Atom interferometer measurement of the newtonian constant of gravity

We measured the Newtonian constant of gravity, G, using a gravity gradiometer based on atom interferometry. The gradiometer measures the differential acceleration of two samples of laser-cooled Cs atoms. The change in gravitational field along one dimension is measured when a well-characterized Pb mass is displaced. Here, we report a value of G = 6.693 x 10(-11) cubic meters per kilogram second squared, with a standard error of the mean of +/-0.027 x 10(-11) and a systematic error of +/-0.021 x 10(-11) cubic meters per kilogram second squared. The possibility that unknown systematic errors still exist in traditional measurements makes it important to measure G with independent methods.     

Voyager radio science observations of neptune and triton

The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptune system included radio science investigations of the masses and densities of Neptune and Triton, the low-order gravitational harmonics of Neptune, the vertical structures of the atmospheres and ionospheres of Neptune and Triton, the composition of the atmosphere of Neptune, and characteristics of ring material. Demanding experimental requirements were met successfully, and study of the large store of collected data has begun. The initial search of the data revealed no detectable effects of ring material with optical depth tau [unknown] 0.01. Preliminary representative results include the following: 1.0243 x 10(26) and 2.141 x 10(22) kilograms for the masses of Neptune and Triton; 1640 and 2054 kilograms per cubic meter for their respective densities; 1355 +/- 7 kilometers, provisionally, for the radius of Triton; and J(2) = 3411 +/- 10(x 10(-6)) and J(4) = -26(+12)(-20)(x10(-6)) for Neptune's gravity field (J>(2) and J(4) are harmonic coefficients of the gravity field). The equatorial and polar radii of Neptune are 24,764 +/- 20 and 24,340 +/- 30 kllometers, respectively, at the 10(5)-pascal (1 bar) pressure level. Neptune's atmosphere was probed to a pressure level of about 5 x 10(5) pascals, and effects of a methane cloud region and probable ammonia absorption below the cloud are evident in the data. Results for the mixing ratios of helium and ammonia are still being investigated; the methane abundance below the clouds is at least 1 percent by volume. Derived temperature-pressure profiles to 1.2 x 10(5) pascals and 78 kelvins (K) show a lapse rate corresponding to "frozen" equilibrium of the para- and ortho-hydrogen states. Neptune's ionosphere exhibits an extended topside at a temperature of 950 +/- 160 K if H(+) is the dominant ion, and narrow ionization layers of the type previously seen at the other three giant planets. Triton has a dense ionosphere with a peak electron concentration of 46 x 10(9) per cubic meter at an altitude of 340 kilometers measured during occultation egress. Its topside plasma temperature is about 80 +/- 16 K if N(2)(+) is the principal ion. The tenuous neutral atmosphere of Triton produced distinct signatures in the occultation data; however, the accuracy of the measurements is limited by uncertainties in the frequency of the spacecraft reference oscillator. Preliminary values for the surface pressure of 1.6 +/- 0.3 pascals and an equivalent isothermal temperature of 48 +/- 5 K are suggested, on the assumption that molecular nitrogen dominates the atmosphere. The radio data may be showing the effects of a thermal inversion near the surface; this and other evidence imply that the Triton atmosphere is controlled by vapor-pressure equilibrium with surface ices, at a temperature of 38 K and a methane mixing ratio of about 10(-4).     

Mariner 9 celestial mechanics experiment: gravity field and pole direction of Mars

Analysis of the Mariner 9 radio-tracking data shows that the Martian gravity field is rougher than that of Earth or the moon, and that the accepted direction of Mars's rotation axis is in error by about 0.5 degrees . The new value for the pole direction for the epoch 1971.9, referred to the mean equatorial system of 1950.0, is right ascension alpha= 317.3 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees , declination delta = 52.6 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees . The values found for the coefficients of the low-order harmonics of Mars's gravity field are as follows: J(2)=(1.96+/-0.01)x10(-3), referred to an equatorial radius of 3394 kilometers; C(22) = -(5 +/- 1) x 10(-5); and S(22) = (3 +/- 1) x 10(-5). The value for J(2) is in excellent agreement with the result from, Wilkins' analysis of the observations of Phobos. The other two coefficients imply a value of (2.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(-4) for the fractional difference in the principal equatorial moments of inertia; the axis of the minimum moment passes near 105 degrees W.     

A free-fall determination of the newtonian constant of gravity

Recent determinations of the Newtonian constant of gravity have produced values that differ by nearly 40 times their individual error estimates (more than 0.5%). In an attempt to help resolve this situation, an experiment that uses the gravity field of a one-half metric ton source mass to perturb the trajectory of a free-falling mass and laser interferometry to track the falling object was performed. This experiment does not suspend the test mass from a support system. It is therefore free of many systematic errors associated with supports. The measured value was G = (6.6873 +/- 0. 0094) x 10(-11) m3 kg-1 sec-2.     

Subaru telescope observations of Deep Impact

The impact cratering process on a comet is controversial but holds the key for interpreting observations of the Deep Impact collision with comet 9P/Tempel 1. Mid-infrared data from the Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer (COMICS) of the Subaru Telescope indicate that the large-scale dust plume ejected by the impact contained a large mass (approximately 10(6) kilograms) of dust and formed two wings approximately +/-45 degrees from the symmetric center, both consistent with gravity as the primary control on the impact and its immediate aftermath. The dust distribution in the inner part of the plume, however, is inconsistent with a pure gravity control and implies that evaporation and expansion of volatiles accelerated dust.     

玉米籽粒比重与灌浆特性的关系

【目的】玉米籽粒比重与容重呈显著正相关,容重偏低一直是中国玉米低商品品质的主要问题之一。论文旨在探讨玉米籽粒比重在籽粒灌浆过程中的建成动态及其与籽粒灌浆特性的关系,以期为提高籽粒比重和容重,改善玉米商品品质提供理论依据。【方法】选用普通型品种农大108（ND108）、硬粒型品种费玉4号（FY4）、高淀粉型品种费玉3号（FY3）和郑单18（ZD18）为供试材料,对授粉后玉米籽粒的干比重、鲜比重、百粒干重、单粒鲜体积和水分含量进行测定,采用回归分析讨论比重与灌浆特性的关系。【结果】籽粒鲜比重授粉后随着籽粒的发育呈上升趋势,到成熟期趋于稳定;而干比重在灌浆前期处于下降趋势,授粉后20-35 d是其增长的快速时期,到灌浆后期基本趋于稳定;成熟期FY4、FY3及ZD18籽粒干比重和鲜比重均大于对照ND108。百粒干重和单粒鲜体积在灌浆前期增长迅速,之后增长速率变缓,至成熟期逐渐趋于稳定,其授粉后的变化趋势均可用Logistic曲线较好的模拟,各回归方程的相关系数在0.986-0.999,均达到显著水平,FY4、FY3和ZD18成熟期百粒干重和单粒鲜体积均大于ND108;授粉后随着干物质的不断积累,籽粒水分含量迅速下降,平均每天下降1.302个百分点。籽粒鲜比重与百粒干重（R²=0.851,P＜0.01）、单粒鲜体积（R²=0.594,P＜0.05）均呈显著正相关,而与水分含量（R²=0.803,P＜0.01）呈显著负相关。以灌浆期的百粒干重,单粒鲜体积和水分含量为自变量x,籽粒干比重为依变量y,用二次曲线方程y=a+bx+cx²对它们之间的回归关系进行拟合,方差分析表明各方程回归系数在0.623-0.748,F检验均达到显著水平（P＜0.01）,其中干比重与籽粒水分含量的关系最为密切（r=0.731,P＜0.01）。当百粒干重、单粒鲜体积和水分含量分别为18.75 g、0.589 cm³和61.5%时,干比重处于最小值,此时对应的各品种授粉后天数分别在24.0-28.1 d、16.3-20.7 d和21.1-23.6 d,均处在籽粒快速增长期,说明在16-28 d内籽粒快增持续期阶段内,是籽粒干比重形成的关键时期。【结论】籽粒干比重在灌浆前期处于下降趋势,之后快速增长到灌浆后期基本趋于稳定;籽粒灌浆快增持续期是干比重形成的关键时期,此期间影响籽粒灌浆将显著影响干比重的大小;干比重与籽粒水分含量的关系最为密切,回归系数达0.731。     

The silica-alumina system: stable and metastable equilibria at 1.0 atmosphere

Diffusion couples, consisting of sapphire and fused silica, which were annealed in the temperature range from 1678 degrees to 2003 degrees C and analyzed by electron beam microprobe, have provided data on the stable phase equilibrium of the silica-alumina system. Under stable equilibrium conditions, the intermediate compound of this system, mullite (3Al(2)O(3) . 2SiO(2)), melts incongruently at 1828 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends from 70.5 to 74.0 percent (by weight) alumina. The stable phase diagram is a composite of the two binary eutectic diagrams: silica-mullite in the absence of alumina and silica-alumina in the absence of mullite. Under metastable conditions, mullite melts congruently at approximately 1890 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends to approximately 83.2 percent (by weight) alumina.     

Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

We report the detection of an earthquake by a space-based measurement. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites observed a +/-15-microgalileo gravity change induced by the great December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Coseismic deformation produces sudden changes in the gravity field by vertical displacement of Earth's layered density structure and by changing the densities of the crust and mantle. GRACE's sensitivity to the long spatial wavelength of gravity changes resulted in roughly equal contributions of vertical displacement and dilatation effects in the gravity measurements. The GRACE observations provide evidence of crustal dilatation resulting from an undersea earthquake.     

Detection of molecular oxygen on Mars

Molecular oxygen was detected in martian spectra near 7635 angstroms and its abundance measured both during and after the 1971 dust storm. Its column abundance in the clear martian atmosphere is about 10.4 +/- 1.0 centimeters amagat, giving a mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon dioxide of 1.3 x 10-(3). The mixing ratio of molecular oxygen to carbon monoxide (1.4 +/- 0.3) is quite different from the value of 0.5 that would result from the photolysis of a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere, which indicates that there is or was a net source of oxygen relative to carbon (probably water) in the martian atmosphere.     

Aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 in marine sediment

Activities of aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 in marine sediment were measured at 0.01 +/- 0.13 and 4.4 +/- 0.9 disintegrations per minute, per kilogram dry weight, respectively. Only an upper limit of 0.03 could be determined for the ratio of aluminum-26 to beryllium-10 in the sediment. The ratio is probably explained by production by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.     

超重力处理对小麦种子发芽特性及产量性状的影响

 为了研究超重力对小麦种子发芽特性及农艺性状的影响,本研究选用小麦种子,用清水浸泡24h后在10000r/min条件下进行处理,处理时间分别为0(CK),5,10,15,20,25min共6个处理。处理后的种子通过标准发芽试验,测定种子发芽特性,包括发芽势、发芽率、发芽速率(平均日数)、发芽值和发芽指数等指标。发芽试验结束后,将幼苗移栽至大田,成熟后考种,统计分蘖数、株重、株粒数、株粒重、千粒重。结果表明：超重力处理可抑制除发芽速率外的发芽特性,而对于产量性状,除离心20min处理的株粒数显著低于对照外,对其他产量性状无显著影响。超重力处理有望成为种子活力测定的一种新方法,但能否广泛应用还需进一步研究     

A network of superconducting gravimeters detects submicrogal coseismic gravity changes

With high-resolution continuous gravity recordings from a regional network of superconducting gravimeters, we have detected permanent changes in gravity acceleration associated with a recent large earthquake. Detected changes in gravity acceleration are smaller than 10(-8) meters seconds(-2) (1 micro-Galileo, about 10(-9) times the surface gravity acceleration) and agree with theoretical values calculated from a dislocation model. Superconducting gravimetry can contribute to the studies of secular gravity changes associated with tectonic processes.     

Seismological constraints on core composition from Fe-O-S liquid immiscibility

Earth's core is composed primarily of iron (Fe) with about 10% by weight of lighter elements. The lighter elements are progressively enriched in the liquid outer core as the core cools and the inner core crystallizes. Thermodynamic modeling of Fe-O-S liquids shows that immiscible liquids can exist at outer-core pressures (136 to 330 gigapascals) at temperatures below 5200 kelvin and lead to layering in the outer core if the concentrations of the lighter elements are high enough. We found no evidence for layering in the outer core in the travel times and wave forms of P4KP seismic waves that reflect internally in the core. The absence of layers therefore constrains outer-core compositions in the Fe-O-S system to be no richer than 6 +/- 1 weight % (wt %) O and 2 to 15 wt % S. A single core liquid composition of 10.5 +/- 3.5 wt % S and 1.5 +/- 1.5 wt % O is compatible with wave speeds and densities throughout the outer core.     

Crystal Structure of the High-Pressure Phase of Solid CO2

X-ray diffraction study of solid CO(2) at room temperature has shown that the powder pattern of the high-pressure phase, which supersedes the low-pressure cubic Pa3 phase at about 10 gigapascals, is consistently interpreted in terms of an orthorhombic Cmca structure. The orthorhombic cell at 11.8 gigapascals has dimensions of 4.330 +/- 0.015, 4.657 +/- 0.005, 5.963 +/- 0.009 angstroms for its a, b, and c faces, respectively, and a volume of 120.3 +/- 0.5 cubic angstroms. Four molecules contained in the unit cell are located at the base-centered positions with their molecular axes inclined at about 52 degrees with respect to the crystallographic c axis. The volume change associated with the Pa3-Cmca transition is close to zero. The structural dimensions obtained for the high-pressure crystalline phase of CO(2) are of great importance for a theoretical understanding of the role of intermolecular interactions, including quadrupole-quadrupole interactions, in molecular condensation.     

The Density of Hydrous Magmatic Liquids

Density measurements on several hydrous (相似文献   

黄芪水提液分子量分布特征——基于微波辅助法和超声波提取法的对比

对比微波辅助法和超声波提取法对黄芪水提液分子量分布特征的影响。结果表明:对于分子量为2 000～50 000的较大物质,微波辅助提取10 min的浸出量是超声辅助提取30 min的14.53倍;对于分子量大于50 000的物质,微波辅助提取10 min的浸出量仅占总浸出物的1.947%,而超声辅助提取50 min为14.933%。因此,微波辅助工艺在较大分子量有效成分的快速浸出和避免无效物质的浸出方面显著优于超声波辅助工艺。     

低分子量壳聚糖对植物病原菌的抑制作用研究

[目的]探索壳聚糖对植物病原菌的抑制作用与其分子量的关系。[方法]通过测定最小抑制浓度和抑制圈,研究不同分子量的低分子量壳聚糖对稻胡麻叶斑病菌等13个植物原病菌的抑制作用。[结果]对多数植物病原菌来说,可溶性的低分子量壳聚糖分子量在662-5492范围内,随分子量的增加,其抑菌能力增强,抑菌效果更明显,最小杀菌浓度减小,杀菌能力增强。其中以聚合度在10～34,分子量在1628～5492的低分子量壳聚糖抑菌效果最好,对野油菜黄单孢-8004菌、青枯雷尔氏菌GM11000菌株和辣椒斑点病菌的抑菌效果都很好。[结论]该研究为植物病原菌抑制剂的开发提供了依据。     

辐照对黄原胶分子量、结构及流变性能的影响

 【目的】探讨辐照剂量对黄原胶分子量、分子量分布、结构、流变性能的影响,为辐照技术在黄原胶及其它多糖分子修饰上的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以60Co-γ射线对固态黄原胶进行不同剂量 (0—400 kGy) 的辐照,采用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外扫描(FTIR)、紫外-可见光扫描(UV-vis)以及流变仪等对样品的分子量、分子量分布、结构以及流变性能进行表征和测定。【结果】低于10 kGy剂量的辐照使黄原胶分子量增大,分子量分布变窄;辐照剂量高于10 kGy后,分子量随剂量增大而降低,而分子量分布先变宽,在50 kGy时达到最大后,又趋于变窄。X-射线衍射、红外及紫外分析表明,辐照造成黄原胶分子上的部分糖苷键发生断裂,引起结晶度的变化,并在链端产生少量羰基,但其基本化学结构和晶体结构保持稳定。辐照处理后,黄原胶溶液的表观黏度与剪切速率、剪切时间和温度之间的关系均发生了显著变化。【结论】γ射线可同时作用于黄原胶的结晶区和无定形区,引发聚合和降解两种辐照效应,并对其分子量、分子量分布造成显著影响,进而使其流变性能发生改变。     

大肠杆菌Top10Na~+/H~+反向运输体A基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

根据细菌中存在的Na+/H+反向运输体(Na+/H+antiporterA,nhaA)的基因序列,采用PCR扩增的方法从大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Top10中克隆到了nhaA基因(Acession Numeber:EU368045)。nhaA开放阅读框为1 167 bp,编码含有388个氨基酸残基,分子量为41.3 kDa的蛋白,预测等电点为9.23。nhaA含有25个碱性氨基酸,19个酸性氨基酸,211个疏水氨基酸及63个极性氨基酸。二级结构预测表明,该蛋白含约50%的α-螺旋、18%的延伸链、7%的β-转角和25%的不规则卷曲。亲疏水性分析显示,nhaA是疏水性蛋白。跨膜结构进行分析显示该蛋白含有11个跨膜区域。序列分析表明,大肠杆菌Top10 nhaA基因与大肠杆菌DH5α、大肠杆菌HS、大肠杆菌SECEC SMS-3-5和大肠杆菌CFT073的nhaA基因同源性分别为100%、98%、95%和92%。大肠杆菌Top10 nhaA基因的克隆及生物信息学分析为今后对nhaA的进一步深入研究奠定了基础。     

Equilibrium sedimentation of uniform rods of tobacco mosaic virus

Equilibrium was achieved in centrifugal fields with tobacco mosaic virus by the Beams magnetically suspended ultracentrifuge. An attempt was made to account for the earth's gravitational component by using tilted cells in the rotor. The determinations of particle weight on highly uniform rods of tobacco mosaic virus in the apparent absence of nonideal behavior gave a value of (41.6 +/- 0.1) 10(6).