Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Organic Carbon Stocks in Mediterranean Soils (1956–2007)

During the last few decades, land use changes have largely affected the global warming process through emissions of CO₂. However, C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems could contribute to the decrease of atmospheric CO₂ rates. Although Mediterranean areas show a high potential for C sequestration, only a few studies have been carried out in these systems. In this study, we propose a methodology to assess the impact of land use and land cover change dynamics on soil organic C stocks at different depths. Soil C sequestration rates are provided for different land cover changes and soil types in Andalusia (southern Spain). Our research is based on the analysis of detailed soil databases containing data from 1357 soil profiles, the Soil Map of Andalusia and the Land Use and Land Cover Map of Andalusia. Land use and land cover changes between 1956 and 2007 implied soil organic C losses in all soil groups, resulting in a total loss of 16·8 Tg (approximately 0·33 Tg y⁻¹). Afforestation increased soil organic C mostly in the topsoil, and forest contributed to sequestration of 8·62 Mg ha⁻¹ of soil organic C (25·4 per cent). Deforestation processes implied important C losses, particularly in Cambisols, Luvisols and Vertisols. The information generated in this study will be a useful basis for designing management strategies for stabilizing the increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by preservation of C stocks and C sequestration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒对土壤有机碳的积累及其活性的影响

土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统的重要碳库之一,增加土壤中碳的储量对于减缓全球变暖的趋势具有重要意义。通过野外样品采集及室内分析,比较了退耕1年,3年,5年,7年,10年,15年和25年7个不同年限撂荒地的土壤有机碳及其活性的变化。结果表明:耕地撂荒后,表层土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的含量随着退耕年限的增长呈增加趋势;土壤中的腐殖质以胡敏素为主,占总有机碳含量的70%～80%;深度在40cm以上的表土,腐殖酸总量及各组分含量都随着撂荒年限的增长呈递增趋势。说明耕地撂荒后,土壤中有机碳的含量明显增高,对增加土壤中有机碳的储量具有积极的意义;同时植被恢复后也减少了土壤中有机碳的流失。     

Modelling the Effect of Land Management Changes on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Mediterranean Cultivated Field

Land management in agricultural lands has important effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. These effects are particularly relevant in the Mediterranean region, where soils are fragile and prone to erosion. Increasing interest of modelling to simulate SOC dynamics and the significance of soil erosion on SOC redistribution have been linked to the development of some recent models. In this study, the SPEROS‐C model was implemented in a 1.6‐ha cereal field for a 150‐year period covering 100 years of minimum tillage by animal traction, 35 years of conventional tillage followed by 15 years of reduced tillage by chisel to evaluate the effects of changes in land management on SOC stocks and lateral carbon fluxes in a Mediterranean agroecosystem. The spatial patterns of measured and simulated SOC stocks were in good agreement, and their spatial variability appeared to be closely linked to soil redistribution. Changes in the magnitude of lateral SOC fluxes differed between land management showing that during the conventional tillage period the carbon losses is slightly higher (0.06 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) compared to the period of reduced till using chisel (0.04 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹). Although the results showed that the SPEROS‐C model is a potential tool to evaluate erosion induced carbon fluxes and assess the relative contribution of different land management on SOC stocks in Mediterranean agroecosystems, the model was not able to fully represent the observed SOC stocks. Further research (e.g. input parameters) and model development will be needed to achieve more accurate results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国稻田土壤有机碳汇特征与影响因素的研究进展

稻田是中国面积最大的耕地之一，稻田土壤有机碳（SOC）是重要的农业碳库，被认为在减缓大气二氧化碳（CO2）浓度上升和全球变暖中起着重要作用。明确中国稻田SOC汇特征与影响因素，有助于制定合理的农业管理措施，科学地增强稻田土壤固碳减排潜力。研究发现，在空间分布上，中国稻田SOC含量具有地域性差异，总体表现为华南、西南高于华北、西北，长江中游高于长江下游；且稻田SOC含量沿海拔升高而增加，随土壤深度增加而减少。在组成上，稻田土壤活性碳比例不超过5.3%，惰性碳比例远大于活性碳，高达60%以上，稻田固碳重点在于惰性组分。在影响因素上，人为管理措施是导致稻田碳汇变化的主要原因，并与自然因素密切相关。为充分发挥稻田土壤碳汇功能，未来研究应加强稻田SOC稳定机制研究，制定因地制宜的农业管理推广方案，为中国“双碳”目标的实现提供科学依据。     

Carbon stocks in Ethiopian soils in relation to land use and soil management

The effect of soil management and land use change are of interest to the sustainable land management for improving the environment and advancing food security in developing countries. Both anthropogenic changes and natural processes affect agriculture primarily by altering soil quality. This paper reviews and synthesizes the available literatures related to the influence of soil management and land use changes on soil carbon (C) stock in Ethiopia. The review shows that topsoil C stock declines approximately 0–63%, 0–23%, and 17–83% upon land use conversion from forest to crop land, to open grazing, and to plantation, respectively. An increase of 1–3% in soil C stock was observed within 10 years of converting open grazed land to protected enclosures. However, there was a little change in soil C stock below 20 cm depth. There is a large potential of increasing SOC pool with adoption of land restorative measures. Total potential of soil C sequestration with the adoption of restoration measures ranges 0·066–2·2 Tg C y⁻¹ on rain‐fed cropland and 4·2–10·5 Tg C y⁻¹ on rangeland. Given large area and diverse ecological conditions in Ethiopia, research data available in published literature are rather scanty. Therefore, researchable priorities identified in this review are important. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil Aggregate and Organic Carbon Stability under Different Land Uses in the North China Plain

Soil aggregates and organic matter are considered to be important indicators of soil quality. The objective of this study was to determine land-use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with aggregate-size fractions. Bulk soil samples were collected from incremental soil depths (0–10, 10–20 20–40, 40–70, and 70–100 cm) under three land-use types: fruit tree orchards established in 1987, cropland, and forage field. Soil samples collected from these plots were analyzed for aggregate stability after wet sieving into four aggregate-size classes (>2000, 250–2000, 53–250, and <53 μm), and the concentration of SOC was determined in each size fraction. Cropland and forage field soils were significantly more alkaline than the fruit tree soil. Bulk densities were greater in cropland and forage field (1.40–1.52 g cm^?3) than in fruit tree orchards (1.33–1.37 g cm^?3). The total weight of soil aggregates varied in the order of forage field > cropland > fruit tree orchard. Aggregate stability was greater in cropland and forage field than under fruit tree orchards. Soil organic C decreased with increasing soil depth but was greater under fruit tree orchards than others and was mainly concentrated in the topsoil layer (0–20 cm). Sieved fraction (<53 μm) had a greater SOC concentration, regardless of soil depth or land use. Our data supported the hypothesis that perennial vegetation (fruit tree orchard) and the proportion of aggregates with diameter <53 μm are suitable indicators of SOC accumulation and may therefore have a greater potential for SOC sequestration than the cropland.     

Effects of Land Management on Different Forms of Soil Carbon in Olive Groves in Mediterranean Areas

This study analyses soil organic carbon (SOC) and hot‐water extractable carbon, both measures of soil quality, under different land management—(i) conventional tillage (CT); (ii) CT plus the addition of oil mill waste alperujo (A); (iii) CT plus the addition of oil mill waste olive leaves (L); (iv) no tillage with chipped pruned branches (NT₁); and (v) no tillage with chipped pruned branches and weeds (NT₂)—in a typical Mediterranean agricultural area: the olive groves of Andalusia, southern Spain. SOC values in CT, A, NT₁ and NT₂ decreased with depth, but in NT₂, the surface horizon (0–5 cm) had higher values than the other treatments, 47% more than the average values in the other three soils. In L, SOC also decreased with depth, although there was an increase of 88·5% from the first (0–10 cm) to the second horizon (10–16 cm). Total SOC stock values were very similar under A (101·9 Mg ha⁻¹), CT (101·7 Mg ha⁻¹), NT₁ (105·8 Mg ha⁻¹) and NT₂ (111·3 Mg ha⁻¹, if we consider the same depth of the others). However, SOC under L was significantly higher (p < 0·05) at 250·2 Mg ha⁻¹. Hot‐water extractable carbon decreased with depth in A, CT and NT₁. NT₂ and L followed the same pattern as the other management types but with a higher value in the surface horizon (2·3 and 4·9 mg g⁻¹, respectively). Overall, our results indicate that application of oil mill waste olive leaves under CT (L) is a good management practice to improve SOC and reduce waste. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地利用方式变化对土壤养分与有机碳、氮的影响

对云南省双江县不同土地利用方式下的表层土壤进行的实地调查研究表明:随土地利用方式从自然林地(对照)变为灌丛草地、经济林地、农耕地,土壤自然含水量、pH值和水解N、速效P、速效K含量逐渐降低,且部分达到显著水平(p0.05),变化程度为农地经济林地灌草地自然林地,土壤SOC、TN含量也明显降低并达到显著水平(p0.05)(除灌草地SOC外),土壤碳密度相应减小。     

Effect of Water and Rice Straw Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Double-Cropped Paddy Field

ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.     

岩溶山地不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的分布特征

对重庆中梁山岩溶山地不同土地利用方式下0-40cm土壤颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的含量和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量平均值表现为:林地>菜地>草地>橘园地>弃耕地.除橘园地外,其它各土地利用类型土壤细颗粒有机碳(FPOC)含量大于粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC).不同利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳含量在剖面层次中表现不同.0-20cm表层土壤CPOC含量表现为:橘园地>草地>菜地>林地>弃耕地,差异较大.土壤FPOC含量表现为:林地>草地>菜地>橘园地>弃耕地;20-40cm土壤CPOC和FPOC最高值出现在菜地,最低值出现在弃耕地.不同土地利用方式土壤矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量和土壤有机碳含量分布特征一致.除橘园地外土壤各组分有机碳分配比例大致表现为:MOC/SOC>CPOC/SOC>FPOC/SOC.相关分析表明,不同土地利用方式土壤SOC和POC呈正相关,相关性不一致.林地和草地呈极显著相关(P<0.01),弃耕地呈显著相关(P<0.05),菜地和橘园地相关性不显著.表明人为干扰和耕作措施会影响POC对SOC的贡献.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的分布及其有机碳含量的变化

通过野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对耕地、园地、林地和撂荒地土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特点进行了研究.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤闭聚体的分布均以＞2.00 mm团聚体为主,其它依次为0.5～1,1～2,＜0.25和0.25～0.5 mm粒径的团聚体.林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳含量随粒径的减小呈递增的变化趋势;耕地在0.25～0.5 mm和＜0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量较高,园地则以0.25～0.5mm粒径团聚体中有机碳含量最高.4种土地利用方式下,以＞5 mm团聚体中土壤有机碳含量差异最大,随着团聚体粒径的增加,它们之间的差异逐渐减小;各土地利用方式下表层土壤中,分布在＜0.25 mm和0.25～0.5mm团聚体粒径中有机碳占有机碳总量比例低于2～5,＞5和0.5～1 mm的团聚体.     

不同利用方式黑钙土有机碳组分剖面分布特征

为研究土地利用方式对土壤碳库的影响,以东北黑钙土区的天然草地、人工林地和耕地为研究对象,采集0—100 cm土体中不同土层样品(A、AB、B_k、BC和C层),测定不同利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量。结果表明:3种利用方式SOC、LFOC和HFOC主要分布在A层,但草地WSOC含量在B_k层最多(0.27 g/kg)。由A~C层,3种土地利用方式土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量总体均呈减少趋势,但减少程度明显不同,天然草地缓慢减少,人工林地急剧减少,耕地逐渐减少。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,均造成土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量减少,WSOC减少34%和48%,LFOC减少20%和37%,HFOC减少7%和5%,SOC减少10%和16%。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,WSOC/SOC、LFOC/SOC显著降低,但HFOC/SOC却提高,说明草地被开垦后活性有机碳含量快速下降。土地利用方式和土层对SOC、WSOC和LFOC具有显著影响,且对SOC和HFOC叠加效应较强。同时,土壤理化性质也在一定程度上影响着SOC、WSOC、LFOC和HFOC。应制定合理土地利用管理政策,保护自然草地免遭破坏,减少土壤有机碳流失,发挥草地生态系统碳固存的重要作用。     

柳杉人工林采伐后不同土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳变化

运用空间代替时间的方法研究了25年生柳杉人工林(对照)采伐后形成的柳杉人工幼龄林、经济林、苗圃地、皆伐迹地、农耕地5种土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳含量和碳储量变化。结果表明,5种土地利用类型和对照的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量均随土层的加深而降低;除经济林外,苗圃地、柳杉人工幼龄林、农耕地和皆伐迹地的土壤平均有机碳含量分别比对照降低了10.8%,28.1%,37.8%,40.1%;5种不同土地利用类型土壤碳储量排序为:皆伐迹地(214.2±17.0 t C/hm2)>经济林(191.3±13.4 t C/hm2)>柳杉人工幼龄林(173.5±15.1t C/hm2)>苗圃地(171.9±9.2 t C/hm2)>农耕地(132.7±12.1 t C/hm2),分别比对照(272.9±21.8 t C/hm2)减少了21.5%,29.9%,36.4%,37.0%,51.4%。人工林采伐后形成的不同土地利用类型,土壤有机碳含量和碳储量减小的程度与采伐后紧接着采取的人为措施有关。     

互花米草控制技术对湿地土壤有机碳保留能力与微生物活性的影响

鉴于多种技术被用于控制崇明东滩互花米草的蔓延,为了选择更好的互花米草控制技术,首先比较不同控制技术作用下湿地土壤总有机碳（SOC）含量的差异,并对土壤中的微生物活性进行研究以分析土壤中总有机碳的输出能力,进而分析土壤总有机碳的保留能力。结果表明,经过刈割／翻耕、刈割／翻耕／水位调节、刈割／生物（芦苇）替代等控制措施后,湿地土壤中土壤总有机碳含量、可培养微生物菌落数、土壤转化酶活性和土壤呼吸强度均高于对照,而通过DGGE技术对微生物种群进行分析后发现,修复后的湿地土壤多样性显著低于对照。在几种不同的控制技术中,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式由于增加了土壤的滞水时间,其土壤微生物活性相对较低,有机碳含量较高,表明采用该修复技术后土壤的碳代谢能力相对较弱,因此该修复技术更有利于湿地土壤有机碳的保留。相对其他控制技术而言,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式可在控制互花米草蔓延的同时有效地保留土壤有机碳。     

土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳对土地利用变化的响应

对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的天然林、人工林、次生林、园地和耕地5种典型土地利用方式的不同土层（0-10 cm、10-20 cm）土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳进行研究。结果表明：林地、桔园在大团聚体中表现随着粒径增大颗粒有机碳贮量增加的趋势。天然林转变为其他土地利用方式后,土壤团聚体颗粒有机碳贮量平均下降了74.35%,土壤颗粒有机碳损失发生在各个粒级团聚体中。亚热带山地红壤内林地转变为农地会导致土壤及其团聚体颗粒有机碳含量下降,颗粒有机碳可作为表达土地利用变化敏感性指标。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布特征

为研究不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)的分布特征和差异,对天然林地、花椒地、柑橘园、旱地和水田5种土地利用方式下的土壤进行分层取样,测定土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,并计算了土壤有机碳密度(DOC)。结果表明:随着土层厚度的增加,天然林地、花椒地和水田中SOC含量减少,而柑橘园和旱地中SOC含量先减少再增加。在0—20cm土层中,各土地利用方式下SOC含量差异最明显,均达到显著水平(P0.05),以天然林地SOC含量最高,达18.91g/kg;从0—20cm到20—40cm土层,各土地利用方式下SOC含量下降幅度顺序为柑橘园(64.30%)天然林地(59.97%)花椒地(45.28%)旱地(18.92%)水田(10.37%)。0—20cm土层中,DOC大小顺序为柑橘园(8.30kg/m~2)天然林地(4.39kg/m~2)水田(3.71kg/m~2)花椒地(2.56kg/m~2)旱地(2.26kg/m~2),除天然林地、花椒地和水田之间DOC无显著性差异外,其他土地利用方式之间DOC均存在显著性差异(P0.05);20—40cm土层中,水田中DOC最高,并与其他4种利用方式下DOC存在显著性差异(P0.05)。总体上天然林地和花椒地中DOC低于水田、柑橘园和旱地。对各土地利用方式SOC与相应容重进行相关性分析,发现土壤容重与SOC含量之间存在较好线性负相关关系(R~2=0.80~0.92)。分析土壤碳氮(C/N)比发现,随土层厚度的增加,天然林地和水田中土壤C/N比增加,花椒地中C/N比减少,柑橘园和旱地中C/N先减少再增加。对SOC和其他理化因子间进行相关性分析发现,各土地利用方式下,SOC与全氮、碱解氮之间的相关性最高,SOC分布与氮素密切相关。本研究结果可为重庆市农业产业结构调整提供科学依据。     

不同土地利用与施肥管理下黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配变化

土地利用和土壤管理方式的变化强烈影响土壤结构及土壤有机碳的稳定机制。基于长期定位试验,通过分析土壤团聚体粒级及碳分布,以揭示和探讨不同土地利用和施肥管理下东北黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配特征及其稳定性机制。通过分析>0.25mm团聚体的变化,草地植被恢复和农田有机培肥团聚体稳定性显著提高。所有处理团聚体碳的分布趋势均表现为:>0.25mm团聚体>微团聚体>粉粘粒。草地粗颗粒有机碳总量和细颗粒有机碳总量均显著高于裸地和无肥处理(p<0.05),表明自然植被恢复可有效提高物理保护颗粒有机碳含量。农田有机培肥明显增加粗颗粒有机质(p<0.05),但并没有提高细颗粒有机质的量。物理保护颗粒有机碳占土壤总碳的比例为10.1%～18.6%,平均约15%。平均重量直径与粗、细颗粒有机碳的相关性达极显著水平(p<0.001),特别是与>2mm团聚体内各颗粒有机质组分碳的相关性更强(r≥0.9,p<0.001)。长期植被恢复和增施有机肥不仅可提高土壤碳库储量,并增强了土壤结构稳定性及土壤组分有机碳的物理性保护。     

岩溶山区土壤溶解性有机碳对土地利用方式的响应及其与土壤养分的关系

对重庆中梁山不同土地利用方式下的表层（0-30 cm）土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量和分布及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:土地利用方式明显影响了土壤DOC的含量和分布。不同土地利用方式下土壤DOC含量大小顺序为:橘林地（425.77 mg/kg）>菜地（342.97 mg/kg）>耕地（243.25 mg/kg）>灌丛（177.74 mg/kg）>草地（145.06 mg/kg）,土壤DOC占土壤有机碳（SOC）的比例为:橘林地>耕地>菜地>灌丛>草地。土壤DOC垂直分布规律性明显,除橘林地外,其它方式都是随着土层深度的增加而减小。相关分析表明,除了橘林地外,其余利用方式下土壤DOC均与土壤有机碳呈正相关;草地土壤微生物量碳对土壤DOC有很大的贡献,相关性达到极显著水平,其余利用方式均呈负相关。土壤DOC与土壤全氮、水解氮和速效钾相关水平达到极显著,与全磷呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.421,0.375,0.576,0.274,可以作为土壤肥力的变化指标。     

黄土丘陵区纸坊沟小流域土壤有机碳储量研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了黄土丘陵区纸坊沟小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳的剖面变化特征及土壤有机碳储量。结果表明,该流域各层土壤的有机碳含量为中等变异,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而减少。0—60 cm土层有机碳储量为4.73×104t,天然草地和林地的储量较高,占总储量的80%。不同土地利用方式下,流域内的土壤有机碳含量差异显著,表现为:天然草地>灌木林地>乔木林地>川坝地>梯田>坡耕地>撂荒地>果园。     

秸秆还田对宁南旱区土壤有机碳含量及土壤碳矿化的影响

为了探明秸秆还田对宁南旱区土壤有机碳及土壤碳矿化的影响,为该区作物生产及土壤培肥制度的建立提供参考,通过4a（2007—2010年）秸秆还田定位试验,设置不同秸秆还田量处理,谷子秸秆按3000kg·hm-（2低L）、6000kg·hm-（2中M）、9000kg·hm-（2高H）粉碎还田,玉米秸秆按4500kg·hm-（2低L）、9000kg·hm-（2中M）、13500kg·hm-（2高H）粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田,对不同处理条件下土壤有机碳、土壤碳矿化速率、累积矿化量及其与不同形态碳素之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量均随土层的加深而减少;各处理0～60cm土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别比CK显著提高了24.2%、20.8%、9.5%和50.3%、46.6%、34.8%（P〈0.05）;秸秆还田不仅增加了土壤活性有机碳含量,同时也显著提高了0～20cm土层活性有机碳占总有机碳含量的比重,提高幅度达21.1%～23.1%（P〈0.05）;土壤碳矿化速率和累积矿化量在0～60cm各土层内随着秸秆还田量的增加大小顺序均为高量秸秆还田〉中量秸秆还田〉低量秸秆还田〉秸秆不还田,各秸秆还田处理较CK差异显著（P〈0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤碳累积矿化量与不同形态碳素之间均存在极显著相关性。因此,在宁南半干旱区采用秸秆还田对提高土壤有机碳含量和碳矿化具有明显作用。