heavy rain and severe drought) and provide few nutrients for plant growth. The aim of our study was to investigate a possible correlation between primary plant succession, size and diversity of soil arthropods. The study site was the Nouragues inselberg, in French Guiana (South America). Nine soil samples (three samples in each vegetation type) were taken for the study of soil arthropod communities and their food habits in three habitat types: Pitcairnia geyskesi (Bromeliaceae), Clusia minor (Clusiaceae) and Myrcia saxatilis (Myrtaceae), which represent three stages in a primary plant succession on this inselberg. Soil arthropods were classified into morphospecies under the dissecting microscope and their food habits were characterized by examining their gut contents under the light microscope. A variation in food habits was observed, cyanobacteria being found in arthropod guts only during the Pitcairnia stage, and were replaced by plant material at the Myrcia stage. Carnivory was prominent in oribatid mites, contrary to temperate records. All our samples contained large numbers of microarthropods, principally mites and collembolans. At the Myrcia stage arthropod density was significantly higher than at the two other stages. Macroinvertebrates are present only at late and intermediate successional stages. The number of macropredators increased by a factor of 10 in species richness and 100 in abundance along the succession. These results suggest that abundance and diversity of soil arthropods increased throughout the plant succession and show the importance of organic matter as a factor which can explain the observed phenomenon.     

子午岭地区植被演替的土壤碳汇效应

为明确黄土高原地区植被长期恢复的土壤碳汇效应,采用时空互代的方法,研究子午岭地区150年以来8个植被演替序列的土壤有机碳含量及储量的变化特征,分析影响土壤有机碳储量变化的植被因素。结果表明:从农地演替到气候顶级辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanicaMary.)群落,土壤有机碳含量和储量明显增加,表现为演替前期(草本群落)快速增加,后期(乔木群落)趋向稳定的变化特征。剖面上来看,随着土层加深,土壤有机碳含量迅速减少。0—5 cm土层土壤有机碳含量与5—20,20—40 cm土层差异显著(P＜0.05),表明土壤有机碳积累存在明显的表聚效应。枯落物蓄积量与细根生物量均随演替时间呈现出增加的变化特征,前者更有利于提高土壤有机碳储量。0—5 cm土层与0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量与演替时间均存在极显著的幂函数关系,不同土层之间土壤有机碳储量线性相关关系显著(P＜0.001)。植被长期演替具有显著的土壤碳汇功能。未来黄土高原地区林、草地的恢复应根据植被带的分异规律,促进自然演替,以进一步提升该地区的土壤碳汇潜能。     

黄土丘陵区典型草地演替中植物群落特征与土壤储水量关系

[目的]阐明草地植被演替过程中植被生产力、植物多样性等生态学特征与土壤储水量的关系,为探明黄土高原地区植被恢复的生态环境效应提供一定的科学依据。[方法]采用时空互代的方法对宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山保护区自然恢复3,8,13,46,66,89a的样地进行取样,分析0—100cm土层土壤储水量的分布及其与地上地下植物生物量、物种多样性的关系。[结果]随着草地演替的进行,植被群落盖度、生物量和物种多样性指数在恢复13a之前显著增加,之后渐趋稳定;土壤含水量逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低。植被群落演替对0—40cm土层土壤储水量没有显著影响,但演替后期对40cm以下土层水分有明显消耗。植被群落生物量及物种多样性指标与表层0—10cm水分呈显著正相关。[结论]草地演替过程中,植被群落生物量和物种多样性的增加与表层土壤储水能力的提升密切相关,但深层根系生物量的增加对下层土壤储水的消耗也逐渐增大。     

风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。     

浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带弃耕地植被的演替规律

 以浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带不同年限弃耕地为对象,研究了不同年限弃耕地植物群落特征。结果表明:弃耕地的植被演替一般经历4个阶段:1年生杂草阶段、丛生小禾草阶段、多年生根茎禾草阶段和多年生丛生禾草阶段;地上生物量的变化与弃耕年限不是单一的直线关系,且随弃耕年限的增加,多年生植物的地上生物量占地上总生物量的百分比逐渐增大。对不同放牧干扰下弃耕地植被群落特征进行了研究,结果表明:在弃耕地植被演替的第1、2阶段不宜利用,但在弃耕地植被演替的第3、4阶段,可以进行适度利用;随着弃耕年限的增加,只要不对地表土壤进行破坏,弃耕地都会发生进展演替,并达到一个偏顶级群落,然后又会在放牧干扰下,发生逆行演替。     

The impact of termite sheetings age on their fungal communities

In previous studies, we have shown that fungal communities in soil are quantitatively and qualitatively modified when termite sheetings are constructed, but the reasons for these changes are unknown. In this work we described the succession of fungal communities in the sheetings of three fungus-growing termite species by combining cultivation techniques and culture-independent methods specially DNA extraction, PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). We also estimated the abundance of fungi by using plate-count technique. The fungal communities of these sheetings were sampled at different ages. The potential functions of fungal communities was assessed by their capabilities of degrading different substrates including proteins, polysaccharides and tannins. Significant differences were found between the fungal communities of termite sheetings and those of surrounding soil. These differences were observed at quantitative, qualitative and functional level as well and were marked particularly in the fresh sheetings of termites. The characteristics of fungal communities of the surrounding soil were quite similar with those observed in the old sheetings of termites. These results show that the fungal communities are modified at once in freshly built sheetings, rather than by a progressive succession, as had been expected.     

Development of microbial community during primary succession in areas degraded by mining activities

Together with plants, soil microbial communities play an essential role in the development of stable ecosystems on degraded lands, such as postmining spoil heaps. Our study addressed concurrent development of the vegetation and soil fungal and bacterial communities in the course of primary succession in a brown coal mine spoil deposit area in the Czech Republic across a chronosequence spanning 54 years. During succession, the plant communities changed from sparse plants over grassland and shrubland into a forest, becoming substantially more diverse with time. Microbial biomass increased until the 21st year of ecosystem development and later decreased. Although there was a close association between fungi and vegetation, with fungi mirroring the differences in plant community assemblages, the development of the bacterial community was different. The early succession community in the barren nonvegetated soil largely differed from that in the older sites, especially in its high abundance of autotrophic and free‐living N₂‐fixing bacteria. Later in succession, bacterial community changes were minor and reflected the chemical parameters of the soil, including pH, which also showed a minor change with time. Our results show that complex forest ecosystems developed over 54 years on the originally barren soil of the temperate zone and indicate an important role of bacteria in the initial stage of soil development. Although the arrival of vegetation affects substantially fungal as well as bacterial communities, it is mainly fungi that respond to the ongoing development of vegetation.     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区植被演替规律研究

以山西省方山县土桥沟小流域为例,采用样线、样方相结合的调查方法,初步研究了晋西黄土丘陵沟壑地区植被的演替规律.结果表明,该地区乔木层以油松、刺槐为优势种,重要值分别为117.34,69.96;灌木层以胡枝子、小叶锦鸡儿、沙棘为主,重要值分别为169.45,74.05,36.92;草本层以铁杆蒿、赖草等菊科及禾本科植物为主,重要值为126.18,82.63.对比和聚类分析表明,土桥沟小流域典型群落类型为黄刺玫群丛、沙棘群丛、达乌里胡枝子群丛、油松群丛、刺槐群丛、华北落叶松群丛、白榆群丛、侧柏群丛.该地区植物种的演替序列大致为:次生裸地-草地阶段-杂灌阶段-先锋乔木林阶段-针叶林阶段.整个流域的演替方向是在朝着刺槐群落、油松群落、白榆群落、侧柏群落、白榆刺槐混交群落方向演替.