Dynamics of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport in a Highly Erodible Catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Runoff is the key factor to understand the land degradation causing high risk of soil erosion and can reduce the water available for human societies and ecosystems. The dynamics of runoff and suspended sediment transport are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the trends, breaking point and regime changes for the runoff and sediment load at different temporal scales using 50 years of continuous observational data from a highly erodible sub‐catchment with an area of 7,325 km² in the Beiluo River basin on the Loess Plateau, China. At the annual scale, the runoff and sediment load declined significantly (p < 0·05) with decreasing rates of −0·23 mm y⁻¹ and −164·9 Mg km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. Abrupt changes in the runoff and sediment load series were detected between 1979 and 1999; thus, the data were divided into intervals of 1960–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2009. The flow duration curve analysis indicated increasing low‐flow values and decreasing daily runoff and sediment discharge peaks, which suggested that soil and water conservation measures reduced the volume of runoff and the sediment load. This led to a more uniform runoff regime. At the flood event scale, we investigated the relationship between runoff and the suspended sediment load based on 123 flood events, which showed clearly that the magnitude and frequency of hyper‐concentrated sediment flows decreased in 2000–2009 compared with 1960–1999. The annual erosive rainfall exhibited non‐significant changes throughout the entire study period. We conclude that soil and water conservation measures (e.g. afforestation, grassing, terraces and check dams) have played major roles in the changes in runoff and the sediment load in the Beiluo River catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

退耕背景下北洛河上游水沙变化分析

为探明黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林（草）政策的水沙响应问题,以1980--2009年期间植被重建规模较大的北洛河上游为研究区域,采用双累积曲线法和Pettit突变检验法,探讨径流输沙的变化趋势和跃变时间,同时结合气候和水土保持措施的资料,对不同时段的水沙过程进行对比分析。结果表明：1）径流量和输沙量变化可以分为2段（1980--2002年和2003--2009年）,年时间尺度上,后段较前段径流量减少0．32亿m^3、输沙量减少0．29亿t,并且后段波动较前段小;2）在月时间尺度上,2个时段的月降水量与月均流量过程基本相同,月均流量和输沙率关系基本呈现8字形,但是变幅及变率不同;3）相对于1980--2002年,2003--2009年年均降雨量、降雨侵蚀力分别减少10．06％和10．28％,降水具有减少径流和输沙的潜在条件。剔除降雨的影响,林草措施的减水和减沙效应分别为41％和81％。     

1960-2010年延河水沙特征及其对退耕工程的潜在响应

河流水沙特征与流域降水量和下垫面变化密切相关.为揭示流域降雨以及退耕还林对延河流域水沙特征的影响,本文以延河甘谷驿站控制区1960-2010年流域降水量、河流径流量和输沙量实测数据为基础,统计分析了延河水沙变化特征及其对流域降水量的响应,并对比分析了退耕前、后(以2002年为界)延河水沙变化.结果表明:在1960-2010年间,延河甘谷驿站控制区年及汛期(6-9月)降水量、径流量和输沙量呈波动递减趋势,汛期降水量、径流量和输沙量值约占年值的64.8％、71.7％和98.1％;年及汛期输沙量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系,径流量变化可分别解释年及汛期87.6％和92.2％的输沙量变化,降水量变化可分别解释年及汛期22.7％和23.6％的输沙量变化;退耕后流域年及汛期平均输沙量、径流量和径流系数显著低于退耕前,剔除退耕前后降水量差异影响,退耕工程对年及汛期累计输沙量变化分别贡献87.5％和86.9％,对年及汛期累计径流量变化分别贡献77.4％和75.4％.研究阐明退耕可显著降低年及汛期平均径流量、径流系数和输沙量.     

近50年黄河中游流域水沙过程及对退耕的响应

为明确黄河中游地区水土流失综合治理、退耕还林(草)政策的水沙效应问题,选择黄河中游风沙-丘陵过渡区、典型丘陵区以及土石山林区5条典型流域,用降雨及面积对水文站实测径流量、输沙量数据进行处理,探讨了近50a来流域水沙及其关系的演变过程。结果表明:5条流域标准化年径流量、标准化年输沙量均表现出显著减少趋势,且两者发生跃变时间基本一致。时段频率上的河流输沙量减少程度较径流量大,零输沙天数逐时段增加。植被覆盖度低的风沙-黄土丘陵过渡区流域,较植被覆盖度高的土石山林区流域,径流量和输沙量年均变化斜率大,跃变时间早。5条流域汛期径流量和输沙量的关系表明,植被覆盖度低的风沙-黄土丘陵过渡区流域的输沙量分布域较植被覆盖度高的土石山林区流域大一个数量级,其产沙动力也最强。近50a来,5条流域的水沙动力系数均呈现逐时段降低趋势。20世纪70～80年代水土流失综合治理使5条流域水沙动力系数平均降低24.5%,1999年后的退耕还林(草)工程则使其平均降低70.6%。流域水沙拟合线性关系常数项绝对值,以及流域冲淤平衡时的径流量呈现随时段减小趋势,进一步说明水土流失治理及退耕还林(草)措施对流域水沙动力关系的削弱效应。     

基于径流侵蚀功率的长江典型流域能沙关系模型及改进

基于径流侵蚀功率概念建立流域能沙关系模型,可为长江流域泥沙变化精准模拟与水土保持规划提供技术支撑。该研究以长江典型流域及其典型小流域为研究对象,通过收集1965—2018年金沙江流域、嘉陵江流域和湘江流域3个典型流域逐日水沙数据以及万安和李子口2个典型小流域2014—2020年场次降水径流泥沙数据,采用径流侵蚀功率、径流量和降雨侵蚀力对比分析不同时空尺度水沙(径流量和输沙量)、雨沙(降雨侵蚀力和输沙量)和能沙(径流侵蚀功率和输沙量)关系的优劣性,解析能沙关系优越性,并识别能沙关系非一致性变化,从而改进能沙关系模型提高流域输沙量模拟精度。结果表明：1)长江流域3个典型流域及2个典型小流域,在绝大部分情况下能沙关系的表现总是优于水沙关系和雨沙关系,在场次、月和年尺度修正的决定系数最大值分别可达到0.94、0.87和0.54。2)对于不同时间尺度,其流量序列中任意2个流量乘积与输沙量的相关性较高时,第一个流量Q₁分位点总是接近1且第二个流量Q₂分位点在0.5附近或者高于0.5。基于径流侵蚀功率可以较为准确地计算不同时空尺度流域输沙量,具有明显适用性...     

极端降雨情形下黄土区水土保持治理的减沙效益估算

极端降雨情形下水土流失治理的效益评估对黄河治理具有重要意义,但由于缺乏有效的针对降雨事件尺度的定量评估方法,该问题长期存有争议.2017年陕西榆林"7·26"特大暴雨致灾严重,引发广泛关注.该研究提出了一种适用于事件尺度的减沙效益计算方法,并以岔巴沟流域为研究对象,计算流域水土保持治理在"7·26"暴雨事件中的减沙效益...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区吕二沟流域水沙关系变化分析

流域水沙关系的研究可为流域水土流失模型构建和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。根据黄土丘陵沟壑区第三副区的吕二沟流域在1982--2010年间的74场次洪水事件水文泥沙数据,对降雨、径流和输沙的关系进行分析,并用Mann—Kendall法检验流域次洪水事件径流系数和平均含沙量的变化趋势和显著性。结果显示,降雨量和降雨历时是流域径流和输沙的主要影响因素,前期降雨量中前7天降雨量与径流系数的相关性最显著。吕二沟流域具有较好的水沙关系。通过Mann．Kendall法检验得到1985年8月24日发生的洪水事件是流域径流系数时间序列的突变点,突变点之后径流系数呈显著减小趋势,植被覆盖面积的增加是流域降雨一径流关系发生变化的主要原因。流域次洪水事件平均含沙量时间序列没有发生显著变化,表明以植物措施为主的水土流失综合治理没有显著影响吕二沟流域的水沙关系。     

Estimation of Runoff,Peak Discharge and Sediment Load at the Event Scale in a Medium‐Size Mediterranean Watershed Using the Annagnps Model

In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model has been used to estimate runoff, peak discharge and sediment load at the event scale in a Mediterranean watershed. The study area is the Carapelle torrent, Southern Italy (area = 506 km²), where continuous rainfall, streamflow and sediment load data are available. Nineteen flood events have been registered in the period 2007–2009 and were used for the application of the model. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model at the event scale, in a medium‐size watershed, given the specific conditions of the semi‐arid environments. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assign the correct parameterization: the mean normalized output variation of the most meaningful input parameters pointed out the influence of the curve number on runoff, peak discharge and sediment load predictions (values greater than 1); the MN Manning's roughness coefficient and K, C and P factors of the universal soil loss equation showed a moderate influence on sediment load simulations (values between 0·5 and 1). The selection of the Soil Conservation Service synthetic storm types has been based on the observed storm events analysis to improve the peak discharge simulations. The model prediction has proved to be good for runoff (R² = 0·74, NSE = 0·75, W = 0·92) and peak discharge (R² = 0·85, NSE = 0·70, W = 0·94), and satisfactory for sediment yield (R² = 0·70, NSE = 0·63, W = 0·91). The relative error is lower for high events; this result is quite interesting in semi‐arid environments, where most of the annual sediment yield is concentrated in a few, severe events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原昕水河流域径流变化及其对环境要素的响应

以黄土高原昕水河流域为对象,采用有序聚类等数理统计方法,诊断了近60 a来实测径流的变化及其阶段性特征,在此基础上,分析了不同阶段实测径流与气候要素之间的响应关系,初步揭示了径流演变的驱动机制。结果表明:近60 a来昕水河流域实测径流量以1965年和1979年为分割点总体呈现阶段性减少趋势,其中,21世纪以来减少尤其明显。不同阶段的年降水、径流关系有一定差异,相比而言,汛期（6—10月份）的月降水量与径流量具有相对较好的相关关系,非汛期（11—5月份）的月降水径流关系点群散乱。积雪及融雪对河川径流量的影响存在±5℃阈值,当气温介于该阈值区间,气温变化对河川径流影响较大。昕水河流域汛期产流受高强度降水支配,非汛期径流量以地下径流和融雪径流为主。人类活动对河川径流的影响有增大趋势。     

LAND USE AND CLIMATE CHANGES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON RUNOFF IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Impacts of land use and climate change on runoff were investigated by studying the runoff in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, China. Trends in precipitation, mean air temperature, and runoff were analysed by non‐parametric Mann‐Kendall tests. Land‐use changes were examined with land‐use transition matrix and geographic information system tools. Land‐use and climate changes showed several characteristics, including increased reforestation, decreased grassland, retreat of glaciers and increased desertification. Human activity caused great impact, especially within densely populated regions and cities. Reforestation and degradation of grasslands were more frequent than deforestation and cultivation of grasslands. Annual mean air temperature, precipitation and runoff showed increasing trends between 1974 and 2000. The impacts of land use and climate change on runoff had different effects depending on region and season. In the season of freezing, climate change clearly affected runoff within regions that experienced precipitation. Altered evapotranspiration accounted for about 80 per cent of runoff changes, whereas land‐use changes appear to have had greatest impact on runoff changes within regions that have inconsistent relationships between runoff and climate change. It was demonstrated that afforestation leads to increased runoff in dry seasons. It was estimated that glacier snow melt has caused annual runoff to increase at least 6·0 mm/10yr, 2·1 mm/10yr and 1·7 mm/10yr in Regions 1, 3 and 4, respectively, whereas evapotranspiration caused annual runoff to decrease at least 7·4 mm/10yr in Region 2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Two Loess Plateau Catchments,China

Changes in runoff and sediment loads are of great importance for the management of river basins and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study compared the suspended sediment dynamics in the Huangfuchuan and Yanhe catchments on the Loess Plateau. Both annual runoff and sediment load displayed significant reductions from 1955 to 2012. The decreasing rates were −0·88 mm a⁻¹ and −2·72 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Huangfuchuan catchment, respectively, and ‐0.31 mm a⁻¹ and −1·20 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Yanhe catchment. A total of 183 and 195 events, respectively, were selected to assess the suspended sediment dynamics in both catchments during the periods of 1971–1989 and 2006–2012. The results showed a good linear relationship between the sediment yield and runoff depth in both catchments from 1971 to 1989 and a relatively worse relationship in the Yanhe catchment from 2006 to 2012. The magnitude and frequency of the hyper‐concentrated sediment flow obviously decreased in the 2000s compared with that between 1971 and 1989. A hysteresis analysis suggested that complex and counter‐clockwise loops were the dominant patterns. Various soil and water conservation measures (e.g., afforestation, grassing, terraces, and check dams) played a critical role in runoff and sediment load changes in both catchments. The two catchments showed obvious heterogeneities in runoff and sediment yield because of different lithologies, soil types, and vegetation. The results of this study provide valuable information on suspended sediment dynamics and could be used to improve soil erosion control measures on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地利用和气候变化对黄土区典型流域水沙变化的影响

为了探究土地利用和气候变化对黄土高原地区水沙情势的影响,选择生态恢复效果非常显著的汾河上游岚河流域为研究区域,采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、滑动t检验法和YAMAMOTO指数法对该流域1955—2018年的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量进行变化趋势分析和突变检验,在此基础上,利用径流/输沙历时曲线分析黄土高原...     

Evaluation of Sediment Deposition in a Mediterranean Reservoir: Comparison of Long Term Bathymetric Measurements and SWAT Estimations

This study aims to demonstrate that the SWAT model can be used to predict discharge and sediment yield values in reservoir contributing catchments helping also to define the main factors that determine sedimentation rates in semi‐arid Mediterranean environments. This aim was achieved by comparing SWAT simulation results with water flows (over 29 years) and sediment deposition (over 47 years) volumes collected (by a campaign of bathymetric surveys) in a Sicilian reservoir. The mean monthly runoff coefficient calculated for the period 1980–2008 was 0·17. The mean sedimentation volume in the reservoir during the period 1963–2009 was 51,000 m³ year⁻¹. Field surveys and collection of spatially distributed databases of soil, topography and climate were carried out in order to characterize the contributing catchment. The SWAT model was applied to simulate sediment volumes cumulated over group of years as well as water flow volumes reaching annual and monthly the reservoir. The performance of the hydrological and erosion components of the model was evaluated by a combination of both summary and difference statistical measures after a sensitivity analysis and a calibration/validation process. The model was able to simulate observed runoff volumes at both annual and monthly scale. The mean sedimentation volume simulated by SWAT during the whole period was 8·1% lower than the value obtained by the bathymetric measurements (equal to 72·10³ Mg) with very good values of the efficiency coefficient (equal to 0·91). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河河口-龙门区间降雨时空分布特征及其与流域产沙的关系

[目的]揭示黄土高原典型多沙粗沙区河口—龙门区间降雨时空分布特征及其与流域产沙的关系,为区域水土保持规划的制定提供科学依据。[方法]基于降雨和产沙模数资料,采用泰森多边形加权变差系数法、K-means聚类分析以及线性回归分析,系统研究河口—龙门区间降雨和产沙的空间变异规律。[结果] 1959—2015年期间,河龙区间汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力具有相同的空间分布特征,但是汛期降雨侵蚀力表现出更强的空间变异性,两者在年内和年际时间尺度上分别表现出相同的空间分布特征,并且具有纬度地带性(p0.01)。汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力在支流尺度上的空间变异性差异不大,具有同增同减的变化趋势。[结论] 1959—2015年期间,水土流失大规模治理以前,河口—龙门区间流域产沙主要受降雨的影响(p0.01),水土流失治理以后,流域产沙量锐减,降雨和流域产沙模数无显著相关关系。     

近60年湘江流域水沙特性及其对人类活动的响应

湘江流域人类活动对湘江水沙变化具有显著影响。利用M-K次序法、Pettitt非参数检验法和双累积曲线法分析湘江干支流1953-2014年的年径流量、汛期径流量和非汛期径流量与输沙量的关系,并分析水土保持和水库建设等人类活动与水沙演变的关系。结果表明:1)湘江干支流水文站的年径流量、汛期径流量与输沙量的相关性强,且1990年后湘潭站径流量-输沙量的相关系数为0.83,而非汛期相关性较弱。1990年前,干流站点径流量和输沙量处于波动状态,1990年后干流站点径流量总体呈增加趋势,但输沙量呈减小趋势,且老埠头站的输沙量发生微幅突变。除个别站点之外,支流站点的径流量和输沙量发生突变的年份与变化规律均一致。2)水土保持以及水库建设对湘江流域的拦沙作用是输沙量减少的主要原因。相比支流,水土保持对湘江干流流域的输沙量减少影响更显著,水库建设与湘江干支流输沙量减少均密切相关。3)根据湘江流域输沙量突变点可划分A(1960-1987年)、B(1988-1996年)、C(1997-2013年)3个时期,在不考虑温度变化的影响下,以A时期1960-1987年为基准期,利用累积量斜率变化率比较法可知,相比基准期A时期,B、C时期水土保持和水库拦沙等人类活动对输沙量的减少的贡献率为88.58%和94.01%,人类活动为输沙量减小的主要因素。     

Vine Copula与贝叶斯模型平均结合的月径流预测及应用

准确可靠且预见期较长的月径流预测对水资源配置、防汛抗旱以及生态环境保护等具有重要意义。径流变化与降水、气温、潜在蒸散发以及前期径流等存在密切联系。鉴于Vine Copula可以灵活地将多个随机变量的边缘分布函数通过Copula对的形式联结起来构造多维联合分布函数以及贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)在处理多模型集合预报方面的优势,该研究基于BMA集合多个Vine Copula模型提出了一种BVC径流预测模型(简称BVC模型),应用于黄河流域上游4个水文站(唐乃亥站、民和站、红旗站和折桥站)的月径流预测,采用确定性系数(R²)、纳什效率系数(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient,NSE)和均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error,RMSE)评价模型的预测性能。结果表明,验证期内预见期为1～3个月时,BVC模型在各水文站的R²均大于等于0.83、NSE均大于等于0.78且RMSE均维持在较低水平;与随机森林(Random Forest,RF)模型和长短...     

Hydrological responses to precipitation variation and diverse human activities in a mountainous tributary of the lower Xijiang,China

Hydrological regimes of river systems have been changing under the impacts of both climate variation and human activities in the global context. The Luodingjiang River, a mountainous tributary of the lower Xijiang in South China, was chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to the precipitation variation and diverse human activities (land use change, water diversion, reservoir construction, and in-channel damming) in this study. Two non-parametric statistical methods, Mann–Kendall and Pettitt test, were employed to detect the long-term changes in the time series of water discharge and sediment load (1959–2002) at the annual, monthly and seasonal scales. Significant increasing changes were detected in the water discharge time series in the dry season. To the contrary, significant decreasing changes were detected in the annual sediment load and sediment load time series in the wet-season. The impacts of precipitation variation and human activities on water discharge and sediment load were discerned and quantified using double mass curve and linear regression methods. By taking the period 1959–1968 as the reference period, the contribution of human activities to the increasing trend of dry-season water discharge in the period 1969–2002 was estimated to be 80%. Because the change of sediment load during the period 1969–2002 was not monotonic with an abrupt change around 1986, the contribution estimations were made for the two periods before and after 1986 respectively. For the period 1969–1985, human activities, particularly deforestation during the period 1981–1985, contributed 43% to the increasing change of sediment load and for the period 1986–2002, the impact of human activities dominated the decreasing change of sediment load with the contribution slightly higher than 100% because of the opposite role of precipitation variation. The operation of reservoirs and hydropower stations is considered to be responsible for the observed increasing trends of water discharge in the dry-season and decreasing trends of sediment load after 1986, and for the latter, reforestation program in the catchment is another contributing factor. The distinct seasonal changing patterns of both water discharge and sediment load in this study highlight the importance of involving monthly or seasonal time series in the change detection in hydrological data.     

降水和土地利用变化对罗玉沟流域水沙关系的影响

为探讨降水和土地利用变化对流域水沙关系的影响,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域为研究区域,利用流域25年(1986—2010年)的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量以及土地利用变化资料,分析罗玉沟流域水沙演变规律和水沙关系变化。结果表明:在1986—2010年罗玉沟流域年降水量和汛期降水量基本保持平稳,无明显的增减趋势,而流域年径流量和年输沙量整体呈波动递减的变化趋势,降水与径流相关分析得出,汛期产流产沙对流域年径流量和年输沙量影响最显著。对不同时期流域水沙变化分析,土地利用方式改变,主要是梯田、林草等水土保持措施,对于流域减水减沙作用有限,梯田和林草面积的增加并未明显改变流域水沙关系,淤地坝等工程措施对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙具有重要作用。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

清涧河流域的水文情势变化阶段及其特征

 为探讨清涧河流域不同阶段的水文变化特性,分析流域水文变化的原因,通过定量指标结合定性原则,筛选了清涧河流域内的代表性雨量站,在此基础上,建立了具有一致性的1955—2002年的降水量序列资料;采用滑动平均和有序聚类分析方法,对选定的水文序列进行阶段划分,并统计分析各阶段降水、径流的变化特性;结合流域水土保持措施状况,进一步讨论引起流域水文变化可能的原因。结果表明:清涧河流域的水文序列可划分为3个阶段,分别为:1955—1979、1980—1989和1990—2002。与第1阶段相比,第2、3阶段汛期和年降水量呈减少趋势;第2阶段径流量小于第1阶段,第3阶段平均径流量大于前2个阶段。各阶段年降水量与径流量之间具有正相关关系,但点群散乱,相关性不好;各阶段暴雨特性和水土保持措施数量、质量的变化,是流域水文变化的主要原因。     

1960-2013年广东省梅江流域径流特征及其对降水的滞后效应

[目的]全面了解梅江流域的水文特征及其变化趋势,为河流水量调节、防洪防汛及流域生态环境保护等方面提供决策依据。[方法]以该地区的典型河流梅江为例,利用1960—2013年流域的径流、降水数据,结合累积距平、变异系数、集中度和集中期等数理方法,对梅江的径流量、降水量在年代、年际、季节等时间尺度上进行分析,并用集中期来反映径流对降水变化的滞后效应。[结果]梅江径流量年际变化整体呈下降趋势,递减率为5．79 mm／10 a ;流域径流主要集中在4—9月,季节上主要集中在夏季和春季,径流集中期主要集中在5月下旬至7月中旬;流域内多年降水量呈波动减少趋势,但减少幅度很小,降水集中期主要集中在5—6月;流域内年径流量与降水量存在极大的相关性,并呈线性回归关系（r ＝0．824＞0．428＝ R0．001,54,回归显著水平超过0．001）,流域径流对降水具有滞后效应,多年平均滞后时间为21 d ,且滞后天数随着时间推移呈扩大趋势。[结论]可以推测是人类活动改变了地表覆被状况或者是气候的变化。