Oxygen isotopes and the moon-forming giant impact

We have determined the abundances of 16O, 17O, and 18O in 31 lunar samples from Apollo missions 11, 12, 15, 16, and 17 using a high-precision laser fluorination technique. All oxygen isotope compositions plot within +/-0.016 per mil (2 standard deviations) on a single mass-dependent fractionation line that is identical to the terrestrial fractionation line within uncertainties. This observation is consistent with the Giant Impact model, provided that the proto-Earth and the smaller impactor planet (named Theia) formed from an identical mix of components. The similarity between the proto-Earth and Theia is consistent with formation at about the same heliocentric distance. The three oxygen isotopes (delta17O) provide no evidence that isotopic heterogeneity on the Moon was created by lunar impacts.     

Oxygen isotopes and emerald trade routes since antiquity

Oxygen isotopic compositions of historical emerald artifacts from the Gallo-Roman period to the 18th century indicate that during historical times, artisans worked emeralds originating from deposits supposedly discovered in the 20th century. In antiquity, Pakistani and Egyptian emeralds were traded by way of the Silk Route. Together with Austrian stones, they were the only source of gem-quality emeralds. Immediately after the discovery of the Colombian mines by Spaniards in the 16th century, a new trade route was established, first via Spain to Europe and India and then directly via the Philippines to India. Since then, Colombian emeralds have dominated the emerald trade, and most of the high-quality emeralds cut in the 18th century in India originated from Colombia.     

Oxygen isotopes: experimental vapor fractionation and variations in tektites

High-temperature (about 2800 degrees C) vapor fractionation of a silicate glass that originally contained 82 percent by weight of SiO(2) resulted in a decrease of the silica content to 45 percent. Oxygen isotope analyses show that the O(18)/O(16) ratio increased from 13.80 per mil in the starting material to 14.47 and 15.03 per mil in the residuum. This suggests that bediasites, which also exhibit an increase in this ratio with decreasing content of silica, have been subjected to a process of vapor fractionation.     

氮肥及硝化抑制剂配合施用对石灰性土壤二氧化碳释放的影响

为研究施用氮肥对同时含有有机碳及无机碳石灰性土壤碳释放的影响,在陕西杨凌进行田间试验,比较了不同施氮量(0、160、220 kg·hm~(-2))及其与硝化抑制剂(DCD)配合(N160、N220及N160+DCD、N220+DCD)对土壤pH值、矿质态氮含量和二氧化碳(CO_2)释放量的影响。结果表明:施用氮肥显著降低了耕层土壤pH;配施DCD后土壤pH降低幅度小于未加DCD处理;加入DCD使氮肥的硝化过程推迟了约20 d;未加DCD处理的土壤CO_2释放量随施氮量增加而增加,试验结束时(施肥37 d后)土壤CO_2累积释放量最高达到167.1 g·m~(-2)。与N0处理相比,N160和N220处理的土壤CO_2累积释放量显著增加,增幅分别为20.9%和25.7%;N160+DCD和N220+DCD处理显著降低了土壤CO_2累积释放量,比对应相同施氮量处理分别降低了13.5%和11.0%。上述结果说明施用氮肥会同时影响石灰性土壤有机碳及无机碳的释放,施用氮肥引起的土壤无机碳的释放值得关注。     

Oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica: global changes in ocean temperature and isotopic composition

A record of oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica from a deep-sea sediment core from the Southern Ocean reveals that marine diatoms retain their primary isotopic composition after burial. As a result, the marine diatom record can be combined with data on coexisting planktonic foraminifera to monitor past surface temperature and isotopic composition of seawater. The coupling of these two records allows the solution of two paleotemperature equations for each core interval. Data from a South Atlantic core show that the average delta(18)O during the glacial period at this site was higher by about 1.3 per mil than average Holocene values, and that average glacial-age temperatures were not significantly different from average Holocene values.     

Oxygen and carbon isotopic growth record in a reef coral from the Florida keys and a deep-sea coral from blake plateau

Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis through a 30-year (1944 to 1974) growth of Montastrea annularis from Hen and Chickens Reef (Florida Keys) shows a strong yearly variation in the abundances of both carbon-13 and oxygen-18 and a broad inverse relationship between the two isotopes. Normal annual dense bands are formed during the summer and are characterized by heavy carbon and light oxygen. "Stress bands" are formed during particularly severe winters and are characterized by heavy carbon and heavy oxygen. The isotopic effect of Zooxanthellae metabolism dominates the temperature effect on the oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratio. The isotopic results on the deep-sea solitary coral Bathypsammia tintinnabulum, where Zooxanthellae are nonexistent, indicates that the abundance of the heavy isotopes carbon-13 and oxygen-18 is inversely related to the growth rate, with both carbon and oxygen approaching equilibrium values with increasing skeletal age.     

Fractionation of soil organic carbon in a calcareous soil after long-term tillage and straw residue management

No-tillage (NT) and straw return (S) collectively affect soil organic carbon (SOC). However, changes in the organic carbon pool have been under-investigated. Here, we assessed the quantity and quality of SOC after 11 years of tillage and straw return on the North China Plain. Concentrations of SOC and its labile fractions (particulate organic carbon (POC), potassium permanganate-oxidizable organic carbon (POXC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), components of DOC by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and the chemical composition of SOC by ¹³C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy were explored. Treatments comprised conventional tillage (CT) and NT under straw removal (S0), return of wheat straw only (S1), or return of both wheat straw and maize residue (S2). Straw return significantly increased the concentrations and stocks of SOC at 0–20 cm depth, but NT stratified them with enrichment at 0–10 cm and a decrease at 10–20 cm compared to CT, especially under S2. Labile C fractions showed similar patterns of variation to that of SOC, with POC and POXC more sensitive to straw return and the former more sensitive to tillage. Six fluorescence components of DOC were identified, mainly comprising humic-like substances with smaller amounts of fulvic acid-like substances and tryptophan. Straw return significantly decreased the fluorescence index (FI) and autochthonous index (BIX) and increased the humification index (HIX). No-tillage generally increased HIX in topsoil but decreased it and increased the FI and BIX below the topsoil. Relative abudance order of the chemical composition of SOC was: O-alkyl C>alkyl-C>aromatic-C>carbonyl-C. Overall, NT under S2 effectively increased SOC and its labile C forms and DOC humification in topsoil and microbially-derived DOC below the topsoil. Return of both wheat and maize straw was a decisive factor in promoting SOC in the plow layer. The stratification of SOC under NT may confer a long-term influence on carbon sequestration.     

黄颡鱼不同组织碳氮稳定同位素的周转与分馏研究

稳定同位素技术已成为摄食生态学研究的有力手段之一,动物不同组织的稳定同位素周转速率和分馏系数可用于分析其不同生活史时期的摄食状况,进而解释其洄游行为。以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)为研究对象,通过改变黄颡鱼饵料模拟食性转换过程,研究黄颡鱼不同组织碳、氮稳定同位素周转速率和分馏系数,探讨组织生长及新陈代谢作用对各组织稳定同位素周转的相对贡献比例。结果表明,黄颡鱼各组织碳、氮稳定同位素半衰期分别为28.0 d和35.7 d(粘液),25.8 d和63.6 d(肝脏),106.5 d和64.2 d(鱼鳍),196.9 d和196.8 d(鳃),肌肉的碳稳定同位素半衰期为92.6 d,其粘液、肝脏周转速率较快,鱼鳍、肌肉和鳃较慢。黄颡鱼不同组织碳、氮稳定同位素分馏系数(Δδ13C和Δδ15N)范围分别为-2.1‰~2.0‰和-1.4‰~2.4‰。研究认为,除鳃以外,黄颡鱼其他组织的稳定同位素周转均以代谢作用占主导(60%),生长作用贡献比例较小。黄颡鱼的粘液和肝脏可反映短期内的摄食转换,而鱼鳍、肌肉和鳃则反映较长时间尺度的摄食特征。     

不同林分类型叶片稳定碳、氮同位素的变化特征

为了解各种生物及非生物因素对植物叶片稳定碳、氮同位素含量的影响,研究了蔡家桥林场内马尾松次生林(PM-SF)、湿地松人工林(PE-P)及杉木人工林(CL-P),不同叶龄叶片的养分(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量及其化学计量比与稳定碳同位素(δ13 C)、稳定氮同位素(δ15 N)含量的关系,探讨植物叶片δ13 C、δ...     

Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of limestones and dolomites, bikini and eniwetok atolls

Aragonitic, unconsolidated sediments from the borings on the Eniwetok and Bikini atolls are isotopically identical with unaltered skeletal fragments, whereas the recrystallized limestones exhibit isotopic variations resulting from alteration in meteoric waters during periods of emergence. Dolomites and associated calcites are enriched in O(18), perhaps because of interaction with hypersaline brines.     

南羌塘盆地侏罗系砂糖状白云岩古油藏油源研究——来自芳烃化合物和单体烃碳同位素的证据

近些年关于南羌塘盆地侏罗系砂糖状白云岩古油藏的油源问题一直存在着较大的争议,主要原因是降解作用对常规的饱和烃化合物以及参数产生了较大的影响。芳烃和正构烷烃单体碳同位素抗生物降解能力强,且蕴藏反映油藏的成烃母质来源、成烃环境以及热成熟度等多方面地质地球化学信息。对砂糖状白云岩古油藏以及油源可能性较高的上三叠统与中下侏罗统烃源岩样品抽提物中的芳烃馏分进行了GC-MS分析,并且采用GC-IRMS仪器对其中的正构烷烃单体碳、氢同位素进行测定,旨在揭示古油藏以及相关烃源岩芳烃化合物和单体碳同位素的组成与分布特征。研究表明,南羌塘盆地古油藏可分为2类：Ⅰ类古油藏,甲基菲指数相对较高、高硫芴低氧芴以及单体碳同位素相对较重,表征以高等植物碎屑贡献为主,且形成于还原沉积环境下的成熟有机质,为上三叠统扎那组烃源岩;Ⅱ类古油藏,甲基菲指数相对较小,三芴系列具有高氧芴低硫芴的分布特征和相对较轻的单体烃碳同位素特征,表明其来源于有机质以低等水生藻类和细菌为主,并沉积于弱还原条件下的低熟成熟下侏罗统曲色组的烃源岩。上述研究进一步证实了南羌塘盆地上三叠统扎那组和下侏罗统曲色组具备良好的油气资源前景。     

竹材制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭

以竹节为原料,采用磷酸法制备醋酸乙烯载体活性炭.探讨了温度、浸渍比和硝酸改性对载体活性炭的表观密度、醋酸吸附量和醋酸锌吸附量的影响,并对其孔结构和表面化学结构进行表征.结果表明,随着温度和浸渍比的升高,载体活性炭的醋酸吸附量、比表面积、微孔容积呈先升后降的趋势,而醋酸锌吸附量则呈相反趋势;硝酸改性有助于表观密度和醋酸锌吸附量的提高;N2吸附等温线表明,竹节活性炭具有发达的微孔和大孔结构;Boehm滴定和TG-MS分析表明,载体活性炭具有羧酸根和酚羟基表面官能团.在较优的工艺条件下制得载体活性炭的醋酸吸附量、醋酸锌吸附量、比表面积和微孔容积分别为527.5 mg·g-1,70 g.L-1,999.0 m2·g-1和0.468 cm3·g-1.     

温度、饵料和物种对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响

为研究不同因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响,选取物种(虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis、海湾扇贝Argopecten irradians、太平洋牡蛎Crassostrea gigas)、温度(6、14、23℃)和饵料(新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、小球藻Chlorella vulgaris、叉鞭金藻Dicrateria inornata)3因素进行正交试验,通过检测3种贝类及饵料的稳定同位素变化,探讨了3种因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响。结果表明:饵料的氮稳定同位素比值(δ⁽¹⁵⁾N)波动较大,无法满足试验要求;各因素对碳稳定同位素半衰期(t_(1/2))的影响由大到小均为温度>物种>饵料,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),对碳稳定同位素判别值(Δ(15)N)波动较大,无法满足试验要求;各因素对碳稳定同位素半衰期(t_(1/2))的影响由大到小均为温度>物种>饵料,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),对碳稳定同位素判别值(Δ⁽¹³⁾C)的影响程度极为接近,Δ(13)C)的影响程度极为接近,Δ⁽¹³⁾C的变化范围为-5.57‰～1.75‰,已超出经验值范围。研究表明:在以微藻为饵料的稳定同位素判别值研究中,要谨慎选择氮稳定同位素作为参考指标;应用稳定同位素法研究食物网的营养关系时,需全面、系统考虑综合因素对判别值的影响。     

温度、饵料和物种对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响

为研究不同因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响,选取物种(虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis、海湾扇贝Argopecten irradians、太平洋牡蛎Crassostrea gigas)、温度(6、14、23℃)和饵料(新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、小球藻Chlorella vulgaris、叉鞭金藻Dicrateria inornata)3因素进行正交试验,通过检测3种贝类及饵料的稳定同位素变化,探讨了3种因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响。结果表明:饵料的氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(15)N)波动较大,无法满足试验要求;各因素对碳稳定同位素半衰期(t_(1/2))的影响由大到小均为温度>物种>饵料,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),对碳稳定同位素判别值(Δ~(13)C)的影响程度极为接近,Δ~(13)C的变化范围为-5.57‰～1.75‰,已超出经验值范围。研究表明:在以微藻为饵料的稳定同位素判别值研究中,要谨慎选择氮稳定同位素作为参考指标;应用稳定同位素法研究食物网的营养关系时,需全面、系统考虑综合因素对判别值的影响。     

Magmatic and crustal differentiation history of granitic rocks from Hf-O isotopes in zircon

Granitic plutonism is the principal agent of crustal differentiation, but linking granite emplacement to crust formation requires knowledge of the magmatic evolution, which is notoriously difficult to reconstruct from bulk rock compositions. We unlocked the plutonic archive through hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotope analysis of zoned zircon crystals from the classic hornblende-bearing (I-type) granites of eastern Australia. This granite type forms by the reworking of sedimentary materials by mantle-like magmas instead of by remelting ancient metamorphosed igneous rocks as widely believed. I-type magmatism thus drives the coupled growth and differentiation of continental crust.     

Oxygen consumption of red and white muscles from tuna fishes

Metabolic rates of unstimulated, minced preparations of red and white muscles from two species of Pacific tuna fishes (Katsuwonus pelamis and Thunnus obesus) were determined from respirometric measurements of oxygen consumption. Ratios of mean metabolic rates for red muscles to those of white muscles averaged 6.2 at five temperatures over the range of 5 degrees to 35 degrees C. Temperature coefficients (Q10's) for mean metabolic rates for both types of muscle were between 1.0 and 1.2 over the entire temperature range. Metabolic rates of tuna red muscles were equal to those of preparations of mixed red and white muscle from the white rat at 25 degrees and 35 degrees C, and were higher than the mammalian rates at lower temperatures.     

秸秆粉碎和焚烧还田对石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙和有机碳的影响

为明确川中丘陵区长期不同秸秆还田方式对石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙及有机碳的影响,利用田间原位监测和计算机断层扫描技术,测定夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆不还田（RMW₀）,夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆50%粉碎还田（RMW_shred）和夏玉米-冬小麦轮作、秸秆50%焚烧还田（RMW_burn）处理耕层土壤有机碳浓度、储量及孔隙特征参数。结果表明：RMW_shred和RMW_burn均能显著增加耕层土壤总孔隙度、降低土壤容重,RMW_burn耕层土壤大孔隙度是RMW_shred的2.7倍。RMW_shred和RMW_burn较RMW₀能有效改善土壤大孔隙集中分布现象,使层间大孔隙分布更均匀,3个处理孔隙数量均以当量孔径100~500μm孔隙为主,RMW_shred和RMW_burn优化了耕层土壤不同当量孔径孔隙数量比和体积比,且以RMW_shred更优。RMW_burn有利于增加耕层土壤>1000μm孔径的孔隙数量,RMW_shred耕层土壤>1000μm孔径的孔隙平均直径趋小。RMW_shred和RMW_burn平均喉道截面积、平均喉道截面形状因子、平均孔隙形状因子均较RMW₀低,长期秸秆还田使耕层土壤孔隙向有利于保水保肥的方向转变,且RMW_shred保水保肥能力较RMW_burn更优。秸秆连续还田15a后,只有RMW_shred耕层土壤有机碳浓度增幅显著。综合比较两种还田方式在改善川中丘陵区石灰性紫色土耕层土壤孔隙特征和固碳效果的差异表明,长期秸秆粉碎还田较焚烧还田更有利于改善耕层土壤孔隙特征,更能有效积累耕层土壤有机碳,更有利于川中丘陵区农业绿色发展。     

施用生物炭后塿土土壤有机碳、氮及碳库管理指数的变化

通过2年4季的田间小区试验,研究了添加0~80 t·hm~(-2)果树枝条生物炭后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、p H、土壤活性有机碳(AOC)、土壤中活性有机碳(MAOC)、土壤高活性有机碳(HAOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、碳库管理指数(CPMI)的变化及各指标之间的相关性。结果表明:在第四季作物收获后,随生物炭施用量的增加,TOC增加59.80%~180.52%、TN增加13.22%~20.92%、p H增加0.76%~1.28%;HAOC和CPMI均在生物炭用量为60 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,分别较对照增加70.36%和52.43%;AOC前两季在生物炭用量为40 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,后两季在生物炭用量为60 t·hm~(-2)时达到最大,而整个试验期内各施炭处理分别比对照增加18.46%~73.42%;WSOC在前三季随生物炭用量的增加而降低,且各施炭处理分别比对照低8.00%~42.77%。相关性分析表明,除MAOC外,上述各指标均与生物炭用量呈显著相关关系(P0.05)。研究认为,施用生物炭能提高土壤总有机碳、全氮含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,为农田土壤可持续利用和生物炭作为土壤改良剂的应用提供科学依据和参考价值。     

Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source

Symbioses between chemoautotrophic bacteria and several specialized marine invertebrates are well documented. However, none of these symbioses have been demonstrated to provide sufficient energy and carbon to the host to enable it to grow. Growth rates of seep mussels collected from hydrocarbon seeps off the coast of Louisiana were measured in a controlled environment where methane was the sole carbon and energy source. The growth rates increased to a maximum of 17.2 micrometers per day in response to methane and approached zero in the absence of methane. These mussels contain methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria in their gills, which suggests that these bacteria provide their hosts with a net carbon flux originating from methane.