Haematological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Allium ascalonicum in male albino rats

The haematological effect of ethanolic extract of Allium ascalonicum was evaluated in male albino rats during a 21 day administration at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w, orally. Parameters evaluated include the serum lipids, red and white cell indices. The results showed that the extract administered decreased most of the parameters relating to red cell and increased most of those parameters relating to white cells. It also decreased the total cholesterol (TCH), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) with no significant effect on the triglyceride levels.     

Compositional analysis and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of wild Algerian Marrubium vulgare L. infusion

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in Algeria. Compositional analysis of the aqueous infusion revealed the presence of fifteen metabolites, all belonging to the class of polyphenols. Particularly, seven flavonoids have been detected, together with 5-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic) acid in small amounts; the extract is dominated by the presence of a series of complex molecules, characterized as verbascoside (acteoside) derivatives. Concerning the anti-diabetic effectiveness a series of in vivo experiments were carried out on albinos Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in the animals by intra-peritoneal injection of alloxane; they were treated twice a day with aqueous extract from aerial part infusion (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (5mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Oral administration of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract the Marrubium vulgare induced an significant effect antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic (dose-dependent effect). A decrease in blood glucose by 50% for the dose 100 mg/kg and more than 60% for doses 200 and 300 mg/kg, as well as a significant lowering of total lipids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels in treated animals, compared with diabetic controls group (p<0.001), have been observed. Glibenclamide was used as reference and showed similar effects.     

竹膳食纤维粉的减肥降脂作用研究

通过建立肥胖大鼠模型,对肥胖大鼠灌胃一定量的竹膳食纤维粉,研究竹膳食纤维对大鼠的减肥和降脂作用。结果表明：竹膳食纤维粉能够很好地控制大鼠的体重,随着竹膳食纤维粉在饲料中所占的比例增加,大鼠体重控制的效果也明显增加,当竹膳食纤维粉所占比例达30%时,减肥效果最好,再加大竹膳食纤维粉的比例时减肥效果下降;竹膳食纤维粉能显著降低大鼠血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）的含量水平,提高高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）的含量水平,并能降低大鼠器官及其周围脂肪的质量,以饲料中添加30%的竹膳食纤维粉效果最好。     

黄藤以芽繁芽组培快繁研究

用萌蘖芽为外植体对黄藤进行组培快繁试验,结果表明,高浓度的6BA及多激素组合有利于丛芽诱导,但在继代增殖过程中需要适当降低6BA的浓度及除去2,4-D以利于芽伸长壮苗;0.25～0.50MS诱导根效果好;培养基中加入0.1 g/L活性炭显著提高生根率;NAA诱导的根过粗,不利于幼苗生长和移植成活;而IBA诱导的根细长,形态上接近自然根,幼苗易长高,移栽易成活。     

Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica

When administered 30 min before glucose loading, the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica (nettle) (250 mg/kg) showed a strong glucose lowering effect. The decrease of glycemia has reached to 33+/-3.4% of the control value 1 h after glucose loading. This effect was persistent during 3 h. In contrast, nettle did not show hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The amount of glucose absorbed in a segment jejunum in situ was 8.05+/-0.68 mg in presence of nettle extract vs. 11.11+/-0.75 mg in control rats during 2 h (P<0.05). The results indicate that nettle has a significant antihyperglycemic effect in OGTT model. This effect may be caused in part by the reduction of intestinal glucose absorption. LD(50) is 3.5 g/kg (i.p.).     

重庆市公园7种植物群落结构对夏季微气候的改善效果

利用梅花五点法测定了重庆市主城区公园的重要7种植物群落结构在夏季减少光照强度、降低温度和增加空气湿度等的指标,比较了不同群落结构对这3项小气候因素的调节效果。研究结果表明:各种植物群落结构对此3项小气候因素都有一定的调节效果,其中草地单层群落结构的调节效果最差,郁闭度>0.6的乔灌草植物群落结构的调节效果最好。而草地单层植物群落结构在增加空气湿度方面效果明显。虽此,其与其他几种植物群落结构(除郁闭度>0.6的乔灌草植物群落结构和郁闭度0.2~0.4的乔灌草植物群落结构处)之间差别并不明显。     

Paeoniflorin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HIF-1α through mTOR-dependent pathway

HIF-1α/mTOR signaling pathway is considered to play a crucial role in genesis and progress of tissue fibrosis. The elevation of HIF-1α and mTOR is relevant to CCl4 induced liver fibrotic rats. Paeoniflorin has been consistently shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological effects in liver disease. However, so far, no research demonstrates the relationship between paeoniflorin and HIF-1α/mTOR fibrogenesis pathway in liver fibrosis. In this study, the liver fibrosis was performed by CCl4 rats and HSC-T6 cell line. The data demonstrated that paeoniflorin treatment could attenuate liver fibrosis and inhibit the activation of HSC. Moreover, paeoniflorin significantly enhanced hepatic function by decreasing serum level of ALT, AST and ALP, and increasing level of ALB, TP. Meanwhile, ECM degradation was modulated by paeoniflorin treated rats with a remarkable reduce of α-SMA and collagen III mRNA expression. Moreover, the alleviation effect of liver fibrosis was relevant to inhibiting HIF-1α and phosphor-mTOR. Our data indicate that paeoniflorin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HIF-1α expression partly through mTOR pathway and paeoniflorin may be a potential therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis.     

Cytotoxicity and antihyperglycemic effect of minor constituents from Rhizoma Coptis in HepG2 cells

Generally, berberine, coptisine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine were considered as the main bio-active compounds in Rhizoma Coptis (RC). Little attention was paid to investigate the pharmacological activity of minor constituents in RC. The present study was designed to separate the minor compounds, and the cytotoxicity and antihyperglycemic effect of these compounds in HepG2 cells were also studied. Palmatine (1), berberine (2), coptisine (3), epiberberine (4), columbamine (5), and jatrorrhizine (6) from RC ethanol extract were isolated by high speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) in one run. The remaining fraction (about 50% of extract in HSCCC) was further isolated by traditional column chromatography methods to yield magnoflorine (7), ferulic acid (8), and choline (9). Another four alkaloids, namely groenlandicine (10), berberrubine (11), oxyberberine (12), 8-oxo-coptisine (13), also were obtained from CHCl₃ extracts. Especially, choline was first isolated from RC. Cell assay indicated that the minor fractions excluding compounds 1-6 showed obvious glucose lowering activity. In addition, the minor monomers also exhibited moderate glucose lowering activity. The combination of berberine and ferulic acid showed synergistic effect on antihyperglycemic. The combination of alkaloids 1-6 was same so. All compounds had different cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells within the test concentration. Of them, berberrubine showed the strongest cytotoxicity. The results suggested that combined action of variety constituents contributed to the antihyperglycemic effets and low cytotoxicity of RC extract in HepG2 cells.     

Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats

Aqueous (150 mg/kg/day) and to a lesser extent petroleum ether (20 mg/kg/day) extract of Urtica dioica given for 30 days to rats fed with normal or high-fat diet, improved the blood lipid profile. Significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and plasma total apo B were observed. Assessment of GOT, GPT and LDH activities showed that no liver damage has occurred during the study period.     

如何降低工程成本

本文对如何降低工程成本展开了一系列论述。如,加强材料管理,降低材料成本、用量及采购保管等费用;合理使用劳动力,降低人工费用,提高劳动生产率;提高机械生产效率,降低其使用费用等等。     

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies

The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HS) in the treatment of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease is assessed in this review by taking a comprehensive approach to interpreting the randomized clinical trial (RCT) results in the context of the available ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and safety and toxicity information. HS decoctions and infusions of calyxes, and on occasion leaves, are used in at least 10 countries worldwide in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia with no reported adverse events or side effects. HS extracts have a low degree of toxicity with a LD₅₀ ranging from 2,000 to over 5,000 mg/kg/day. There is no evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity as the result of HS extract consumption, except for possible adverse hepatic effects at high doses. There is evidence that HS acts as a diuretic, however in most cases the extract did not significantly influence electrolyte levels. Animal studies have consistently shown that consumption of HS extract reduces blood pressure in a dose dependent manner. In RCTs, the daily consumption of a tea or extract produced from HS calyxes significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults with pre to moderate essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes. In addition, HS tea was as effective at lowering blood pressure as the commonly used blood pressure medication Captropril, but less effective than Lisinopril. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were lowered in the majority of normolipidemic, hyperlipidemic, and diabetic animal models, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was generally not affected by the consumption of HS extract. Over half of the RCTs showed that daily consumption of HS tea or extracts had favorable influence on lipid profiles including reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, as well as increased HDL-C. Anthocyanins found in abundance in HS calyxes are generally considered the phytochemicals responsible for the antihypertensive and hypocholesterolemic effects, however evidence has also been provided for the role of polyphenols and hibiscus acid. A number of potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypotensive and anticholesterol effects, but the most common explanation is the antioxidant effects of the anthocyanins inhibition of LDL-C oxidation, which impedes atherosclerosis, an important cardiovascular risk factor. This comprehensive body of evidence suggests that extracts of HS are promising as a treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, however more high quality animal and human studies informed by actual therapeutic practices are needed to provide recommendations for use that have the potential for widespread public health benefit.     

优选白芍醇提工艺比较产地加工对芍药苷含量影响

研究白芍的乙醇回流提取工艺,比较不同加工方法对芍药苷含量的影响。采用正交实验的方法,以芍药苷的含量为指标,考察乙醇浓度、加醇量、提取时间、提取次数4因素。用优选的提取工艺提取白芍,比较不同加工方法对芍药苷含量的影响。结果表明：最佳提取工艺为A1B2C2D2,即50％的乙醇溶剂,8倍量,提取2次,每次2h。未煮未去皮白芍中所含的芍药苷含量最高。结论：优选的工艺稳定可行。为白芍的产地加工提供参考数据。     

桦褐孔菌提取物降血脂研究

采用高脂高胆固醇诱导SD大鼠高脂血症实验模型,分析桦褐孔菌醇提物（IOE）对大鼠体重、脏器及饲喂IOE后大鼠血脂水平和动脉硬化指数。结果表明：IOE可以显著降低高脂血症大鼠血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇的含量;IOE可以显著提高高脂血症大鼠血清中的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平;IOE可以提高高脂血症大鼠的ApoA水平,降低ApoB水平;饲喂IOE后,可明显改善大鼠血脂代谢,对阻止动脉硬化的形成和恶化具有重要作用。     

Effect of Water-table Level on Nitrogen Mineralization in Peat

The effect of drainage on the mineralization of nitrogen inpeat has been investigated using samples from a field experimentin which the water table has been artificially maintained atdifferent levels in five plots for a period of 7 years. Samplescut from the o–10 cm horizon were incubated in the laboratoryat 30 °C for 120 days in a moist condition (aerobic) andalso in a completely waterlogged state (anaerobic). The resultsof anaerobic incubation indicate that lowering the water-tablelevel to 18 cm significantly decreases the amount of nitrogenmineralized but that further lowering of the water level reversesthe position, mineral nitrogen increasing significantly at leastto a water-table depth of 34 cm; the position regarding samplesincubated under aerobic conditions is more complex but can beexplained on the basis of samples containing a mixture of aeratedand non-aerated material.     

Activity study of a hydroxynaphthoquinone fraction from Arnebia euchroma in experimental arthritis

Although various drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been used in clinics, RA is not completely curable to date. Thus, to seek new drugs for the treatment of RA has been a hotspot. Hydroxynaphthoquinones are the major anti-inflammatory active constituents in Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of a hydroxynaphthoquinone mixture (HM) of A. euchroma (Royle) Johnst, including its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The anti-arthritic efficacy of HM was examined using complete Freund's adjuvant- and bovine type II collagen-induced arthritic models. The paw edema, polyarthritis index and histopathological change were evaluated. The analgesic effect was assessed using the chemical and thermal models of nociception. Results found that HM administered prophylactically and curatively showed marked anti-arthritic activity by suppressing the paw swelling and development of inflammation, lowering the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and protecting cartilage and bone from damage. The protection of HM was superior to that of reference drugs such as prednisone acetate or etanercept, and showed no direct deleterious effect. Similarly, HM showed significant analgesic effects. In summary, HM possessed potent anti-arthritic activity. It could relieve inflammatory symptoms and protect against joint destruction. These findings indicate that HM would be a potential therapeutic agent for arthritic disease, which provide pharmacological evidence for its clinical application.     

社区环境不同植被类型的生态效应

社区植被是唯一具有负反馈作用的生态系统;且具有多种生态功能。社区植被的不同类型其生态效应不同,以实验手段对社区中乔灌草型、灌草型、草坪型三种类型植被的释氧固碳、降温增湿等方面进行研究,评估和量化它们的生态效应差异。     

间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林生长效应的研究

通过对20年生华北落叶松人工林进行不同强度的间伐试验,结果表明：间伐3 a后与对照相比,不同间伐强度对保留木胸径和树高的影响均显著,其中强度间伐表现最明显,3 a胸径和树高的生长量分别为1.79 cm,2.29 m;中度间伐对林分的蓄积生长量影响最大,初次采用中度间伐可以显著提高林分蓄积量,有效地提高华北落叶松造林的生态效益。     

高温干旱对浙江林业的影响和对策

通过2003年夏季高温干旱时对浙江林业影响的调研,分析了高温干旱对森林、特别是经济林果的影响,表明森林在发挥生态屏障功能、降温增湿等方面发挥了其应有的作用.建议加强森林资源的合理配置,切实提高林分的质量,提倡经济林的生态栽培模式,因地制宜适度发展高山蔬菜等.     

Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-cholesterol fed rats

ObjectiveTo study the effect of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on serum lipids and antioxidant status in normocholesterolaemic and hypercholesterolaemic rats.MethodsTriglycerides (TG), total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels, total antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS assays), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls were analysed in serum, and MDA, glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activity in livers of rats drinking water or mate fed normal or cholesterol–cholic supplemented diets.ResultsABTS, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were not affected by any treatment. In normocholesterolaemic animals, mate had no effect on serum lipids or antioxidant status, yet it increased serum carbonyls and liver MDA concentrations. In hypercholesterolaemic rats, mate consumption had no effect on HDL-cholesterol or protein carbonyls, yet it showed a marked hypolipidaemic action, decreasing TG, total and LDL-cholesterol, and serum MDA levels that had been increased after consuming the high-cholesterol diet.ConclusionPotential beneficial effect of mate on markers of cardiovascular risk seems to be restricted to hyperlipaemic animals.     

Composition and bioactivity of secretion from Stauronematus compressicornis (Fabricius)

We analyzed the composition and studied the bioactivity of secretion from the poplar sawfly, Stauronematus compressicornis (Fabricius). A leaf-sandwich method was applied to test the bioactivity of the secretion. Coomassie brilliant blue, gas chroma-tography (GC) and other methods were used to analyze and carry out protein assays, amino acid analyses, fatty acid and cholesterol detection of the secretion. Results show that the secretion had a significant antifeeding effect on 4th instar larvae of the armyworm (Pseudaletia separata Walker). Dissolved in 0.27 mol·L^–1 HCl, 0.1 mol·L^–1 NaOH and 0.05 mol·L^–1 Na₂HPO₄ separately, the secre-tions had antifeeding rates ranging from 22.7% to 49.6%. Meanwhile, the weights of the secretion-treated insects were significantly lower than those of the control. Biochemical detection showed that the proteins contained in the secretion were composed of 16 amino acids. The secretion also contained small amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids, which included lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, seventeen carbonic acids and oleic acid.