植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤化学及生物学特性的影响

为探讨农牧交错带煤矿排土场不同植被复垦模式对土壤肥力的影响,以黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型(山杏+苜蓿(A1)、杨树+苜蓿(A2)、杨树+沙棘(A3)、杨树+披肩草+苜蓿(A4)、未复垦(CK))土壤为研究对象,通过简单相关分析和通径分析研究浅层(0—20cm)土壤化学性质和酶活性与土壤微生物量间的相关关系,揭示不同植被复垦下土壤微生物量差异的驱动因子,并采用土壤恢复指数(RI)评价不同植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤质量的影响。结果表明:(1)与未复垦(CK)相比,不同植被复垦样地土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均显著增加(p<0.05),但pH无明显变化规律且差异不显著(p>0.05),并且0—10cm明显高于10—20cm土层。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性和有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与pH和有效磷含量则均未表现出相关性。由于土壤微生物量碳和氮对有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性变化比较敏感,因此对土壤性质变化具有指示作用。(3)不同植被复垦土壤恢复指数在0—10,10—20cm土层分别表现为A3>A2>A4>A1和A3>A2>A1>A4。因此,杨树+沙棘(A3)和杨树+苜蓿(A2)复垦方式对矿区排土场土壤质量的改善较好。     

三峡库区消落带土壤酶活性特征

土壤酶驱动土壤生态系统养分的循环和控制生态系统的功能。选取三峡库区消落带三个海拔梯度的土壤,以从未淹没的样地作为对照,研究消落带土壤酶活性特征。结果表明,消落带区域土壤有机碳（OC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）和所测定的四种酶[磷酸酶（PNP）、芳基硫酸酯酶（PNS）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和β-糖苷酶（PAG）]的绝对活性（单位土壤干重的酶活性）和四种酶的几何平均数（GME）显著低于从未淹没的对照样地。在消落带区域,只有磷酸酶的绝对活性随着淹没持续时间的延长而降低,其他土壤三种酶的绝对活性在三个样地之间并无显著性的差异。土壤四种酶的几何平均数与有机碳、微生物生物量碳的变化相似,在海拔梯度较低的样地最低,其他两个较高海拔梯度的样地之间无显著性的差异。然而单位有机碳或微生物生物量碳的四种酶的具体活性的变化趋势与酶的绝对活性的变化并不一致。PNP的具体活性在所有测定的样地之间都无显著性的差异,而其他三个酶的具体活性是海拔最低的样地显著高于其他样地,其他样地之间并无显著性的差异。因而,这些结果意味着四种酶的几何平均数能够敏感指示三峡库区消落带水位消涨及其不同淹没持续时间对土壤质量的影响,是一个能够综合反映所有土壤酶活性对消落带水位消涨的响应的敏感指标。     

干旱区绿洲苜蓿地土壤微生物特性及其影响因子

研究了干旱区绿洲种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量商、呼吸强度和代谢商的变化特征。结果表明:在耕层0-20 cm范围内,苜蓿种植年限的长短对土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量有影响,相对来说微生物量碳、氮在四年生苜蓿地的含量最高,其次是一年生苜蓿地的。不同种植年限苜蓿地之间土壤微生物量商(qMB)、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO2)差异显著,相对来说种植年限相差越大,差异越大。相关分析结果表明,土壤理化特性对土壤微生物活性有影响,其中土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮与土壤有机质、全氮显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关。     

Impact Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Azospirillum and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Soil Health and Ecology

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India, during the winter season of 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. Baby corn cob and green fodder yields were greatest in T₁₅ [100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) + Azospirillum]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and residual soil fertility (NPK) were greatest in T₁₆ (150% RDF + AM + Azospirillum). In contrast, soil microbial load [colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria, diazotrophs, fungi, and Azospirillum], AM biomass, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, and enzymes (urease and acid phosphatase) were greatest in T₁₃ (absolute control + AM + Azospirillum) followed by T₁₄ (50% RDF + AM + Azospirillum)]. The values of all these parameters declined drastically with the increasing percentages of RDF. Coinoculated plots built up greater soil fertility and SOC.     

Temporal responses of soil biological characteristics to organic inputs and mineral fertilizers under wheat cultivation in inceptisol

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in wheat ecosystem to assess the key soil biological characteristics in inceptisols of northeastern region of India. Nine treatments using organic inputs (farmyard manure and vermicompost) and mineral fertilizers were applied by modulating the doses of organics and mineral N fertilizer. Soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and arylsulphatase), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bacteria and fungi populations were measured before seed sowing (GS₁), at flowering stage (GS₂) and after harvest (GS₃) of wheat, whereas total organic carbon (TOC) was studied at GS₃. GS₂ recorded significantly higher soil enzyme activities, except FDA, which increased considerably at GS₃. Enzyme activities, available N and TOC significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced with application of organic inputs even with reduced (50%) mineral N. Except urease and phosphatase, other enzymes did not respond significantly to mineral fertilization. Vermicompost application increased mean enzyme activities, MBC, microbial growth and TOC fractions (particulate organic carbon, humic acid and fulvic acid carbon) than farmyard manure. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlations (r = 0.61–0.87) were obtained between TOC and its fractions with studied soil enzymes. Thus, in conclusion, 5 t ha^–1 organics incorporation (especially vermicompost) in wheat fertility programme can uphold soil biological health, reduce (50%) N application and would be a sustainable option for wheat grown in inceptisols of northeastern region of India.     

土壤酶对土壤环境质量指示作用的研究进展

土壤环境质量是土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染的能力。各种污染物(农业、工业)进入土壤后,都会对土壤的环境质量造成一定的影响。土壤酶作为土壤中的重要组成部分,是土壤中产生专一生物化学反应的生物催化剂,对土壤环境质量的变化反应迅速,常被用来作为指示土壤环境质量的生物学指标。因此本文综述土壤酶对化肥、农药、污水污泥、城市垃圾和重金属的指示作用,为污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Effect of different application rates of organic fertilizer on soil enzyme activity and microbial population

Abstract

After cultivating 24 crops of vegetables for three consecutive years in a greenhouse, the effects of different application rates of compost (Rate 1, 270 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 3, 810 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 4, 1,080 kg N ha^?1 y^?1) were compared with the effects of chemical fertilizer (CF) and no application of fertilizer treatments (CK) for some selected soil chemical properties, microbial populations and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, protease, urease, arysulphatase, and acid and alkaline phosphatases). The results show that the pH, electrical conductivity, concentrations of total nitrogen (N) and the organic matter received from compost treatment were generally higher than those received through CF treatment. The soil microbial biomass, populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, as well as soil enzyme activities increased significantly in the compost-treated soils compared with the CF-treated soil. In most instances, no significant increase was observed in the enzymatic activities studied for compost applications higher than a Rate 2 treatment. However, all enzymatic activities examined showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils. The vegetable yield reached its highest level at the Rate 2 treatment and declined or leveled off in the higher treatments, implying that a high application rate of compost cannot further increase the crop yield after the soil fertility has been established. High organic matter content in the soil was found to alleviate the adverse effect of soluble salts on vegetable growth. In conclusion, an application rate of compost at Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, is adequate on the basis of vegetable yields and soil chemical, biochemical and enzymatic properties in greenhouse cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.     

Sustaining Productivity of Baby Corn–Rice Cropping System and Soil Health through Integrated Nutrient Management

Organic matter is essential to enhance the soil quality and sustainability of an agroecosystem and ecological services. Thus a 2-year (2007–2009) study was carried out at Agriculture Experiment Farm, Giridih, India. Baby corn (Zea mays L.) yielded maximum cobs (0.84 Mg/ha) and green fodder (17.65 Mg/ha) yield when grown with inorganic fertilizers alone (F₁, nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, potassium oxide (N:P₂O₅:K₂O):: 150:60:60 kg/ha). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced most grain (3.10 Mg/ha) and straw (4.16 Mg/ha) yield when the preceding crop received nutrients in equal proportion of organic and inorganic (50:50) sources (F₄ and F₅). System productivity in terms of baby corn equivalent yield (1.08 Mg/ha) was greatest when nutrients were applied in 30:70 ratio (F₂ and F₃). Baby corn grown with F₁ took up the maximum nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Remarkable improvement was noticed in microbial activity (microbial population, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon), soil enzymes (urease and acid phosphatase), and soil fertility parameters [NPK, organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity] with F₄ and F₅ treatments as compared to others. Integrated nutrient-management practices improved soil health. Almost all the parameters were nonsignificantly greater in vermicompost than that of farmyard manure.     

不同节水稻作模式对土壤微生物数量和微生物量碳氮的影响

针对南方丘陵区季节性干旱这一区域问题,以节水稻作模式为研究对象,以常规稻作模式为对照,通过田间定位试验,研究了稻基农田土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳氮的变化规律.结果表明,与该区常规稻作模式相比,节水稻作模式的土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳氮差异显著;节水稻作模式有利于土壤细菌和放线菌的增殖,但抑制了真菌的增殖;土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮的显著增加,以水旱轮作双季稻模式最佳,说明采用节水稻作模式可有效提升土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量.因此,在南方丘陵季节性干旱区,采用节水稻作模式,可促进稻田生态系统健康持续发展.     

长期冬种绿肥改变红壤稻田土壤微生物生物量特性

以进行了31年的双季稻-冬绿肥长期定位试验的红壤性水稻土为对象,研究了长期冬种绿肥条件下土壤微生物生物量特性的季节变化,为阐释冬绿肥措施在稻田生态系统土壤碳氮转化中的作用机制提供理论基础。试验包括双季稻-紫云英(RRV)、双季稻-冬油菜(RRP)、双季稻-黑麦草(RRG)及双季稻-冬闲(RRF)4个处理,在典型时期(绿肥盛花期、绿肥翻压后、早稻成熟期、晚稻收获后)采集土壤样品,分析土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物商等方面的变化。结果表明,3种冬绿肥均提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商,在土壤性质相对稳定的晚稻收获后均显著高于对照处理,全年平均值也多显著高于对照处理。豆科绿肥紫云英对SMBC和SMBN的提高作用最显著,晚稻收获后相对冬闲分别提高了21.12%和98.45%,全年平均值分别提高了15.92%和36.49%。取样时期对SMBC、SMBN和微生物商有较大的影响,但变化趋势基本一致,即绿肥翻压前后无明显变化,早稻成熟期降至最低,至晚稻收获后再次上升。SMBC/SMBN比值在不同绿肥处理间差异不大,但有明显的季节变化,早稻成熟期较高而晚稻收获后降低。因此,南方稻田冬种绿肥后土壤微生物特性明显改善,冬种绿肥是提升稻田土壤肥力的高效措施。     

耕作与施肥对甘蔗地土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了云南蒲缥甘蔗地赤红壤不同耕作与施肥土壤剖面微生物量碳、氮特征。结果表明:不同耕作与施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮均有一定影响,其中耕作对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响较为一致,表现为免耕 > 翻耕。施肥对0—20 cm土层中微生物量碳的影响表现为翻耕施肥 > 翻耕,对20—40 cm,40—60 cm土层中微生物量碳的效应呈现为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥,而施肥对土壤微生物量氮影响则与其对微生物量碳的效应相反。耕作和施肥对各个土层土壤微生物商具有显著的影响（p<0.05）,表现为免耕 > 翻耕,翻耕施肥条件下0—20 cm土层的微生物商稍高于翻耕,而其他土层均为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥;土壤微生物量氮与全氮的比值与微生物量氮的变化趋势相近。在不同的耕作和施肥条件下,免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量,施肥在一定程度上也利于提高土壤微生物量。     

玉米地土壤微生物量碳、氮及微生物熵对不同物料还田的响应

在四川丘陵区紫色土上进行田间试验,以无物料还田为对照,对比分析了蚕豆秸秆、油菜秸秆、猪粪3种物料还田对夏玉米吐丝期和收获期0—20,20—40cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳氮含量及微生物熵的影响,以期为农业废弃有机物料的综合利用及四川丘陵区土壤质量的提升提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)尽管有机物料还田于0—20cm土层中,0—20,20—40cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)含量均受到有机物料的深刻影响。各处理0—20cm土层SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量均显著高于20—40cm土层,且上下2层土壤SOC、TN、SMBC和SMBN含量在生育时期间均表现为吐丝期>收获期。(2)在2个生育时期,3种物料还田均能提高0—20,20—40cm土层SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量。与对照相比,物料还田处理的SOC、TN、SMBC、SMBN含量分别提高2.6%~141.2%,1.9%~33.0%,5.1%~114.7%,41.5%~98.7%,其中收获期各处理0—20,20—40cm土层SOC、SMBC、SMBN均表现为油菜秸秆>蚕豆秸秆>猪粪>对照,TN表现为蚕豆秸秆>猪粪>油菜秸秆>对照。(3)各处理SMBC/SMBN、qMB、SMBN/TN分别为3.74~10.53,0.86%~2.19%,1.01%~3.41%,且物料还田降低SMBC/SMBN,提高土壤qMB和SMBN/TN值。相关分析表明,SMBC、SMBN与SOC、TN之间均存在极显著正相关关系。因此,农业生产中可通过物料还田提供给微生物足够的碳氮营养,提高土壤SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量和qMB值,维持较高的农田生产力,提升土壤质量,但具体施用物料时还需寻求土壤肥力提升、玉米产量增加以及环境效益之间的平衡。     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

苯磺隆和2,4-D对盆栽小麦土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过盆栽小麦试验,研究了除草剂苯磺隆和2,4-D对小麦生长过程中土壤微生物量碳、氮以及碳/氮比(C_mic/N_mic)的影响。结果表明,苯磺隆、2,4-D对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响主要表现为先抑制后激活,抑制作用随着时间的延长和浓度的增大而增强,与对照相比达极显著差异水平。苯磺隆、2,4-D对微生物量碳的抑制作用第14天和第7天分别达到最大,为54.9%和45.2%;对微生物量氮的抑制作用均为第7天最大,分别为51.0%和 65.4%。2种除草剂处理均在第28天微生物量碳、氮达到最大,为对照的1.09和1.33倍,呈极显著的激活作用,且激活作用随着浓度的增大而增强;对土壤微生物量碳/氮的影响主要呈增加-降低-增加的变化趋势。研究表明苯磺隆、2,4-D对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响主要与处理的浓度和时间有关,与除草剂的种类无关。