Traditional Agrarian Landscape in the Mediterranean Mountains. A Regional and Local Factor Analysis in the Central Spanish Pyrenees

Development of rural areas needs information about sustainable use of the land. The main objective of this research is to study the spatial distribution pattern of different field types in the traditional agricultural landscape in the Central Spanish Pyrenees (flat fields, four different terrace fields, sloping field and shifting agriculture) related to different geoecological variables: slope, exposition, altitude, distance to the villages, rainfall (intensity and volume), lithology and demographic pressure. Agricultural land patterns were mapped in five valleys in the Central Pyrenees from aerial photographs (1957). These maps were digitised and implemented in a Geographic Information System on a scale 1:50,000. We determined the influence of different geoecological variables in the spatial distribution of land agricultural patterns at local and regional valley using statistical analysis. The results showed that the agricultural area occupied a large extension, despite physical environment limitations, extending even in marginal slopes, with little agricultural skills, creating a complex landscape with different field patterns. At the local scale (valley), slope and distance are the more influence variables to explain the spatial distribution of the different field types. At the regional scale, in the Western valleys, sloping fields and shifting agriculture predominate, while terraces dominate in the Eastern valleys. Distance to the village and rainfall intensity is the more determinant factors in the spatial distribution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Use of Goats Grazing to Restore Pastures Invaded by Shrubs and Avoid Desertification: A Preliminary Case Study in the Spanish Cantabrian Mountains

Spanish mountains have been affected by the expansion of shrubs and forests since the mid‐20th century. This secondary succession in vegetation has some positive effects, but also drawbacks, such as an increase in fire risk, loss of diversity in land use, a reduction in landscape and cultural value, less water available in river channels and reservoirs, constraints on livestock farming, a reduced number of local species and loss of biodiversity. This paper analyses the potential for grazing domestic goats to help control the spread of several species of shrubs such as the common broom (Cytisus scoparius), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and roses (Rosa sp.) that are commonly found in degraded pastures in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. Using experimental plots, the effects of two levels of stocking density (4·5 and 9 goats ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) are compared with other land management systems used in the region: burning, mechanical clearing and trimming. The combined use of goats with support from burning, clearing and trimming controls the spread of shrubs. The most efficient treatment was found with nine goats ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Goat grazing also changes the distribution of shrubs, transforming a dense and continuous coverage into separate clumps and thereby enabling livestock to graze more easily. Maintaining a mixed structure of shrubs and pastures is the best treatment due to the low population density of the Cantabrian Mountains, as this enhances the biodiversity, controls fire risk and enriches the landscape; it also allows extensive livestock grazing as a main economic resource. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冀西北间山盆地区景观动态变化研究

冀西北间山盆地区位于北京市的上风地带，是京西北重要的生态屏障，其景观变化直接影响到北京市的环境质量。基于1987年和2000年两期Landsat TM影像，采用遥感和地理信息系统相结合的技术方法，结合景观分析软件Fragstats3.3，对冀西北间山盆地区13年来景观变化进行了动态研究。结果发现：（1）研究区林地、草地等生态用地数量减少，其他用地不同程度的增加。景观主导类型以耕地、林地、草地为主，景观结构基本没有变化。（2）景观变化主要集中于耕地、林地、草地之间的相互转化，在空间上主要分布于山地丘陵与盆地、河川的交接地带。（3）人类的非理性行为大于理性行为，生态系统结构和功能处于“局部改善、整体恶化”状态。（4）景观异质性和名样性上升。稳定性加强，人类活动对研究区景观在化的干扰程度也在加剧。     

华北平原城郊类型区土地利用及景观格局变化研究——以衡水市桃城区为例

基于Landsat TM影像数据,应用ArcGIS软件和景观生态学方法,分析了城郊类型的桃城区1996~2000年间的土地利用空间格局变化。结果表明,该区土地利用类型以耕地、建筑用地为主,1996年二者总面积占全区面积的93.45%,2000年略降为85.8%。园地、农村居民点面积增加迅速,分别增长了7.65%和4.72%,小麦、棉花面积下降较快,各下降了7.37%和8.58%。土地变化主要表现为小麦向农村居民点、小麦向园地、棉花向小麦、农村居民点向城镇的转移。采用斑块平均面积、分维数、优势度指数和破碎度指数等景观指数分析了桃城区的景观动态变化特征,发现桃城区正处于乡村向城镇化发展的过渡状态。     

水土保持措施驱动村域土地利用景观格局变化——以米脂县高西沟村为例

以陕北地区典型乡村——榆林市米脂县高西沟村为例,探究其在水土保持措施下土地利用景观格局变化及驱动因素,对黄土丘陵区水土保持、景观格局优化、美丽乡村建设和生态可持续发展具有指导意义。基于高西沟1986年、2004年、2022年遥感影像,借助ArcGIS、ERDAS和FRAGSTATS等软件,运用动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数对土地利用变化进行分析,并对其驱动因素展开探讨。结果表明:(1)林地和草地是高西沟的主导地类,约占区域总面积的80%,耕地、未利用地呈减少趋势,水域和建设用地无较大变化;土地利用综合动态度逐渐降低,土地利用变化趋于平稳。(2)研究区林地转入面积最为显著,主要由耕地转入,林地整体增加112 hm²;而耕地主要由草地转入,未利用地则向草地转出。(3)林地为高西沟土地利用景观格局中的最大优势斑块,且破碎程度最高,研究区各景观类型斑块形成较为稳定的连接,景观连通性较好;整体景观格局演变分散,各景观类型的面积差距越来越大,优势景观明显,整体破碎程度高。(4)高西沟土地利用变化受水土保持、产业结构和相关政策影响。水土保持是高西沟耕地减少、未利用地开发和林草大面积增加的主要驱动因素,产业结构调整和国家政策与财力资助是高西沟土地利用景观格局优化的辅助影响因素。     

Evaluating the Role of a Protected Area on Hedgerow Conservation: The Case of a Spanish Cultural Landscape

Hedgerows are key features in agricultural landscapes performing diverse functions that are both economically and ecologically significant. Here, we quantify how the characteristics of a relict hedgerow network of a Spanish cultural landscape (Guadarrama mountains in the north of Madrid region) have changed over a single decade both inside and outside the boundaries of a Protected Area, the aim of which is to conserve cultural uses and biodiversity. A gradient of abandonment of pasture systems was detected, including a decline and loss of woody species from hedgerows associated with grazed areas towards shrub encroachment zones. These tendencies were similar inside and outside the boundaries of the Protected Area. The results highlight the management weaknesses of the Protected Area in order to achieve its objectives. Based on the results, we propose to include a specific conservation status for hedgerow landscapes in the regulatory framework of Spanish protected areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域景观生态规划研究——长株潭案例

随着地区社会经济发展,人与自然环境的矛盾日益突出,急需对资源利用及其生态影响进行重新审视并做出调整。以长株潭地区为案例,应用景观生态学理论作指导,借鉴前人研究经验,对区域景观生态进行了规划研究。通过地区景观生态功能格局范型构建,以期寻求科学合理的区域发展空间模式。     

Changes in Agricultural Land Use Affecting Future Soil Redistribution Patterns: A Case Study in Southern Tuscany (Italy)

Land‐use changes (LUCs) can be defined as the result of the direct action of the stakeholders in a particular area and natural or human driving forces. LUCs can influence various processes within the landscape and can have an impact on landscape functions. An analysis of the impact of LUCs on landscape processes can help to focus future rural policies. LUCs in Mediterranean areas particularly affect landscape functions because of their agro‐pedoclimatical characteristics. The aims of this work are as follows: (i) to characterise LUCs in the last 11 years in a typical Mediterranean area, the Trasubbie river basin (southern Tuscany, Italy); (ii) to extrapolate these changes and create spatially explicit LUC scenarios for the near future; and (iii) to simulate how and where the predicted LUCs may affect soil redistribution. We carried out an analysis of LUCs within the study area and used the trends to propose alternative scenarios for 2013. For these years, we spatially allocated land use (using the Conversions of Land Use and its Effects model) and used a landscape process model (landscape process modelling at multi‐dimensions and scales) to assess soil redistribution patterns. Land use in the study area changed almost linearly between 1996 and 2007, with cereals and annual fodder crops decreasing, and vineyards, perennial pastures and land abandonment increasing. Our LUC scenario extrapolates these dynamics to make predictions for 2013. A comparison of LAPSUS results between LUC and baseline scenarios for 2013 showed an increase in terms of net soil loss and total erosion, and a decrease in terms of sediment delivery ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Land abandonment,landscape evolution,and soil erosion in a Spanish Mediterranean mountain region: The case of Camero Viejo

The Spanish Mediterranean mountains have played an important social and economic role for many centuries. However, since the 1950s these regions have been considered of little economic interest, and this has led to the abandonment of villages, reduced productive activity, and significant changes in the landscape. In the last 50 years the Camero Viejo region (Iberian System, northeast Spain) has been subject to these changes, and was selected as our study area. Landscape evolution and soil erosion, as a result of agricultural abandonment, were studied using different analysis techniques: photointerpretation, geographic information systems and rainfall simulation. The results showed that a large proportion of previously cultivated land has been subject to plant recolonization processes. From 1956 to 2001, woodlands area increased from 10·1 per cent to 37 per cent, and scrubland increased from 42 per cent to 60 per cent. Changes in landscape structure in the same period suggest that the Camero Viejo is in a transitional stage from a highly humanized landscape to a more natural landscape. Although plant cover expansion is evident on most Camero Viejo hillslopes, in some terraced areas erosion processes are active. The generalized abandonment of agricultural terraces has favored the collapse of the stone walls of the terraces, with sliding of the soil. Surface runoff on abandoned terraces is also important. These erosion processes are related to the hydrological functioning of slopes following abandonment, neglect, and in some areas the intensification of grazing. Terrace destruction has a negative impact on the landscape and represents the loss of fertile soils. Landscape diversity should be preserved as an essential element of the economic potential of the Camero Viejo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

侵蚀红壤小流域水土保持措施的土壤肥力效应评价——以朱溪小流域为例

针对朱溪小流域在水土流失治理过程中设置的不同水土保持治理措施,采用模糊数学的隶属函数对土壤肥力的恢复效应进行定量分析,为小流域的后续管理和水土保持措施的推广提供依据。结果表明:不同治理措施的土壤肥力以封禁最好,生态林草次之,低效林改造效果较差;生态林草模式中以全坡面播草和乔灌草混交较好,水平条沟较差。八十里河样地治理后经过20多年时间FI值达到0.53,2000年设置的样地FI值,只有封禁和全坡面播草措施达到0.4,2006年设置的样地FI值都低于0.3,说明经过10 a的治理,土壤肥力指数刚刚达到中等水平,而20多年后土壤肥力指数才处于中等偏好的水平,土壤肥力的恢复是一个相当漫长的过程。     

彭州市龙门山震后迹地植物群落生态恢复初探

汶川大地震不仅造成大量人员伤亡,并且严重破坏社会财产和生态环境。通过对彭州市龙门山区域选取地震崩塌地(地震创面裸地)、泥石流裸地(大型泥石流冲积扇)、滑坡体(整体滑坡)、居住地(灾后居民安置点)4类具有代表性区域进行样地调查和采样,分析了不同地震灾毁情况下植物群落恢复状况。结果表明:各类样地多样性指数大小为泥石流冲积扇>滑坡体>地震崩塌地>居民安置点;居民安置点与其他3类恢复地的多样性指数有明显差异,相似度也较低。说明这类群落恢复到原生群落可能需要较长的时间;土壤有机碳含量变化趋势为泥石流冲积扇>滑坡体>地震崩塌迹地,微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量为滑坡体>泥石流裸地>地震崩塌地,而可溶性有机碳含量为地震崩塌地>泥石流裸地>滑坡体,表明在不同迹地上土壤有机碳不同组分的恢复进程存在差异。     

闽东南丘陵区水土保持生态景观模式的构建与实践--以霞美示范区为例

本研究以福建霞美为实例，构建了示范区水土保持生态景观模式，并取得显著的生态、经济和社会效益。提出区域水土保持生态景观是一个有机整体，必须依据坡面径流调控理论，把水土保持措施结合到农业措施中去；指出在侵蚀坡地上重建植被，必须注重近地表林下植被的建设，避免造成“空中绿化”现象；要充分考虑地带性规律对群落的影响，合理地配置先锋植物群落，以免造成群落退化。构建的示范区水土保持生态景观模式、方法和理论在闽南乃至我国南方有借鉴意义。     

农业景观分类探讨及其应用——以北京市峪口镇为例

美丽乡村建设的核心内容是建构和实施现代农业景观规划。农业景观规划与管理的基础工作是进行农业景观分类。本文在界定农业景观内涵的基础上,根据我国农业景观特征和美丽乡村建设的需求,基于农业景观主导功能、土地利用类型、微地貌形态以及土壤条件等分类指标,构建了一种农业景观分类方法体系。以北京市峪口镇为案例区进行了实证研究,划分出4个农业景观类(农业生产、农业服务设施、农村聚落和农业生态景观)、15个农业景观亚类和46个农业景观单元。结果表明,该方法兼顾了农业景观的主导功能和空间形态特征,能够满足美丽乡村建设中农业景观规划的需要。     

Cost‐Effective Targeting Soil and Water Conservation: A Case Study of Changting County in Southeast China

Soil erosion is by far the greatest cause of land degradation and other environmental and socio‐economic problems in China. Although various conservation methods are widely utilized to reduce soil erosion and to sustain agricultural production, the cost‐effectiveness and selection of these methods are less known. Using our survey and ecological data, this study evaluated four soil and water conservation methods in Changting County, Southeast China. The results show that the disparity of conservation costs is much larger than that of ecological benefits. Planting fruit trees is a kind of conservation through primarily economic development. Closing hillsides for afforestation is most cost‐effective, followed by forest fertilizing, and planting trees and grass. Our findings suggest that comparatively lower cost conservation methods, for example closing hillsides for afforestation, should be considered in priority if initial ecological conditions can meet the requirements of the method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红壤低山丘陵区水土流失防治分区方法与措施配置——以宁都县小洋小流域为例

水土保持区划历经70年发展日趋成熟,明确了水土保持工作的发展方向,但却难以直接指导水土保持措施布设,故本研究提出在小流域(50 km2)尺度划分水土流失防治分区。基于压力-状态-响应模型构建包含水土流失敏感性、土壤侵蚀态势、生态系统服务三个维度的指标体系。并且针对目前应用于分区的方法众多,其分区效果有待评价的问题。以江西省宁都县小洋小流域为例,使用三种聚类评价指标对三种常用聚类算法所得水土流失防治分区方案进行评价。结果表明,k-means算法最适用于小洋小流域水土流失防治分区。水土流失防治分区探讨了复杂环境特点和社会发展需求,并在此基础上提出了水土保持措施布设意见,为小流域合理配置水土保持措施提供科学依据,提高综合治理效益。     

水源区水土保持措施功能调整初探——以京津水源地冀北山区为例

实施传统水土保持措施的初衷是为了保护水源区的土地资源,但由于忽视对下游水资源的影响,随着治理的深入,流域内径流量减少幅度增加,影响了对受水区的供水量。为了保证水源区对受水区的供水量,对传统水土保持措施进行改进、采取新型水土保持措施已成为增加受水区输水量、改善水源区生态的现实选择。基于对水源区传统水土保持措施局限性的分析,得出传统水土保持措施并不适宜大中型城市的水源区治理,并初步探讨了水源区新型水土保持措施的主要内容及其具体的措施配置。     

Enhancing Household Food Security Under Changing Climatic Conditions: A Case Study of Gokwe North and Hurungwe Districts in Zimbabwe

The effects of climate change are largely felt by smallholder farmers in southern Africa who rely on rain-fed agricultural production. This study used data from a cross-sectional household to investigate the factors that influence a household's adaptive capacity. Results show that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between receiving information on crop production (p <.01), access to early warning information (p <.01 and adaptive capacity. Without adaptation, it is impossible for smallholder farmers to enhance food security. The study recommends that there is need to improve farmers' knowledge of climate change adaptation technologies and access to early warning information.     

基于不同土壤分类系统的土壤景观格局分析——以我国西北黑河流域中游地区为例

对土壤景观格局进行的研究多是基于发生分类土壤图或通过参比转换得到的系统分类土壤图,尚无通过土壤系统分类调查直接得到的土壤图为基础进行相关研究的报道。本文依据目前可获得的我国西北黑河流域中游的20世纪80年代形成的发生分类土壤图和2012年及2013年通过系统调查采样形成的1︰50万系统分类土壤图,进行土壤景观格局分析对比。结果表明:无论系统分类还是发生分类,从类型水平来看,土壤的破碎化程度不高,被分割程度小、连通性高,土壤类型斑块形状偏简单;从景观水平来看,景观异质性较大,土壤类型数目较多,各土壤类型所占比例较均匀,土壤类型具有一定程度的积聚,土壤类型的连通度较高。与发生分类土壤图相比,系统分类的土壤类型斑块数较多,多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,蔓延度指数较低,说明在一定尺度和区域上,系统分类能更多地反映土壤类型空间上的差异,制图精度更高。     

Traditional Crop Diversity and its Conservation on-Farm for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Kumaon Himalaya of Uttaranchal State: A Case Study

Farming communities in traditional agroecosystems have been playing an important role in conserving agricultural diversity. They are not only the custodians but also managers of the crop diversity and maintain the dynamic processes of crop evolution and adaptation, the key elements of sustainable agricultural productions. The Himalayan highlands are important centres of crop plant diversity due to high ecological heterogeneity and high local socio-cultural integrations. The crop genetic diversity of Kumaon Himalaya in Uttarachal State of India has been documented in the present study. Existing crop genetic diversity at inter- and intra-species level was assessed and factors for changes in crop compositions and farming systems during the recent past were studied. Farmer management of rice landrace populations were studied in greater detail. Various benefit enhancing options for farmers from local crop diversity were scrutinized based on farmer perceptions and priorities for efficient management of local crop diversity on-farm and its sustainable utilization for agricultural production.     

Sustainable Production Techniques in Greenhouses: A Case Study on Economic Analysis of Organic Lettuce Production in Turkey

ABSTRACT

This study is an economic analysis of the use of different organic fertilizers for organic greenhouse lettuce production as an on-farm trial during the autumn season of 2001–2002. The selected site is located in the preservation area of the Tahtali Dam, which is the most important water source providing drinking water to Izmir, the third largest city in Turkey. The tested fertilizer applications were composed of: (a) farmyard manure, 15 tons/ha^?1 + E 2001 + All grow Bioplasma; (b) farmyard manure, 30 tons/ha^?1; (c) chicken manure, 15 tons/ha^?1 + E 2001 + All grow Bioplasma; (d) chicken manure, 30 tons/ha^?1; and (e) control (no fertilizer). The total net profit ranged between $0.38 and $0.90/m², depending on organic fertilizer applications. The results showed that organic lettuce production with different organic fertilizers can be achieved in greenhouses, but there is still a need to solve some problems related to greenhouse climate control, pest and disease control, biological control, crop rotation, marketing and training of growers.