Foliar retention of strontium-90 by wheat

Wheat harvested from the University of Maryland Agronomy Farm in June 1959 contained 20 to 50 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per kilogram of grain. More than 90 percent of the strontium-90 came from deposition on aboveground plant parts, and less than 10 percent was taken up through the soil. About 1 to 2 percent of the strontium-90 fallout during the time the heads were exposed was retained in the grain.     

宁化县小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析——以常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例

以宁化县常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例,从宏观监测和微观监测2个层面监测了常丰里和石壁溪小流域水土流失动态变化、植被自然演替状况、植被覆盖度、林草生长量,以及经济效益和社会效益等指标。该流域治理水土流失面积2 675 hm2,治理程度达到80.4%;综合治理措施保存率达80%以上;宜草宜林面积达80%以上;林草植被覆盖率从50.4%提高到56.0%;提高了防洪减沙效益,减沙率达70%以上;小流域土壤侵蚀模数从2 533 t/(km2·a)降低到1 500 t/(km2·a)以下。经过综合治理,流域内的水土流失面积、强度都已明显下降,取得了良好的治理效果。     

Evolution of the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 in seawater from cretaceous to present

A detailed record of the strontium-87 to strontium-86 ratio in seawater during the last 100 million years was determined by measuring this ratio in 137 well-preserved and well-dated fossil foraminifera samples. Sample preservation was evaluated from scanning electron microscopy studies, measured strontium-calcium ratios, and pore water strontium isotope ratios. The evolution of the strontium isotopic ratio in seawater offers a means to evaluate long-term changes in the global strontium isotope mass balance. Results show that the marine strontium isotope composition can be used for correlating and dating well-preserved authigenic marine sediments throughout much of the Cenozoic to a precision of +/-1 million years. The strontium-87 to strontium-86 ratio in seawater increased sharply across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, but this feature is not readily explained as strontium input from a bolide impact on land.     

小流域水土流失综合治理研究

以宁化县过龙社、瑶背江、松子岗、方田、武层、陈田、社背小流域为研究区,从宏观监测和微观监测两个层面监测了研究区小流域水土流失动态变化、植被自然演替状况、植被覆盖度、林草生长量,以及经济效益和社会效益等指标.结果表明：项目区水土流失面积呈下降趋势,已从治理前的74.88 km2下降到2013年的26.12 km2;综合治理措施保存率达 80％以上,宜草宜林面积达80％以上;林草植被覆盖率从49.2％提高到58.0％;防洪减沙效益提高,减沙率达70％以上;平均土壤侵蚀模数从1997 t/（km2·a）降低到1 500 t/（km2·a）以下.通过治理,项目区水土流失面积显著减少,水土保持达到了预期目标,水土流失防治效果基本达到了国家有关技术规范的要求.     

Conservation of Potassium in the Pinus resinosa Ecosystem

Rubidium-potassium ratios were determined on foliage, litter, and surface soils of plots in two plantations of Pinus resinosa 41 to 46 years old previously fertilized once with potassium. Calculations based on indigenous soil rubidium as the "tagging" ion demonstrate that after 9 years some 60 percent of the foliage potassium is still derived from the fertilizer, and after 23 years about 40 percent of the foliage potassium is derived from the fertilizer. Additional fertilizer potassium is present in soil and litter, indicating the high retention of this mobile element in the pine ecosystem.     

交换钙对锶-89在小麦和大豆中积累的影响

运用同位素示踪技术研究了交换钙对~(89)Sr在小麦及其连作作物大豆中积累的影响。结果表明,交换钙将抑制~(89)Sr由土壤向小麦和大豆植株的输运和积累。~(89)Sr在该两种作物中的滞留浓度C_i与交换钙量x呈线性负相关:麦根(?)_1=124.2-10.1x,麦秸(?)_2=99.3-3.8x,麦壳(?)_3=40.1-6.0x,麦粒(?)_4=12.3-1.5x;大豆根(?)_1=333.0-53.5x,豆秸(?)_2=230.2-36.5x,豆壳(?)_3=240.5-42.3x,豆叶(?)_4=309.2-48.9x,豆籽(?)_5=11.8-1.6x。     

紫色土壤氮素不同流失形式的比较研究

土壤氮素流失形式及其量化研究是农业小流域氮素管理及流失过程模拟的核心内容之一,以紫色土区3个具有不同地形和土地利用方式的典型农业小流域为研究对象,比较研究了区域土壤氮素在降雨侵蚀过程中流失的主要形式。结果表明,紫色土区土壤氮素以硝态氮为主要流失形式,其流失浓度一般占硝态氮和铵态氮总浓度的80%以上,农田利用为主流域的则高达90%以上。氮素流失的平均浓度因流域土地利用类型的差异而显著不同,农田的一般为(5.36±2.13)mg/L,而非农田利用的变化在1.70~3.15mg/L之间。农田硝态氮的精确管理应作为减控流域土壤氮素非点源流失的关键措施。     

径流曲线数(SCS-CN)模型估算黄土高原小流域场降雨径流的改进

径流曲线数(SCS-CN)是预测场降雨地表径流常用的水文模型之一,由于其基本假设合理、参数易于获得而被广泛应用。然而,由于流域径流的形成受广泛存在空间或时间异质性的地形、地貌、土壤、气象、植被以及土地利用等多种因素的影响,按照标准径流曲线数模型估算的场降雨径流与实测径流相差可能很大。因此,针对特定区域、特定流域对该模型进行相应的修正是提高其径流预测精度的有效途径。本文于晋西黄土区吉县蔡家川分别以农田草地、人工林和次生林为主的3个典型小流域为对象,将2004—2011年实测的场降雨径流数据分为模型参数率定期(2004—2009年)和验证期(2010—2011年),对比标准SCS-CN模型和修正的SCS-CN模型(包括降雨量修正,降雨量与降雨强度修正,降雨量、降雨强度和初损率优化修正)预测场降雨径流的可靠性。结果表明:1)标准SCS-CN预测小流域场降水径流时,精度极差,模型拟合效率系数(E)均小于0;2)采用降雨量修正CN值预测流域地表径流精度优于标准模型,但对于小径流事件而言,预测结果会偏大,对于大径流事件,预测结果会偏小;3)基于优化降雨强度修正因子β和初损率λ模型可以提高以农田草地和人工林为主2个小流域的径流预测精度。对于以次生林为主的流域而言,仅通过降雨量修正CN值即可提高模型的预测精度,E可达0.79。反映流域储水特征的初损率λ,人工林为主的流域最小,为0.069,农田草地为主的流域次之,为0.189,次生林为主的流域,为0.200,表明次生林流域具有较好的储水效果。      

Acid rain: neutralization within the hubbard brook ecosystem and regional implications

The neutralization of strong acids from precipitation is largely accomplished (75 percent) in the soil zone by rapid reaction with basic aluminum salts and biologic matter. On a regional basis, acidified and aluminum-rich lakes and streams in New England are confined mainly to low-order watersheds.     

基于可见光影像分析的黄土高原小流域植被指数研究

小流域植被状况的快速、高精度和低成本监测是评价退耕还林还草与生态环境建设功效的基础工作。为丰富植被指数多样性,本文旨在提出一种适宜黄土高原小流域植被状况监测的可见光植被指数。基于无人机遥感技术获取小流域可见光影像,论文构建了简化可见光植被指数(Simplified visible light vegetation index,SVVI),结合样本统计法确定阈值,以支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)的监督分类结果对比了8种常用可见光植被指数提取效果,并以黄土高原2个典型流域为例,以混淆矩阵检验指数精度及其适用性。结果表明：1)SVVI能有效抑制非植被地物信息,在提取地物种类丰富且植被覆盖度相对较低的区域时,SVVI提取精度高达96%。2)在地物相对单一且植被覆盖度较高的验证区,SVVI提取精度依然在90%以上,表明SVVI有较好的适用性。相比较于监督分类结果,基于SVVI进行植被覆盖度计算可以有效保留植被信息,实现黄土高原小流域植被状况高精度监测。     

Strontium-calcium movement from soil to man

The calcium reservoirs of the biosphere are becoming labeled to varying degrees with strontium-90 from nuclear weapons. These reservoirs include the human and animal skeleton, the milk, the vegetation, the upper layers of soil, and the waters. The degree of labeling is governed by the dilution that occurs, or the differential behavior of calcium and strontium in various steps of the food chain. This differential behavior normally provides a factor of protection against strontium-90 in the soil and vegetation that may be as high as 25 for the newborn and is most likely not less than 6 for adults, depending on food habits. The physiological steps that are important in the movement of the two elements in the biosphere are described to provide a basis for an approach toward increase of the discrimination against strontium in favor of calcium. Some aspects of agricultural practices are discussed from this standpoint. The matter of hazard from levels now existing and the present need to undertake remedial measures are not discussed, in major part because of lack of experimental data on which to base such considerations.     

封育对沙地油蒿群落生物量及其土壤水分影响

以毛乌素沙地东北部的油蒿群落为研究对象,对封育和未封育区的油蒿群落进行比较研究,结果表明:封育增加了群落的盖度,封育区群落盖度较未封育区提高了26％;封育区与未封育区油蒿群落生物量间存在显著差异,封育可以明显提高油蒿群落的生物量,但却降低了油蒿个体的生物量;土壤水分方差分析表明,封育区与未封育区土壤水分间差异不显著。     

Remotely sensed estimation and mapping of soil moisture by eliminating the effect of vegetation cover

Soil moisture (SM), which plays a crucial role in studies of the climate, ecology, agriculture and the environment, can be estimated and mapped by remote sensing technology over a wide region. However, remotely sensed SM is constrained by its estimation accuracy, which mainly stems from the influence of vegetation cover on soil spectra information in mixed pixels. To overcome the low-accuracy defects of existing surface albedo method for estimating SM, in this paper, Qinghai Lake Basin, an important animal husbandry production area in Qinghai Province, China, was chosen as an empirical research area. Using the surface albedo computed from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance products and the actual measured SM data, an albedo/vegetation coverage trapezoid feature space was constructed. Bare soil albedo was extracted from the surface albedo mainly containing information of soil, vegetation, and both albedo models for estimating SM were constructed separately. The accuracy of the bare soil albedo model (root mean square error=4.20, mean absolute percent error=22.75%, and theil inequality coefficient=0.67) was higher than that of the existing surface albedo model (root mean square error=4.66, mean absolute percent error=25.46% and theil inequality coefficient=0.74). This result indicated that the bare soil albedo greatly improved the accuracy of SM estimation and mapping. As this method eliminated the effect of vegetation cover and restored the inherent soil spectra, it not only quantitatively estimates and maps SM at regional scales with high accuracy, but also provides a new way of improving the accuracy of soil organic matter estimation and mapping.     

彰武县境内柳河所辖小流域土壤风蚀时空动态变化特征

利用彰武县境内柳河所辖小流域2000年及2004年土壤风蚀遥感解译数据,分析了该区域土壤风蚀空间分布及时间变化特征。结果表明：2000年及2004年共有13条小流域土壤风蚀面积比例大于50%;2000年及2004年分别有17条小流域风蚀类型全部为轻度,其余为轻度与中度各占一定比例;总体上该区域风蚀面积比例呈下降趋势,风蚀程度呈减轻趋势。     

基于USLE模型的重庆仙鱼小流域土壤流失减少比例评价

以仙鱼小流域为例,通过对各项措施图斑的平均坡度、坡长、保土措施、植被覆盖度、土地利用方式等调查,采用USLE方程的各参数因子,计算土壤流失减少比例.仙鱼小流域通过治理后,水土流失减少比例为28.19%,水土流失防治达到目标要求;通过对不同措施图斑水土流失减少比例分析,水土流失减少比例随着坡度或坡长的增加而增加,以25°坡度、70 m坡长作为变化的分界点,当坡度在25°以下或坡长小于70 m时土壤流失减少比例变化趋势较缓,当坡度在25°以上或坡长大于70 m时土壤流失减少比例增长趋势较快;各项水土保持措施中,以石坎坡改梯防治水土流失的效果最好,坡面水系工程措施可有效提高坡耕地抵御季节性干旱的能力.该研究结果可为今后开展小流域综合治理提供实践经验.     

农业利用和人为干扰对剑湖湿地土壤特性的影响

采用野外采样及室内分析方法，研究了剑湖自然保护区湿地土壤特性，探讨了农业利用和人为活动干扰对剑湖湿地土壤的影响以及森林对湿地的涵养作用。结果表明，湖滨带围垦造田，集水面上毁林开荒以及流域范围内的土壤利用对湿地土壤的发生发展产生显著影响。50年间湖面积减少了33．44％，蓄水量降低了62．95％，土壤养分呈现下降趋势。施肥影响下的农耕地包括水稻田引起的面源污染以及森林破坏后引起的表土养分流失和水土流失，是导致湖泊水质变劣、面积萎缩，引起剑湖湿地退化的潜在因素，对澜沧江下游及附近地区自然环境的形成与演变产生重大影响。     

不同安全利用技术对琼北地区稻菜轮作系统镉削减的效果

为探讨不同安全利用技术在海南镉污染耕地上的应用效果,以琼北地区轻中度镉污染稻菜轮作耕地为研究对象,比较了6种安全利用技术对辣椒和稻米中Cd积累的削减效果,以及9种钝化剂对稻米Cd积累的影响。结果表明,各项安全利用技术的降Cd效果由高到低依次为优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控>土壤调理+叶面阻控>优化施肥+叶面阻控>土壤调理>叶面阻控>优化施肥,在辣椒和稻米上的降Cd率分别为61.6%~91.5%、49.4%~91.3%,6项安全利用措施下辣椒Cd暴露的膳食安全风险均可接受,但仅优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控和土壤调理+叶面阻控处理下稻米Cd暴露的膳食安全风险在可接受范围内。施用9种钝化剂均可显著(P<0.05)降低稻米Cd含量,但降Cd率差别较大,变化范围在29.7%~77.0%。其中,生物炭和磷复合钝化剂(生物炭+磷矿粉、生物炭+活化磷矿粉)、蚯蚓粪和铁磷复合钝化剂(蚯蚓粪+零价铁+磷矿粉)的施用效果最佳,稻米降Cd率在 68%以上。针对海南轻中度镉污染耕地,宜采用优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控和土壤调理+叶面阻控的联合措施,其中土壤调理技术中的钝化剂推荐使用生物炭和磷复合钝化剂或蚯蚓粪和铁磷复合钝化剂。     

昆明海口磷矿山复垦区土壤含水量研究

[目的]研究不同条件下昆明海口磷矿山复垦区的土壤含水量,旨在为该地植被复垦提供科学依据。[方法]选择昆明海口磷矿山复垦区为试验区,分别测定不同植被条件下不同土壤深度、不同时间段、不同人为因素影响下以及降雨前后的土壤含水量。[结果]矿山复垦区0~80 cm土层土壤含水量差异不大;下午土壤含水量高于上午;果林土壤含水量高于蔬菜地;未翻耕地土壤含水量高于翻耕地,且翻耕后覆膜的土壤含水量较高;降雨1 d后的土壤含水量较高,降雨后土壤含水量较降雨前高出15%左右。[结论]复垦区土壤含水量与土壤深度、时间段、人为因素、降雨等条件有关。     

新安江水库四条入库河流水文状况的比较研究

根据武强溪、进贤溪、新安江和练江等4条入库河流近20年的水文和气象资料的比较分析,得到如下结果:4条河流的年输沙量与年降水量呈显著的指数相关。单位面积上单位降水量负荷的年输沙量,70年代与60年代相比有增加的迹象。这可能与河流流域森林植被资源的破坏有关。武强溪与进贤溪相比,前者的年迳流深、迳流系数较大,洪水迳流量所占比例较小,枯水迳流量所占比例较大,土壤流失量显著地少,这些可能是森林植被的差异造成的。因此,加强各流域的封山育林,提高森林复盖率,对保护新安江水库有重要意义。     

黄河流域砒砂岩区典型水土保持植被生长特征及限制因素研究

以内蒙古砒砂岩区鲍家沟小流域为研究区,以该流域典型水土保持植被为研究对象,探究水土保持植被的生长特征及其限制性因子。结果表明：1)砒砂岩区典型小流域的水土保持植被种类相对单一,沙棘和柠条林生长发育状态相对稳定,油松,山杏林的生长发育状态受立地条件影响较大;2)各林地土壤有机质含量在2.45～6.23 g·kg^-1,土壤容重在1.51～1.71 g·cm^-3,土壤含水率在10%～18%,研究区土壤紧实,肥力条件较差;3)通径分析的结果表明,土壤有机质为限制砒砂岩区人工林生长发育的直接限制性因子,坡度和坡向因子为间接限制性因子。研究砒砂岩区水土保持植被的生长发育特征,建立其生长特征与环境因子的联系,对于深入解读生态恢复过程,减轻入黄泥沙有重要意义。