雅鲁藏布江中游河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间异质性

土壤水分是制约西藏高寒河谷风沙化土地植物群落自然演替和人工促进植被恢复的重要因子之一,准确把握沙地土壤水分的分布状况,对指导正在进行的沙地植被恢复与重建具有重要实践意义。该文采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,以雅鲁藏布江中游河谷风沙化土地为对象,研究了河岸交错带沙地土壤水分的空间分布及不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的差异性。结果表明:1)试验地不同深度土壤含水率平均值为6.14%～14.20%,随着湿沙层深度的增加,土壤含水率平均值随之增大。各层土壤含水率均表现为强变异性。2)除0～20cm土壤含水率具有强烈的空间相关性外,其它各层土壤含水率具有中等的空间相关性。随着土层深度的增加,空间相关性减弱。不同深度土壤含水率的空间分布格局存在着较强的相关性,以20～40cm和40～60cm相关性最高。3)流动沙丘迎风坡和河滩地土壤含水率明显高于背风坡、沙砾地、沙丘顶。雅鲁藏布江河水丰枯变化、微地形和风沙运动则是造成不同类型沙地、沙丘部位土壤含水率差异的主要原因。     

神东矿区不同治理分区相同治理年限典型灌木群落特征分析

为评估神东矿区典型灌木群落对矿区不同治理分区的适生性,探索其最佳配置模式,选取治理年限为10 a的沙棘群落、15 a的北沙柳群落和柠条锦鸡儿群落,对其群落基本特征进行了分析。从分析结果来看,沙棘群落在风积沙区长势最好,在硬梁地长势最差,不同治理分区适生性排序为风积沙区>黄土丘陵区>黄土丘陵和风沙交错区>硬梁地;北沙柳群落在黄土丘陵和风沙交错区长势最好,在硬梁地长势最差,不同治理分区适生性排序为黄土丘陵和风沙交错区>风积沙区>硬梁地;柠条锦鸡儿群落在黄土丘陵和风沙交错区长势最好,在硬梁地长势最差,不同治理分区适生性排序为黄土丘陵和风沙交错区>风积沙区>黄土丘陵区>硬梁地。在植物配置模式上,沙棘、北沙柳和柠条锦鸡儿在不同治理分区的配置选择顺序和其适生性保持一致。     

青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟风水交互作用研究

选择青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟为研究区,通过野外调查,沉积物样品采集和分析,结合1982年航片和2006年快鸟影像数据,分析研究区地质历史时期风水交互作用的环境变化和沙地冲沟风水交互侵蚀的现代特征。结果表明:全新世初期,研究区由水成沉积环境逐渐过渡到风成沉积环境,并有小的沉积旋回,到了全新世中期,气候变得较温润,风沙活动减弱,风成沙逐渐生草成土,但弱砂质古土壤层较薄,从全新世晚期至今,风沙活动有所增强;冲沟形成后,沙地冲沟发生着风蚀水蚀交互作用。起伏的沟岸和弯曲的谷底发生风积,为流水侵蚀增加了沙物质。风沙流对冲沟的形成有再塑造作用。同时冲沟侵蚀也影响着风沙活动,每年冲沟侵蚀约达8.3×104 t泥沙,是沙丘不断增长的一个重要物源。冲沟的狭长地形,其"狭管效应"加大了风蚀作用,增强了风沙灾害天气。     

黄土高原小流域土壤有机碳空间变异性研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg^-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.     

21世纪初科尔沁沙地沙漠化对区域气候变化的响应

利用2000—2013年生长季MODIS-NDVI时间序列遥感数据和降水、气温、蒸发和风速等气象数据,研究21世纪初科尔沁沙地沙漠化动态变化及其对区域气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:21世纪初,科尔沁沙地沙漠化经历了逆转-发展-逆转的过程,轻度和中度沙漠化土地面积呈显著下降趋势,重度和极重度沙漠化土地面积呈下降趋势但不显著。未沙漠化土地主要分布在研究区西北部,轻度和中度沙漠化土地广泛分布在研究区南部、东部和北部,重度和极重度沙漠化土地主要分布在西南部。2000—2013年,科尔沁沙地降水量呈上升趋势,气温、蒸发量和起沙风日数呈下降趋势,斜率分别为8.34 mm/a、-0.04℃/a、-23.56 mm/a和-1.7 d/a,其中蒸发量和起沙风日数下降趋势较为显著;近14 a来,科尔沁沙地沙漠化主要受水热条件的影响,尤其是在2000—2005年、2009—2013年2个时期,降水增多、蒸发减少,区域气候较湿润,研究区沙漠化2次逆转;此外,沙漠化受气候影响具有地域差异性,受气候影响较大的地区主要集中在研究区东部和东南部地区。研究可为科尔沁沙地沙漠形成机理分析及沙漠化防治工作提供理论依据。     

高寒灌区风沙吹蚀对农业水利工程混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响

针对内蒙古引黄灌区农业水利工程混凝土实际服役环境,同时加大风积沙资源化利用效率,配制满足农业水利工程设计要求的风积沙混凝土,并研究风沙吹蚀作用对风积沙混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响。结果表明:相对动弹性模量可准确表征风积沙混凝土受风沙吹蚀影响下的冻融破坏,且风沙吹蚀影响下混凝土冻融循环后的内部损伤是未受风沙吹蚀影响下混凝土冻融循环后的2倍;在风沙吹蚀影响下的冻融过程中,风积沙混凝土水泥浆体在冻融过程发生"酥化",同时在风沙流的持续撞击、削切下,"酥化"的水泥浆体进一步剥落,迫使破坏表面水泥浆体与骨料连接处的界面过渡区较光滑;风积沙替代率为40%可以配制满足抗冻性要求的风积沙混凝土,但风积沙混凝土气泡间距系数不能准确评价其抗冻性,气泡盒维数与细骨料细度模数可反映气泡结构特征和细骨料颗粒级配,且二者呈负相关趋势,二者结合可对风积沙混凝土抗冻耐久性优劣进行初步判定。     

江苏省土壤有机碳空间差异性以及影响因素研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a key role in the global carbon cycle.In this study,we used statistical and geostatistical methods to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC in soils of Jiangsu Province,China,and investigate the factors that influence it,such as topography,soil type,and land use.Our study was based on 24 186 soil samples obtained from the surface soil layer (0-0.2 m) and covering the entire area of the province.Interpolated values of SOC density in the surface layer,obtained by kriging based on a spherical model,ranged between 3.25 and 32.43 kg m 3.The highest SOC densities tended to occur in the Taihu Plain,Lixia River Plain,along the Yangtze River,and in high-elevation hilly areas such as those in northern and southwest Jiangsu,while the lowest values were found in the coastal plain.Elevation,slope,soil type,and land use type significantly affected SOC densities.Steeper slope tended to result in SOC decline.Correlation between elevation and SOC densities was positive in the hill areas but negative in the low plain areas,probably due to the effect of different land cover types,temperature,and soil fertility.High SOC densities were usually found in limestone and paddy soils and low densities in coastal saline soils and alluvial soils,indicating that high clay and silt contents in the soils could lead to an increase,and high sand content to a decrease in the accumulation of SOC.SOC densities were sensitive to land use and usually increased in towns,woodland,paddy land,and shallow water areas,which were strongly affected by industrial and human activities,covered with highly productive vegetation,or subject to long-term use of organic fertilizers or flooding conditions.     

乌珠穆沁沙地生物基可降解聚乳酸(PLA)沙障防风固沙效益

为了探究PLA沙障对乌珠穆沁沙地沙化治理的效果,以方格状铺设不同规格(方格边长0.5 m×0.5 m, 1 m×1 m, 2 m×2 m和3 m×3 m)PLA沙障,以不同规格沙障影响的风蚀特征为研究对象,裸沙地设置对照(CK),采用美国HOBO便携式风速采集仪观测距地表10,20,50,100,200 cm高度的风速,同时使用自动旋转集沙仪收集近地表0—30 cm高度输沙量,分析了防风效能、固沙效益和风沙流挟沙粒径的变化特征。结果表明：(1) PLA沙障规格小于3 m×3 m时,风速廓线呈“S”型变化趋势;PLA沙障平均的地表粗糙度为0.64 cm, CK的平均粗糙度为0.51 cm,粗糙度提高了25.48%。(2)铺设PLA沙障后输沙量降低了38.72%～75.69%;PLA沙障输沙率随高度呈现良好的指数关系(R²>0.77);1 m×1 m和2 m×2 m沙障的固沙效益高于其他2种规格沙障,3 m×3 m规格的固沙效益最低,基本接近CK。(3)乌珠穆沁沙地风蚀物颗粒大小介于2～500μm,且大部分颗粒为100～250μm的细沙;铺设PLA沙障后,障格内...     

Key Role of Desert–Oasis Transitional Area in Avoiding Oasis Land Degradation from Aeolian Desertification in Dunhuang,Northwest China

The survival of oasis is partially determined by the evolution of desert–oasis transitional area (abbr. DOTA) characterized by fragile and unstable environments. This study reveals the function of DOTA in avoiding oasis land degradation from its aeolian environments based on the detailed wind data, in situ observation of wind‐blown sand and granular characteristics of surface sediments from desert to oasis. Results indicate that the DOTA has buffering function in slowing down aeolian desertification in oasis. Additionally, the annual mean wind speed reduces 40·8% from desert to DOTA area but up to 92·8% from desert to oasis. The frequency of sand‐laden wind, drift potential and sand transport all decrease following the section from desert to oasis while surface roughness increases. And the granular characteristics of surface sediments show that the weight percentage of coarse sand decreases but fine sand increases along the section from desert to oasis. This paper reveals that the aeolian environments are of great difference between desert and DOTA and the significant role of DOTA in protecting oasis. Integrated sand control system needs to be settled in the DOTA to strengthen its buffering function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Land‐use evolution and degradation in Lesvos (Greece): a historical approach

An analysis has been undertaken of the land‐use evolution in the island of Lesvos for the last 5000 years, based on historical and archaeological documents and recent soil and vegetation survey data. A series of maps were compiled using historical documents for the period from 3300 bc to 1886 bc and vegetation field survey data for the period from 1886–1996. A soil survey (scale 1:50 000) was conducted in 1996 in order to relate the land‐use changes to the present physical environment. Cultivation of the land started around 3300 bc and intensified during the 18th century bc . During the Roman period forests were already significantly reduced to satisfy the increasing demands for agricultural products, timber and heating. In the Byzantine period (4th–15th century), vineyards and pastures expanded, mainly by clearing the forests. Olive plantations increased during the 13th century, motivated by the allocation of subsidies. During the first centuries of the Ottoman period, there was a further expansion of olive groves and pastures by reducing forests, while vineyards declined. Great changes occurred in the last century in the geographical distribution and the total area occupied by the various types of land use. Olive groves significantly expanded and were redistributed covering more fertile and productive land on hilly areas by clearing mainly pine forests. Oak forests increased on previous pasture areas. Today, pasture is the main type of land use in hilly areas. These previously forested areas have been cleared without any accompanying measures against soil erosion. This highly degraded land with shallow and severely eroded soils is not able to sustain any profitable agricultural use or natural forest. However, areas cultivated with olives remained sustainable for more than seven centuries without being significantly degraded. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微生物固化风沙土的保水性能试验研究

[目的]研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)固化风沙土的性能,为MICP技术在固化风沙土以及恢复生态等方面提供理论依据。[方法]采用MICP技术对风沙土进行不同次数的固化处理,通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜对固化风沙土的微观结构进行分析,并测试分析固化试样的基本物理性质和保水性。[结果]通过MICP处理的风沙土,在风沙土颗粒之间有碳酸钙晶体生成,将沙土颗粒胶结在一起,使松散的风积沙固化成具有一定强度的整体;随着固化次数的增加,固化风沙土的厚度、干密度、碳酸钙含量逐渐增大,渗透系数逐渐减小,固化厚度由3.38 mm增加至11.28 mm,干密度由原沙的1.61 g/cm³增加至2.05 g/cm³,碳酸钙含量由8.99%增加至13.08%,渗透系数由原沙的1.06×10^-3 cm/s减少至2.35×10^-4 cm/s;当固化处理次数不大于5次时,保水率随固化处理次数的增加而增大,固化试样的保水性能有所改善,固化处理超过5次后,保水性能则有所下降。[结论]采用MICP技术固化的风沙土,可明显改善风沙土的干密度...     

风沙土开垦中的风蚀研究

针对以往对土壤风蚀与土地开垦的关系缺乏定量研究，本文以野外实地采集的风沙土样为实验材料，对土地开垦过程中影响风蚀的两个主要因素－地表破坏与植被破坏分别进行风洞实验，结果表明，土壤风蚀率随地表破坏率的增大呈二次幂函数增加；随植被盖度的减少呈指数增加。综合地表破坏及植被盖度对土壤风蚀的影响，最后得出，土壤风蚀率随土地开垦率的增大呈指数增大。在此基础上提出了风沙土开垦中，有效地防止土壤风蚀需要掌握的临界     

蒙陕宁甘长城沿线干旱风沙区土地沙漠化防治对策

对蒙陕宁甘长城沿线干旱风沙区土地沙漠化的地理基础与历史背景进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了以建设可持续发展的绿洲生态经济系统和水源工程为中心的土地沙漠化综合防治方案。     

风沙冲蚀与碳化耦合作用下风积沙粉体混凝土耐久性能

该研究以风积沙粉体为水泥替代材料的风积沙粉体混凝土为研究对象,设计风沙冲蚀-碳化、碳化-风沙冲蚀2种工况,探讨其在风沙冲蚀、碳化环境下的劣化机理及耐久性能。结果表明,风沙冲蚀时,90o冲蚀角作用时以撞击作用为主,产生冲蚀坑洞,45°冲蚀角作用时以削切作用为主,产生冲蚀沟壑,且风沙冲蚀破坏混凝土表面水泥石结构,可使碳化深度增加3倍以上;碳化作用时,普通混凝土碳化时是由于氢氧化钙和水化硅酸钙发生脱钙反应,风积沙粉体混凝土则是由于氢氧化钙、水化硅酸钙和钙矾石发生脱钙反应,且由于碳化产物自身的膨胀作用使混凝土变的疏松,使风沙冲蚀后质量损失增加1.6倍以上;风积沙粉体混凝土内部孔径在20 nm以下的无害孔的比例多于普通混凝土21.37个百分点,200 nm以上多害孔少于普通混凝土13.93个百分点,其劣化显著性低于普通混凝土;相对于单一工况,风沙冲蚀、碳化耦合作用下劣化显著性更高,且风沙冲蚀-碳化耦合作用劣化显著性低于碳化-风沙冲蚀耦合作用,风沙冲蚀-碳化耦合作用后的10~15 mm范围内出现碳化区域、碳化产物发生变化(生成硫酸钙)及非碳化区域的混合区,且风沙冲蚀-碳化耦合作用后风积沙粉体混凝土孔隙度下降0.47%,20 nm以下的无害孔的比例高出普通混凝土25.15%。     

Classifying land cover conversions in coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: Pairwise comparisons of landsat images

This study classified land cover conversions by using quantitative change detection methods in the eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. Three Landsat TM scenes acquired in 1984, 1998 and 2007 were analysed using image pairs of consecutive dates. The amounts of change were calculated for the periods from 1984 to 1998 and from 1998 to 2007, using binary change masks and supervised image classifications, in which eleven a priori defined land cover classes were used. Change areas accounted for 14.81 and 15.64 per cent of the total area, in the first and second periods, respectively. Conversions from/to sand dunes, mud flats and afforestation were by far the most extensive changes. Sand dunes and mud flats decreased, while afforestation and agriculture areas increased in the 23‐year period between 1984 and 2007. Five types of qualitative change were identified on the basis of land cover transformations within and between natural and anthropogenic systems. Type I changes, which indicated conversions from (semi)natural to anthropogenic systems, took place as agricultural expansion over coastal sand dunes, while Type II changes mostly occurred within agricultural systems. Type III changes included changes in human uses, leading to conversions from one anthropogenic system to another. Conversions between semi(natural) systems such as salt marshes and mud‐flats were typical Type IV changes. Type V changes were mainly due to conversions from agriculture to wetland categories or other semi(natural) cover types. Implications of these changes were discussed for management of coastal environmental resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海岸风沙地貌分类研究现状

地处水陆交界地带的海岸地区,自然地理环境复杂,人类活动频繁,影响海岸风沙活动的自然及人为因素复杂多样;同时由于海岸风沙地貌分布的广泛性、区域的差异性、研究区域的不同和分类角度的差异等原因,故而到目前为止,对于海岸风沙地貌的分类,仍然存在着多种多样的分类系统。在现有国内外海岸风沙地貌的分类研究的基础上,进行了简单回顾,并指出了现有的海岸风沙地貌分类的不足和发展趋势。     

气化渣改良风沙土对土壤水分物理性质的影响

为了探讨气化渣对毛乌素沙漠风沙土的改良效果,利用气化渣作为一种风沙土改良材料,与风沙土按不同掺入量混合,通过对土壤粒径组成、保水性能以及土壤水分特征曲线的变化情况分析,探讨了气化渣对风沙土土壤水分物理性质的影响。结果表明:添加气化渣使风沙土的粒径组成得到明显改善,砂粒含量降低5.89%～35.8%,黏粒、粉粒含量分别提高0.89%～2.92%,7.94%～32.88%,风沙土土壤容重显著降低(p<0.05),降低幅度为7.75%～55.5%; 风沙土土壤质地也由砂土转向砂质壤土,保水性能也随之呈现上升的趋势,显著影响了土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量(p<0.05),增长幅度分别为13.53%～158.93%,7.12%～126.95%,23.19%～252.47%; Van Genuchten模型可以很好地拟合气化渣添加后风沙土的土壤水分特征曲线,表明气化渣的添加明显提高了土壤保水性,并且风沙土土壤保水性能的主成分分析结果表明气化渣添加量越高土壤保水性提高越明显。由此可以得出,水煤浆气化渣能够有效地改善风沙土的水分物理性质,显著提高风沙土的保水性能,对风沙土改良效果明显。     

Historical landscape photographs for calibration of Landsat land use/cover in the northern Ethiopian highlands

The combined effects of erosive rains, steep slopes and human land use have caused severe land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands for several thousand years, but since the 1970s, however, land rehabilitation programmes have been established to try to reverse deterioration. In order to characterize and quantify the transformations in the north Ethiopian Highlands, a study was carried out over 8884 km² of the Tigray Highlands of northern Ethiopia. Using Landsat Multispectral Scanner and later Thematic Mapper imagery (1972, 1984/1986 and 2000), historical terrestrial photographs (1974–1975) and fieldwork (2008), we prepared land use and cover maps. For assessing the use of the historical terrestrial photographs, Landsat images from 1972 were classified using two different methods, namely conventional change detection (image differencing) and ground truthing (using the historical photographs of 1974–1975). Results show that the use of terrestrial photographs is promising, as the classification accuracy based on this method (Kappa coefficient 0·54) is better than the classification accuracy of the method based on image differencing (Kappa coefficient 0·46). Major land use and cover changes indicate the following: (1) a gradual but significant decline in bare ground (32 per cent in 1972 to 8 per cent in 2000); (2) a significant increase of bushland (25 to 43 per cent) and total forest area (including eucalypt plantations, 2·6 to 6·3 per cent); and (3) creation of numerous lakes and ponds. The dominant change trajectory (27 per cent of the study area) indicates a gradual or recent vegetation increase. These changes can be linked to the population growth and the introduction of land rehabilitation initiatives, complemented by growing awareness of land holders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风蚀的影响

[目的]探究神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风沙活动的影响,为矿区防治风蚀危害和植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]以塌陷区扰动地表为研究对象,通过野外定位观测,研究塌陷1~2a沙丘典型位置及不同的地表破损率对风蚀/风积量影响。[结果]塌陷1a、塌陷2a和对照(非塌陷)沙丘不同典型位置的风蚀/风积深度分别达到-28.2,-45.6和-2.8cm,其整体的风蚀概率达60%以上,90%以上和10%以下。地表破损率越大,其地表风积过程越显著,且随着地表破损率的减小,风沙运动状态逐渐由风积填缝过程转化为风蚀过程,其风蚀/风积深度(Q)与地表破损率(V)呈多项式函数关系。[结论]采煤塌陷有效地促进了风沙运动,改变了局部的风蚀/风积深度,可能引起固定半固定沙丘重新活化。     

青海省共和盆地光伏发电基地风沙灾害现状、成因及其防治措施

[目的]分析青海省共和盆地塔拉滩光伏发电基地风沙灾害现状,并探讨风沙灾害的成因,提出相应的防治对策。[方法]利用徕卡全站仪对光伏发电基地沙丘移动速率以及典型电站积沙量进行了实地测量,并结合气象资料分析了风沙灾害形成的区域风沙环境特征。[结果]沙丘前移与风沙流遇阻后在太阳能板间形成积沙是该区风沙危害的主要表现形式:该区沙丘类型以新月形沙丘为主,移动速度达12.56m/a;在一面积99hm2、风沙灾害最为严重的光伏园区内,2016年2—4月3个月内上风向光伏板间积沙可达3 090m3;研究区属中能风沙环境,为单峰风况,起沙风以西风和西北西风为主,两组风向占年输沙势的92.1%。[结论]风力强劲、风旱同期等自然特点以及过度放牧导致的土地沙漠化提供沙源是该区风沙灾害的主要成因,亟需建立固沙与阻沙措施相结合的风沙灾害综合防治体系进行风沙灾害防治。