苹果砧穗互作的效应

砧木和接穗是矮化苹果树体结构的基本结构单元,果树通过嫁接组成新的复合体后,这几个结构单元在生长发育、生理生化反应等方面互相影响,会导致新的形态结构特点发生,即砧穗互作效应。研究砧穗互作效应,对于科学选择砧穗组合,实现苹果优质高产意义重大。国内外关于砧穗组合从互作机理到生产应用等方面已有大量的研究,现就近年的研究进展情况做一简述。     

果树嫁接应注意两个条件

1）砧、穗自身条件。①砧木和接穗之间嫁接亲和力的强弱，是决定嫁接成活的主要因素，必须选择砧穗亲和力好的品种嫁接。②砧木和接穗再生能力的强弱与嫁接愈合有密切关系。再生能力强愈合就容易。⑧砧木与接穗的质量非常重要。凡接穗与砧木发育充实、芽子饱满、贮有较多营养的，一般嫁接都比较容易成活。     

谈谈果树嫁接不亲和及其机制

用嫁接方法繁殖果树时,砧木和接穗之间的亲和力是影响成活和以后生长结果的主要问题之一。所谓亲和力,是指砧木和接穗嫁接在一起,接口愈合良好能正常生长结果并健康地渡过一生的能力。也即是砧穗二者不仅在形态结构而且在生理遗传等方面相近或相同互相能结合在一起的能力。由于砧穗     

选择合适的砧穗组合,获得理想的经济效益--果业名词“砧穗组合”解读

1定义砧穗组合是果树接穗与适宜的砧木品种进行组配的方式。在砧木接穗相互作用下,嫁接果树的生长特性、结果能力、果实品质以及抗性等都会发生某种改变,砧木的矮化能力和抗性水平对接穗影响尤为明显。优良的砧穗组合不仅能促进树体生长,提高果实品质,还可增强植株的抗逆性、糖类物质代谢及生理代谢等。对特定的接穗品种选择、组配适宜的砧木,使其具有最佳的生产能力,既能满足果树集约化栽培的需求,又为获得更好的经济效益奠定基础,对发挥果树的产业优势具有重要意义。     

茄子砧/穗残株高效再利用及效益评价

为了明确茄子嫁接后砧木、接穗残株的再生进程及再次嫁接利用的可行性,以茄砧1号、园杂471为砧木和接穗品种,研究砧木、接穗残株再生苗的生长发育进程,并比较残株再生苗嫁接与初次嫁接苗的愈合情况和生长指标。结果表明:茄子嫁接后砧木残株扦插再生、接穗残株腋芽再生30 d左右均可形成健壮的幼苗,植株茎粗可达2.5 mm左右,与播种育苗相比,砧木、接穗分别缩短育苗时间约45、10 d;利用砧木、接穗残株进行嫁接,嫁接苗成活率、木质部输导能力、砧/穗接合力及35 d嫁接苗净生长量与初次嫁接苗无显著差异。茄子残株嫁接苗砧木与接穗培养成本明显低于初次嫁接苗,按万株嫁接苗计,可节约生产成本696.4元。综上,茄子嫁接后砧/穗残株可以嫁接再利用,并可提高经济效益。     

论水分对柑桔嫁接成活率的影响及其调控

果树嫁接成活率受诸多因素的影响 ,如 :接穗和砧木的亲和力 ,嫁接时期的气温、雨水 ,砧木与接穗的质量 ,嫁接技术 ,接合处的伤流、湿度 ,树胶、单宁物质以及土壤水分的多少等等。而嫁接技术与水分是直接影响嫁接后愈伤组织形成的两个主要因素 ,所以 ,掌握好嫁接技术与水分 ,是提高嫁接成活率的关键。本文在总结长期实践经验的基础上 ,着重论述水分调控对提高嫁接成活率的重要意义及调控方法。水分包括雨水、土壤水分状态 ,砧、穗内含的水分、接合部空间的水分 ,湿度、伤流等等。随着科学技术的发展 ,水分影响果树嫁接成活的问题逐渐被人们所…     

毛葡萄与其杂种后代196砧穗组合的解剖结构观察

以毛葡萄雌能株为砧木,毛葡萄杂种后代196为接穗,进行组培微体嫁接及大田硬枝嫁接试验,并对砧穗接合部位愈合情况进行解剖结构观察.结果表明:无论是组培嫁接还是大田嫁接,其砧穗接合线处都有不同程度的死细胞,接口无法形成正常的形成层,不能正常愈合,从而导致嫁接植株死亡,是嫁接成活率低的主要原因.     

柑桔矮化砧及半矮化砧过氧化物酶同工酶及活性的比较

本文分析了柑桔矮化砧宜昌橙和山金柑、半矮化砧香橙和枳的实生树及其嫁接树宫川温州蜜柑和冰糖橙叶片过氧化物酶同工酶及活性。结果表明,矮化砧与接穗品种间过氧化物酶平均酶谱距离较大,半矮化砧与接穗间过氧化物酶平均酶谱距离较小,且砧穗间过氧化物酶平均酶谱距离与嫁接成活率呈负相关;砧木实生树叶片过氧化物酶同工酶谱带数及活性与其矮生或矮化性能无明显相关性;砧木对接穗过氧化物酶同工酶谱带数及其迁移率无影响,但影响接穗过氧化物酶活性;半矮化砧嫁接树过氧化物酶活性较矮化砧嫁接树强,且嫁接树过氧化物酶活性与其植株的分枝能力、树冠大小等呈显著性正相关。试验证明,砧穗间过氧化物酶平均酶谱距离可以解释柑桔砧穗间的亲和性;砧木对接穗品种过氧化物酶活性的影响,不仅可以用于解释柑桔砧木的致矮现象,同时,也可以应用于预测嫁接树的生长势。     

枣苗嫁接新技术--改良劈接法

劈接是果树育苗、高接换种的传统嫁接方法 ,适用于苹果、梨、桃等果树 ,但在枣树上的应用效果不理想 ,一般嫁接成活率为 60 %～70 % ,这主要是由于 :1酸枣砧木木质硬、韧性差 ,劈砧木和插接穗时极易产生过深的纵向裂缝 ,造成捆绑时不易包严绑紧 ,从而影响砧穗的愈合 ;2砧木皮层     

番茄砧/穗残株高效再利用技术研究

为探明番茄嫁接后砧木、接穗残株再生性及再利用的可行性,以番茄砧木品种久绿787和接穗品种佳红4号为试材,研究砧木、接穗残株再生苗的生长发育进程,比较再生苗与初次嫁接苗的愈合情况和生长指标。结果表明:番茄嫁接后砧木残株可扦插再生、接穗残株可腋芽再生形成完整的幼苗,与播种形成幼苗相比,砧木残株扦插苗和接穗残株腋芽再生苗达到嫁接苗龄的时间可缩短16 d;利用砧木、接穗残株嫁接,嫁接苗成活率、接合力、输导能力及后期生长参数与初次嫁接苗差异不显著。通过嫁接苗培养成本比较,利用砧/穗残株进行嫁接的幼苗生产成本明显低于初次嫁接苗,按每万株嫁接苗计,可节约成本875.5元。说明番茄嫁接后砧/穗残株可以嫁接再利用,并可明显提高经济效益。     

应用~(32)P研究核桃原位枝接中接芽的作用

利用32P示踪技术研究了核桃(JuglansregiaL.)原位枝接愈合过程中接芽的作用。新梢中32P动态变化曲线表明,接芽对接合部位的愈合有一定影响。接芽个数和接芽距接合部位的距离对早期愈合及新梢生长都有影响。双芽枝上检测到32P的时间最早,其次是上芽枝和下芽枝,这表明最早的砧穗间物质运输发生在双芽枝上。尽管无芽枝形成嫁接愈合体,但其上没有检测到32P的出现。双芽枝上所抽生的两个新梢的生长情况并不相同。     

葡萄叶片中生理生化物质含量与嫁接亲和力关系的研究

以华东葡萄、秋葡萄、毛葡萄、掌裂草葡萄4种野生葡萄为砧木，嫁接红富士品种，测定他们的叶片干物重、水势、可溶性糖、氮与钾含量，研究其与亲和力的关系。结果表明：葡萄叶片干物重、含氮及含钾量与嫁接亲和力无关；水势低的接穗嫁接在水势高的野生砧木上，易成活；砧、穗间可溶性糖含量的差异程度越小，亲和力越强。     

Rootstock/scion relations in horticultural crop physiology

A preliminary report is made of the results of growth studies on compound trees formed of all combinations, as scion and as rootstock, of three clones, chosen to cover a wide range of vigour, of apple, quince, and cherry.Under the conditions of the orchard experiment and with the clones used, no distinction was found between influence on tree size of any apple clone when present as the scion or when present as the rootstock. Major distinctions in influence as scion or as rootstock were, however, found in the case of certain quince and cherry clones.Evidence as to the precocity of flowering of the scions of compound trees indicates that precocity may occur independently of a dwarfing influence.     

Eggplant relatives as sources of variation for developing new rootstocks: Effects of grafting on eggplant yield and fruit apparent quality and composition

We propose the utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) interspecific hybrids derived from crosses with closely related species as an approach for developing new improved rootstocks for eggplant. Here we investigate rootstock effects on fruit yield, apparent quality and proximate and mineral composition of S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (BB) scions grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks developed from crosses of S. melongena with Solanum incanum L. (SI × SM) and Solanum aethiopicum L. (SM × SA). The results are compared with non-grafted (BB control) and self-grafted (BB/BB) controls and with S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ scions grafted onto Solanum torvum Sw. (STO) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SMA) rootstocks. All treatments were grown in a soil naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (mostly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood). SI × SM and SM × SA interspecific hybrids had high germination (≥90%) and total graft success (100%). Contrary to what occurred with all other treatments, no plants from scions grafted onto these hybrid rootstocks died during the experiment. In particular, the SI × SM hybrid rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, which resulted in the highest values for fruit earliness and early and total yield. Little difference was observed among treatments for apparent fruit quality traits, except for a greater fruit calyx length and prickliness of fruit grafted onto SMA rootstocks. A similar result was obtained for fruit composition where phenolics content was higher in fruit from plants grafted onto SMA rootstocks. Grafting eggplant onto interspecific eggplant hybrids, especially on the SI × SM hybrid, has proved advantageous for eggplant production, as the high vigour and good compatibility of the rootstock with scion results in improved early and total yield without negative effects on apparent fruit quality or composition. Interspecific hybrids represent an alternative to the commonly used STO rootstock, which is a wild species with irregular germination.     

Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks

In composite (scion–rootstock) dwarfing fruit trees, an overgrowth at the graft union is often observed, the severity of which is correlated with degree of dwarfing. The graft union of dwarfing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks may limit soluble sugar transport or starch mobilization, leading to localized accumulation. Soluble sugars and starch were measured in the tissues surrounding the graft union of young ‘Rainier’ (2002) and ‘Lapins’ (2003) sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela 5’ (‘Gi 5’; dwarfing) and ‘Colt’ (vigorous) rootstocks. Separate rootstock shank, rootstock, graft union, and scion tissues were analyzed for both starch and soluble sugar content throughout the growing season in both years. Starch concentrations did not vary among locations within the graft union for ‘Rainier’ on either the dwarfing or vigorous rootstock, or for ‘Lapins’ on the dwarfing stock. However, for ‘Lapins’ on ‘Colt’, starch was highest in the rootstock shank and declined vertically (rootstock shank ? rootstock > union > scion). Soluble sugar concentrations were generally similar to or higher in scions on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’, and were similar to or lower in the rootstock and rootstock shank on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’. Results suggest that rootstock has a significant effect of localized accumulations of carbohydrates above and within the graft union of ‘Gi 5’ and below the graft union of ‘Colt’.     

不同苗龄接穗西瓜嫁接体愈合的组织细胞学研究

 对不同苗龄接穗的西瓜（葫芦砧木）嫁接苗的嫁接体愈合组织进行组织学和细胞学观察。结果表明：接穗苗龄5 d、7 d和10 d的嫁接苗,嫁接愈合快,嫁接6 d后管状分子已开始分化,8 d后隔离层基本消失,维管束桥形成,近愈合面细胞内有丰富细胞器,嫁接苗的成活率达90%以上;而接穗苗龄为13 d和18 d的嫁接组合在嫁接8 d后愈合面隔离层仍存在,愈合面两侧细胞中细胞器少,鲜见维管束桥连通,嫁接苗的成活率分别为83.3%和72%。因此认为,维管束桥的形成及愈合面细胞中丰富的细胞器,是西瓜嫁接苗成活的组织学和细胞学特征,接穗苗龄小于10 d适合于进行嫁接,嫁接苗成活率高。     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

Effects of simple and double grafting melon plants on mineral absorption,photosynthesis, biomass and yield

The Spanish type cultivar ‘Piel de Sapo’ (Cucumis melo L. var. saccharinus), has a limited compatibility with the Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata hybrids currently used as rootstocks. Double grafting can be used to improve compatibility between rootstock and scion by means of an intermediate rootstock compatible with both. Non-grafted, single, and double grafted melon plants of the cultivar Piel de Sapo were evaluated for water, nutrient absorption, photosynthesis activity, biomass production in early phases, as well as for yields and fruit quality in a long term trial. The hybrid ‘Shintoza’ (C. maxima × C. moschata) was used as rootstock, and the cantaloupe type melon cultivar ‘Sienne’ as an intermediate scion. Grafting did not affect net photosynthetic values, yet increased water use efficiency (35%). Double grafted plants increased aerial dry weights (66% and 31% with respect to non-grafted and simple graft plants, respectively), and also increased capacity for uptaking beneficial minerals (between 61% and 13% and particularly for NO₃⁻, P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn) with respect to non-grafted and single grafted plants. The quantum efficiency PSII photochemistry values increased in double grafted plants (12%) with respect to the control plants. Consequently, double grafting on a vigorous rootstock such as ‘Shintoza’, with an intermediate scion, results in improved mineral and water absorption and achieves an increase in ion influx to the scion – so enabling an increase in light photosynthetic reaction and biomass. Double grafted plants increased fruit yield when compared to simple grafted and non-grafted plants (12% and 56%, respectively) and did not affect fruit quality in terms of °Brix and colour. In conclusion, double grafting presents several beneficial aspects that are counter-balanced by the extra cost of the technique. The difference in yields reflects compatibility problems.     

低温胁迫下番茄幼苗根穗互作对其抗坏血酸—谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为探讨番茄根系与接穗及其互作效应影响嫁接苗耐冷性的效应大小与生理机制,以耐冷性强的番茄‘060112’(R)和冷敏感番茄‘060911’(S)为试材,采用靠接法进行嫁接,组成双根双穗嫁接苗RS/RS,待嫁接苗成活后通过断根或断穗,形成R/R、R/RS、R/S、S/R、S/RS和S/S共6个根/穗组合处理,置于光强22 klx、光周期12 h/12 h光照培养箱,测定昼夜温度10℃/3℃低温胁迫9 d及25℃/15℃常温恢复3 d时嫁接苗叶片和根系中活性氧水平及As A-GSH循环中关键酶和抗氧化物质的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫显著提高了番茄嫁接苗叶片和根系中H_2O_2含量及超氧阴离子产生速率,但耐冷性强的R根系嫁接苗活性氧水平显著低于冷敏感的S根系嫁接苗,虽然R接穗嫁接苗活性氧水平亦显著低于S接穗嫁接苗,但降幅不及根系嫁接苗的大,表明根系在增强嫁接苗耐冷性中的作用大于接穗。低温胁迫下,各处理嫁接苗叶片和根系As A-GSH循环中关键酶(APX、MDHAR、DHAR、GR)活性和抗氧化物质(As A、DHA、GSH、GSSG)的含量均显著增加,且除DHA和GSSG外,均以R根系或R接穗嫁接苗较高,S根系或S接穗嫁接苗较低,RS根系或RS接穗嫁接苗居中,表明低温胁迫下耐冷性强的R根系或接穗嫁接苗的抗氧化能力显著高于S根系或接穗嫁接苗。具RS双接穗的嫁接苗中又以RS-R叶片的抗氧化能力显著高于RS-S叶片,且互作效应的P值小于0.01(或0.05),表明根、穗对嫁接苗耐冷性存在显著的互作效应。     

SDC系苹果矮化砧木生长、结果及抗逆性的研究

以SDC系苹果砧木为试材,连续9年观察测定了在其上嫁接的红星树早花、早果、产量、果实品质、树体矮化性及抗逆性等生物学特性.结果表明:(1)SDC系砧木嫁接树比M9、M7嫁接树提早1—2年开花结果,幼树期花量密度大,5年生树总花序数及单位树干面积花序数明显高于M9和M7.(2)果皮色素花青苷含量、果肉可溶性固形物含量和总糖量均高于M9和M7,果实外观及内在品质优良.(3)幼树矮化性状明显,树高/冠幅比值小,树冠开张.(4)叶片蒸腾量小.脱落酸(ABA)含量高,单位叶面积失水量小,抗旱性强.(5)嫁接树越冬期枝条自由水含量高,抽条率明显低于M9,越冬能力强.并对SDC系砧木的优缺点进行了讨论.