基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰产生机理分析

稻谷爆腰是造成碎米的主要原因之一,为此,人们一直在探讨产生稻谷爆腰的机理.介绍了一种新的稻谷爆腰机理--基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰机理.根据该机理分析了稻谷干燥和缓苏过程中爆腰的产生原因.基于玻璃化转变的稻谷爆腰机理,干燥过程中,当稻谷颗粒由外表向里形成玻璃态时,颗粒内部形成玻璃态和橡胶态两个部分.由于玻璃态和橡胶态的弹性模量和膨胀系数有很大的差别,因此在一定水分梯度条件下,银纹(微裂纹)从两者交界处产生,并可能进一步扩展成爆腰.稻谷缓苏过程中,颗粒内部如果存在橡胶态区,则其不同含水率部分就会在不同水分梯度下分别进入玻璃态,如果此时水分梯度足够,就会引起各部分不均匀收缩和各不相同的应力、应变,这样使玻璃态层产生大量银纹,银纹持续生长即产生爆腰.最后,介绍了两种控制稻谷爆腰的干燥工艺--变温干燥工艺和高温干燥工艺.     

磁场对稻谷干燥特性的影响

针对稻谷的传统干燥过程存在能量消耗大,发芽率低和爆腰率高等缺点,把磁场引入稻谷干燥过程中,能快速而经济地降低稻谷的水分并保持其良好品质。采用永磁场强化稻谷的干燥过程,比较干燥时间、发芽率和爆腰率的变化。结果表明：在相同功率下稻谷在磁场中干燥时间比无磁场时缩短5％,平均失水速率加大,稻谷的发芽率有所升高、爆腰率下降;随着干燥功率的增加,磁场对稻谷的发芽率和爆腰率的影响加大。在试验基础上探讨了磁场对稻谷干燥过程的影响机理。     

水稻混流干燥工艺的试验研究

混流式粮食干燥机是当前中国应用最广泛的粮食干燥机机型,但由于水稻干燥的特殊性,横流循环干燥机基本上是水稻干燥的唯一机型,这造成国内粮食干燥机的利用率普遍不高。为了充分提高现有混流式干燥机的利用率,利用移动式混流粮食干燥机进行了稻谷的干燥试验,研究了不同的风温、不同的干燥缓苏比对稻谷爆腰率及降水速率的影响规律。研究结果表明：稻谷混流干燥过程中应有必要的缓苏。当干燥缓苏比一定时,烘干温度与爆腰率增值存在线性关系;当烘干温度一定时,干燥缓苏比与爆腰率增值存在线性关系;采用混流干燥机干燥稻谷时热风温度可以高于横流干燥机5～10℃,降水速率最高可达1.3%/h。     

增湿加热稻谷干燥工艺的试验研究

研究了增湿加热的稻谷干燥工艺减少爆腰产生的机理。采用增湿的热空气干燥稻谷时,可以减少稻谷内部水分梯度,降低了内部应力。通过试验分析了稻谷干燥爆腰率增值与空气温、湿度关系,提出了合理的增湿加热干燥工艺参数。     

增湿加热稻保干燥工艺的试验研究

研究了增湿加热的稻谷干燥工艺减少爆腰产生的机理，采用增湿的热空气干燥稻谷时，可以减少稻谷内部水分梯度，降低了内部应力。通过试验分析了稻谷干燥爆腰率增值与空气温、湿度关系，提出了合理的增湿加热干燥工艺参数。     

稻谷烘干过程中的水分扩散特性与品质特性

为深入研究稻谷高效均匀化烘干过程中的水分扩散与质量转变耦合特性,该文测定了玉香油粘稻谷经50、65、80℃分别烘干时的水分有效扩散系数;检测了以上3种温度分别烘干稻谷的色差、籽粒颖壳断面孔隙率与分形维数及玻璃化转变温度,考察了已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率等过程品质差异。结果表明:玉香油粘稻谷烘干过程的有效水分扩散系数为3.576×10-8e15 684/Tm2/s;随烘干温度增加,籽粒颖壳断面的孔隙率由鲜谷的0.39±0.06依次降为0.22±0.09、0.17±0.04、0.13±0.05,但烘干稻谷的分形维数、色差、玻璃化转变温度则较其鲜谷波动增加;已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率组间差异显著(P0.05)。50℃烘干稻谷的爆腰率、发芽率性能优,宜选为稻谷烘干常用工艺温度,研究结果为稻谷高效均化烘干提供了理论与基础数据参考。     

基于ANFIS的稻谷深床干燥爆腰率增值预测模型的研究

为提高稻谷干燥爆腰率增值预测的精度,采用自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)建立了稻谷深床干燥爆腰率增值预测模型.经试验数据检验,爆腰率增值预测值的最大误差为14.57%,最小误差为1.68%,平均误差为5.68%,预测精度达到了94.32%.结果分析表明,该模型泛化能力强,预测精度高且可简便预测干燥参数对稻谷干燥爆腰率增值的影响,有助于准确认识爆腰率增值随干燥参数的变化规律,为干燥参数的优选和稻谷干燥品质的控制提供了依据.     

稻谷热风干燥缓苏工艺参数优化与试验

为提高稻谷干燥特性与营养品质,该研究探究了缓苏温度、缓苏起始时刻、缓苏时长、缓苏循环次数等缓苏工艺参数对稻谷爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值等干燥品质指标的影响。首先,通过单因素试验分析了稻谷干燥品质随缓苏工艺参数的变化趋势,得出爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值的权重均大于20%,为稻谷缓苏干燥的关键性指标;其次,通过隶属函数模型确定影响稻谷干燥品质的主要因素为：缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率与缓苏时长;最后,以缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率、缓苏时长为试验因子,采用Central-Composite试验,通过建立回归模型分析了各试验因素与品质指标之间的相互关系并阐释结果产生的原因。结果表明：优化参数组合为缓苏温度45 ℃、缓苏起始含水率21%、缓苏时长1.61 h,此参数组合下稻谷干燥后的爆腰增率6.63%、蛋白质质量分数5.39%、脂肪酸值11.68%,验证试验结果与优化结果间相对误差为2.97%。研究表明,优化后的缓苏干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥品质,该结果可为生产实践及深入探究稻谷品质变化机理提供理论基础。     

水稻在吸湿环境中的裂纹生成研究进展及应用

当低水分的水稻暴露在可吸湿环境中就有可能产生裂纹;带有裂纹的水稻籽粒在碾磨加工中通常会断裂,从而降低整米产量。外界环境中相对湿度的变化比温度变化对裂纹生成有更大作用。水稻籽粒自身的抗裂能力与其物理性状和化学成分有关。通过改善产前产后加工技术,可以避免或减轻低水分水稻籽粒所遭受的各种潮湿环境危害,减少碎米率,提高稻米品质。     

高水分稻谷干燥工艺试验研究

针对中国南方地区稻谷收获季节需及时干燥高水分稻谷的市场要求,采用试验方法,在分批循环式稻谷干燥机上试验了低恒温干燥、变温干燥和变温干燥过程中增加缓苏时间的三种干燥工艺。依据试验结果,分析稻谷含水率、干燥介质温度、稻谷温度、缓苏烘干时间比等参数之间的联系与相互作用。试验表明：稻谷含水率高于21%时,降水速率可大于每小时1%,可采用60～70℃的介质。当稻谷含水率小于18%时,介质温度应小于60℃,降水速率小于每小时1%。当高水分稻谷进行了3～4次烘干缓苏后,利用中间缓苏仓增加缓苏时间,使稻谷内部与表层的温度、水分趋于平衡,有利于改善烘后品质和后续工艺的干燥降水。该结论对高水分稻谷干燥工艺设计和设备研制具有实用参考价值。     

Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Harvest Moisture Content on Physicochemical Properties and Milling Yields of Rice

Field studies were conducted from 2011 to 2013 near Stuttgart, Arkansas. The impacts of nitrogen rate (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg of N/ha) and harvest moisture content (HMC) (23, 19, and 15%, wet basis) on physicochemical properties and milling yields were determined. Trends were similar for the cultivars evaluated: Cheniere, CL XL745, and Wells. Milled rice yields were only minimally impacted by either N rate or HMC level. Increasing N rate reduced kernel length and thickness of brown rice, chalkiness of brown rice and head rice, and viscosities of head rice flour, and it increased brown rice and head rice crude protein content and head rice yield (HRY). In terms of milling yields and head rice functionality, these data suggest that N rates as low as 90 kg of N/ha could be utilized, should production recommendations be changed. Significant interactions between N rate and HMC level were infrequent and were associated with the 0 kg of N/ha rate, unrealistic for rice production. Decreasing HMC from 23 to 19% reduced kernel length and thickness and increased crude protein content and chalkiness; further decreasing HMC to 15% also increased kernel fissuring and decreased HRY.     

Physical and Functional Characteristics of Broken Rice Kernels Caused by Moisture‐Adsorption Fissuring

Fissuring caused by rapid moisture adsorption generates broken kernels upon milling; brokens are often ground to flour. The recent increase in demand for rice flour has promoted interest in brokens. This study investigated the physical and functional characteristics of brokens resulting from milling lots with various levels of moisture adsorption‐induced fissuring. Two long‐grain (LG) cultivars and one medium‐grain (MG) cultivar were conditioned to five initial moisture contents (IMCs), rewetted, and then reconditioned to 12% moisture content. Brown rice fissure enumeration and milling analyses as well as size distribution and functionality analyses of brokens were conducted. As IMC decreased, the percentage of fissured kernels increased and, consequently, the amount of brokens generated increased. Although the number of fissures/kernel also increased with decreasing IMC, the mass distribution of the resultant brokens was not affected by IMC. Across all IMC levels, the mass percentage of the medium‐sized brokens was greatest for the LG cultivars, whereas that of the large‐sized brokens was greatest for the MG cultivar. Regardless of IMC, peak, setback, and final viscosities were greatest for head rice and decreased significantly with decreasing size of brokens. Thus, brokens of different sizes have different functional properties and, hence, may be fractionated for different end‐use applications.     

Effect of Moisture Content at Harvest and Degree of Milling (Based on Surface Lipid Content) on the Texture Properties of Cooked Long-Grain Rice

The effects of the degree of milling (based on surface lipids content [SLC]) on cooked rice physicochemical properties were investigated. Head rice yield (HRY), protein, and SLC decreased with increasing milling, while the percent of bran removed and whiteness increased. Results showed that SLC significantly (P < 0.05) affected milled as well as cooked rice properties across cultivar, moisture content (MC) at harvest, and location (Stuttgart, AR, and Essex, MO). Cooked rice firmness ranged from 90.12 to 111.26 N after milling to various degrees (SLC). The decrease in cooked rice firmness with increasing milling was attributed to the lowering of total proteins and SLC. Cooked rice water uptake increased with increasing degree of milling. Water uptake by the kernel during cooking dictated the cooked rice firmness. The increase in cooked rice stickiness with increasing degree of milling was attributed to an increase in starch leaching during cooking because of the greater starch granule swelling associated with a greater water uptake.     

Glassy State Transition and Rice Drying: Development of a Brown Rice State Diagram

The effect of moisture content (MC) on the glass transition temperature (T_g) of individual brown rice kernels of Bengal, a medium‐grain cultivar, and Cypress, a long‐grain cultivar, was studied. Three methods were investigated for measuring T_g: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Among these methods, TMA was chosen, because it can also measure changes in the thermal volumetric coefficient (β) of the kernel during glass transition. TMA‐measured T_g at similar MC levels for both cultivars were not significantly different and were combined to generate a brown rice state diagram. Individual kernel T_g for both cultivars increased from 22 to 58°C as MC decreased from 27 to 3% wb. Linear and sigmoid models were derived to relate T_g to MC. The linear model was sufficient to describe the property changes in the MC range encountered during rice drying. Mean β values across both cultivars in the rubbery state was 4.62 × 10^‐4/°C and was higher than the mean β value of 0.87 × 10^‐4/°C in the glassy state. A hypothetical rice drying process was mapped onto the combined state diagram generated for Bengal and Cypress.     

Application of the Single‐Kernel Characterization System to Durum Wheat Testing and Quality Prediction

The Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS 4100) measures single kernel weight, width, moisture content, and hardness in wheat grain with greater speed than existing methods and can be calibrated to predict flour starch damage and milling yield. The SKCS 4100 is potentially useful for testing applications in a durum improvement program. The mean SKCS 4100 kernel weight and moisture values from the analysis of 300 individual kernels gave good correlations with 1,000 kernel weight (r² = 0.956) and oven moisture (r² = 0.987), respectively. Although significant correlations were obtained between semolina mill yield and SKCS 4100 weight, diameter, and peak force, they were all very low and would be of little use for prediction purposes. Similarly, although there were significant correlations between some SKCS 4100 parameters and test weight and farinograph parameters, they too were small. The SKCS 4100 has been calibrated using either the single kernel hardness index or crush force profile to objectively measure the percentage vitreous grains in a sample with reasonable accuracy, and it correlates well with visual determination. The speed and accuracy of the test would be of interest to grain traders. An imprecise but potentially useful calibration was obtained for the prediction of semolina mill yield using the SKCS 4100 measurements on durum wheat. The SKCS 4100 is useful for some traits such as hardness, grain size and moisture for early‐generation (F3) selection in a durum improvement program.     

水稻吸湿过程的内部传质及裂纹机理研究

假定水稻为复合椭球体,在圆柱坐标下,利用有限元法,通过改进的传质模型和粘弹性力学模型,对吸湿环境下水稻颗粒内部水分分布和应力应变分布进行数学模拟。模拟结果表明:水稻吸湿时,表层含水率很快达到平衡水分,中心含水率变化缓慢;水稻颗粒中心所受拉应力最大,表层所受压应力最大,沿颗粒横向从内向外应力由受拉逐渐变为受压;水稻颗粒中心首先形成应力裂纹的可能性最大。利用吸湿实验对模拟结果进行了间接验证。     

Stress‐Strain Analysis and Visual Observation of Wheat Kernel Breakage During Roller Milling Using Fluted Rolls

The endosperm and bran of a wheat grain have different mechanical properties and break differently under the same stresses. Stress‐strain analysis was used to model the factors affecting wheat kernel breakage during milling using fluted rolls. The planes of principal compressive and tensile stress and the maximum shear stresses, along which the kernel is most likely to be broken, were calculated for a sharp‐to‐sharp roll disposition. With the occurrence of compressive stress in the horizontal direction and shear stress in the vertical direction, a kernel tends to break along a principal tensile stress plane because the tensile strength of the endosperm is much smaller than its compressive strength. The model presented quantifies the mathematical relationship of three design and operational factors affecting the principal stresses and the maximum shear stresses: roll gap, differential, and roll diameter. High‐speed video was used to observe wheat breakage events during milling; the results show consistency with the theoretical analysis.     

Impact of Starch Gelatinization and Kernel Fissuring on the Milling Breakage Susceptibility of Parboiled Brown Rice

Parboiling, a hydrothermal treatment of paddy or brown rice, improves the texture and nutritional characteristics of cooked rice. We investigated milling breakage susceptibility of brown rice parboiled under different soaking and steaming conditions, resulting in samples with different degrees of starch gelatinization and levels of fissured grains and white bellies, that is, parboiled grains with translucent outer layers and an undesirable opaque center. The milling breakage susceptibility was 2.1% for raw rice and ranged from less than 1% up to 11.3% for parboiled rice. Parboiled samples with increased milling breakage susceptibility contained higher levels of white bellies and fissured grains. In white bellies, starch gelatinization is incomplete. Scanning electron microscopy revealed inhomogeneities in individual white bellies and fissured rice grains, indicating moisture gradients inside the grains during parboiling. Starch needs to be completely gelatinized to ensure the absence of white bellies and minimal fissured grain levels in the parboiled end product and, as a consequence, a decreased milling breakage.     

非浸泡复合酶法预处理改善糙米碾米性能

在糙米碾米过程中普遍存在碎米较多及碾米能耗高的问题,为改善糙米碾米品质,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合酶溶液处理替代常规水加湿方法的酶法预处理工艺。以贮藏期糙米(含水率15%以下)为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究复合酶溶液处理工艺中复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间对碾米后整精米率和碾米能耗的影响规律,建立了各因素对整精米率和碾米能耗影响的数学模型。结果表明:构建的整精米率、碾米能耗与复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间之间的回归方程极显著(P0.01),得到优化参数组合为纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.3∶1 g/g、复合酶溶液质量浓度65 mg/m L、加液量1.25%,酶处理时间102 min,该条件下整精米率为80.07%、碾米能耗为90.72 k J/kg。复合酶溶液处理后整精米率较加湿调质处理提高约3.98%,节约能耗约13.06%;较纤维素单一酶溶液加湿处理后整精米率提高约0.98%,节约能耗约5.48%。并通过微观结构分析证实了糙米皮层粗纤维的局部破损是其碾米性能改善的主要原因。研究结果可为实际生产条件下的酶法糙米预处理工艺提供参考。     

Effects of Preharvest Nighttime Air Temperatures on Whiteness of Head Rice

The effects of nighttime air temperature (NTAT) on the color of milled rice were investigated. Elevated NTATs occurring during the critical grain‐filling stages of kernel development impacted the color of head rice. Six cultivars, grown at multiple field locations from northern to southern Arkansas during 2007–2010, were evaluated for head rice color, using whiteness (L*) and yellowness (b*) indices, and for chalk. Nighttime temperatures were recorded throughout production at each of the selected locations, and the 95th percentiles of NTAT frequencies (NT₉₅) were calculated for each cultivar's reproductive (R) stages. Head rice color values were analyzed in relation to NT₉₅ occurring during the grain‐filling (R6–R8) stages and in relation to percent chalkiness. Whiteness generally increased with increasing NTAT and with increasing chalkiness. Yellowness decreased as chalkiness increased. Moreover, kernel whiteness increased even when measured in the absence of chalky kernels, suggesting that starch granule organization throughout the kernel, even in nonchalky portions, was altered, which could result in compromised physical integrity and processing functionality. Cultivars varied in their susceptibility to the effect of NTAT on color, as has been previously demonstrated with milling quality and functional properties.