Polymer replicas of photonic porous silicon for sensing and drug delivery applications

Elaborate one-dimensional photonic crystals are constructed from a variety of organic and biopolymers, which can be dissolved or melted, by templating the solution-cast or injection-molded materials in porous silicon or porous silicon dioxide multilayer (rugate dielectric mirror) structures. After the removal of the template by chemical dissolution, the polymer castings replicate the photonic features and the nanostructure of the master. We demonstrate that these castings can be used as vapor sensors, as deformable and tunable optical filters, and as self-reporting, bioresorbable materials.     

Luminescent color image generation on porous silicon

Black and white images were projected onto n-type silicon (100) wafers during a photoelectrochemical etch to produce a color image that photoluminesces. The photoluminescence originates from a thin layer of luminescent porous silicon that is produced in the photoetch, and the colors that appear in the etched image arise from thin-film optical interference. A diffraction grating was also photoetched into the substrate, demonstrating simultaneous encoding of a gray-scale image into thin-film interference, luminescence, and diffraction phenomena.     

How to make water run uphill

A surface having a spatial gradient in its surface free energy was capable of causing drops of water placed on it to move uphill. This motion was the result of an imbalance in the forces due to surface tension acting on the liquid-solid contact line on the two opposite sides ("uphill" or "downhill") of the drop. The required gradient in surface free energy was generated on the surface of a polished silicon wafer by exposing it to the diffusing front of a vapor of decyltrichlorosilane, Cl(3)Si(CH(2))(9)CH(3). The resulting surface displayed a gradient of hydrophobicity (with the contact angle of water changing from 97 degrees to 25 degrees ) over a distance of 1 centimeter. When the wafer was tilted from the horizontal plane by 15 degrees , with the hydrophobic end lower than the hydrophilic, and a drop of water (1 to 2 microliters) was placed at the hydrophobic end, the drop moved toward the hydrophilic end with an average velocity of approximately 1 to 2 millimeters per second. In order for the drop to move, the hysteresis in contact angle on the surface had to be low (相似文献   

Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties

The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle size control by substrate design, nanotube positioning by patterning, and nanotube self-assembly for orientation. The mechanisms of nanotube growth and self-orientation are elucidated. The well-ordered nanotubes can be used as electron field emission arrays. Scaling up of the synthesis process should be entirely compatible with the existing semiconductor processes, and should allow the development of nanotube devices integrated into silicon technology.     

Chemiluminescence of anodized and etched silicon: evidence for a luminescent siloxene-like layer on porous silicon

Treatment of anodized or chemically etched silicon ("porous silicon") with dilute nitric acid or persulfate solution results in weak chemiluminescence in the visible region. Concentrated nitric acid reacts violently with porous Si produced by anodization with a bright flash of light. The fact that similar reactions occur with siloxene (Si(6)H(6)O(3)) prepared from CaSi(2) suggests that the visible emission seen with porous Si can be attributed to this substance.     

Field-Induced Nanometer- to Atomic-Scale Manipulation of Silicon Surfaces with the STM

The controlled manipulation of silicon at the nanometer scale will facilitate the fabrication of new types of electronic devices. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to manipulate strongly bound silicon atoms or clusters at room temperature. Specifically, by using a combination of electrostatic and chemical forces, surface atoms can be removed and deposited on the STM tip. The tip can then move to a predetermined surface site, and the atom or cluster can be redeposited. The magnitude of such forces and the amount of material removed can be controlled by applying voltage pulses at different tip-surface separations.     

多孔混凝土植被砖的立体绿化应用

根据立体绿化环境特点,旨在研制出适用于立体绿化墙面和屋面绿化施工用的多孔混凝土植被砖,并筛选出抗逆性强的植物。结果表明,水泥的理化性质会影响植物的生长,当水灰比在0.25、集灰比为3∶1、碎石作为粗集料,可以制得有效孔隙率大于20%并且抗压和抗折强度较高的多孔混凝土植被砖。研究发现,多孔混凝土植被砖的抗压与抗折强度与集料尺寸大小成反比,随着集料尺寸的增大,多孔混凝土植被砖的抗压和抗折强度都随之降低。通过植生试验发现,垂盆草与佛甲草在植被砖上长势较好,盖度高且抗逆性强。研制出的多孔混凝土植被砖已成功应用于立体绿化中,具有快捷、低成本的特性,易于推广。     

木质素三甲基季铵盐为模板剂制备多孔氧化硅材料

为了探索以小质素为模板剂制备无机多孔材料的方法,提高木质素产品附加值,以小质素三甲 铵盐为模板剂、正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶凝胶法和焙烧脱模法制备多孔氧化硅材料。结果表明：小质素三甲基事铵盐行在于煅烧前的复合物中,煅烧后得到的多孔氧化硅材料中木质素三甲基季铵盐吸收峰消失,但具有SiO2特征吸收峰;多扎氧化硅材料孔隙发达...     

Porous semiconductor chalcogenide aerogels

Chalcogenide aerogels based entirely on semiconducting II-VI or IV-VI frameworks have been prepared from a general strategy that involves oxidative aggregation of metal chalcogenide nanoparticle building blocks followed by supercritical solvent removal. The resultant materials are mesoporous, exhibit high surface areas, can be prepared as monoliths, and demonstrate the characteristic quantum-confined optical properties of their nanoparticle components. These materials can be synthesized from a variety of building blocks by chemical or photochemical oxidation, and the properties can be further tuned by heat treatment. Aerogel formation represents a powerful yet facile method for metal chalcogenide nanoparticle assembly and the creation of mesoporous semiconductors.     

大叶胡颓子茎化学成分预试及抑制亚硝化反应的检测

[目的]初步测定大叶胡颓子茎的化学成分类型及其对亚硝化反应的抑制作用。[方法]用石油醚、浓度95%乙醇和水对大叶胡颓子茎进行提取,根据系统反应的现象初步判断所含化学成分的类型,并探究浓度95%乙醇和水的提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断及对亚硝酸钠的清除作用。[结果]茎的石油醚提取物中含有甾体、三萜类、挥发油;浓度95%乙醇提取物中含有甾体、强心苷、有机酸、蒽醌、黄酮体、酚类、香豆素和萜类内酯化合物;水提取物中含蛋白质、氨基酸、肽类、糖及其苷类、皂苷、酚类和有机酸。茎的水提取物和浓度95%乙醇提取物都能抑制亚硝化反应。[结论]大叶胡颓子茎中含有多种药理活性成分,有望成为防癌新资源。     

雾滴体积和测量时间与雾滴接触角的关系

农药喷雾质量直接关系到药效的发挥,喷雾液滴与靶标的接触角可以用来表征喷雾质量的好坏,并可说明喷洒液的表面张力与靶标的表面张力是否匹配。针对喷雾液滴在靶标上接触角测量的重现性不佳等问题,以玻璃和石蜡模拟靶标表面,研究了去离子水在亲水和疏水靶标表面上液滴体积(重力)和测量时间对接触角测量的影响,结果表明:液滴体积越大接触角越小,这种趋势在亲水表面比疏水表面上更突出,测量时体积可分别选择在0.5~1μl和1~5μl;液滴滴下30~50 s后与固体表面基本达到平衡,对接触角测量的准确度影响较小。     

Retention of xenon in quartz and Earth's missing xenon

The reactivity of xenon with terrestrial oxides was investigated by in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction. At high temperature (T > 500 kelvin), some silicon was reduced, and the pressure stability of quartz was expanded, attesting to the substitution of some xenon for silicon. When the quartz was quenched, xenon diffused out and only a few weight percent remained trapped in samples. These results show that xenon can be covalently bonded to oxygen in quartz in the lower continental crust, providing an answer to the missing xenon problem; synthesis paths of rare gas compounds are also opened.     

Geological and geochemical record of 3400-million-year-old terrestrial meteorite impacts

Beds of sand-sized spherules in the 3400-million-year-old Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone belt, South Africa, formed by the fall of quenched liquid silicate droplets into a range of shallow-to deep-water depositional environments. The regional extent of the layers, their compositional complexity, and lack of included volcanic debris suggest that they are not products of volcanic activity. The layers are greatly enriched in iridium and other platinum group elements in roughly chondritic proportions. Geochemical modeling based on immobile element abundances suggests that the original average spherule composition can be approximated by a mixture of fractionated tholeiitic basalt, komatiite, and CI carbonaceous chondrite. The spherules are thought to be the products of large meteorite impacts on the Archean earth.     

碳化秸秆处理污水中氮磷元素的研究

多孔物质由于具有较大的比表面积,有较强的吸附作用,目前常被利用来吸附氮磷元素。以碳化秸秆为材料,研究了在不同条件下利用多孔物质来处理富营养化水体中氮磷元素的效果。     

竹材表面超疏水改性的初步研究田根

基于超疏水表面的制备原理,以低表面能的三氯甲基硅烷为原料,利用常温、常压化学气相沉积法在竹材表面自组装形成直径30～80 nm的纳米棒阵列或纳米线网状结构,使竹材横切面对液态水接触角最大达到157°,滚动角接近0,具备了超疏水表面特性。本研究证实了赋予竹、木等亲水性木质纤维素材料以超强疏水性能的技术是可行性的。      

Electrochromic nanocrystal quantum dots

Incorporating nanocrystals into future electronic or optoelectronic devices will require a means of controlling charge-injection processes and an understanding of how the injected charges affect the properties of nanocrystals. We show that the optical properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots can be tuned by an electrochemical potential. The injection of electrons into the quantum-confined states of the nanocrystal leads to an electrochromic response, including a strong, size-tunable, midinfrared absorption corresponding to an intraband transition, a bleach of the visible interband exciton transitions, and a quench of the narrow band-edge photoluminescence.     

Demineralization of porous solids

When a porous ionic solid is placed in acid, the acid will dissolve surface material. When this dissolved material and the acid diffuse into the solid's pores, they can precipitate more solid. If the acid is buffered, the diffusing species can bring about precipitation in some regions and dissolution in others. When the porous solid contains several chemical species, the diffusion can precipitate one species and dissolve another. The results have implications for the demineralization of teeth.     

芦苇茎秆表皮特性及防水剂用量对刨花板性能的影响

 芦苇Phragmites australis作为一种天然的生物质材料在木质复合材料的应用方面具有很大潜力。运用扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱仪对芦苇茎秆表皮的微观构造及化学成分进行了分析,并测试了芦苇茎秆硅的质量分数及表面接触角。在此基础上研究防水剂用量对板材性能的影响,以解决芦苇刨花板胶合强度差的问题。结果表明：芦苇茎秆表皮含有蜡质层和硅物质,茎秆硅的质量分数达到20.9 g·kg^-1;当不添加防水剂时,制得刨花板的物理力学性能达到了国家标准GB/T4897.3-2003中的技术指标要求,添加防水剂使刨花板的物理力学性能下降,其中内结合强度的降幅最大。经机械粉碎后的芦苇刨花均匀地分散在板坯中,刨花表皮中的硅物质可以起到防水作用,因此,在不添加防水剂的条件下采用脲醛树脂胶黏剂可以制造出合格的芦苇刨花板。图5表3参11     

Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence from silicon nanocrystal quantum dots

Reversible electrochemical injection of discrete numbers of electrons into sterically stabilized silicon nanocrystals (NCs) (approximately 2 to 4 nanometers in diameter) was observed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in N,N'-dimethylformamide and acetonitrile. The electrochemical gap between the onset of electron injection and hole injection-related to the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals-grew with decreasing nanocrystal size, and the DPV peak potentials above the onset for electron injection roughly correspond to expected Coulomb blockade or quantized double-layer charging energies. Electron transfer reactions between positively and negatively charged nanocrystals (or between charged nanocrystals and molecular redox-active coreactants) occurred that led to electron and hole annihilation, producing visible light. The electrogenerated chemiluminescence spectra exhibited a peak maximum at 640 nanometers, a significant red shift from the photoluminescence maximum (420 nanometers) of the same silicon NC solution. These results demonstrate that the chemical stability of silicon NCs could enable their use as redox-active macromolecular species with the combined optical and charging properties of semiconductor quantum dots.     

One-step fabrication of supramolecular microcapsules from microfluidic droplets

Although many techniques exist for preparing microcapsules, it is still challenging to fabricate them in an efficient and scalable process without compromising functionality and encapsulation efficiency. We demonstrated a simple one-step approach that exploits a versatile host-guest system and uses microfluidic droplets to generate porous microcapsules with easily customizable functionality. The capsules comprise a polymer-gold nanoparticle composite held together by cucurbit[8]uril ternary complexes. The dynamic yet highly stable micrometer-sized structures can be loaded in one step during capsule formation and are amenable to on-demand encapsulant release. The internal chemical environment can be probed with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.