Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities

Reexamination of stratified faunal components of a prehistoric Aleut midden excavated on Amchitka Island, Alaska, indicates that Aleut prey items changed dramatically during 2500 years of aboriginal occupation. Recent ecological studies in the Aleutian Islands have shown the concurrent existence of two alternate stable nearshore communities, one dominated by macroalgae, the other by epibenthic herbivores, which are respectively maintained by the presence or absence of dense sea otter populations. Thus, rather than cultural shifts in food preference, the changes in Aleut prey were probably the result of local overexploitation of sea otters by aboriginal Aleuts.     

Lack of abnormal hemoglobins in Alaskan Eskimos,Indians, and Aleuts

In an examination of the blood of 708 Eskimos, 200 Aleuts, and 44 Indians in Alaska for abnormal types of hemoglobin, only normal hemoglobin A was detected. It may be concluded that abnormal hemoglobins in these races are rare if they occur at all.     

The colonization of beringia and the peopling of the new world

The colonization of Beringia appears closely linked to the arrival of the oldest firmly documented archeological tradition in mid-latitude North America (Paleoindian). The discovery of a Paleoindian complex in central Alaska, combined with the recent redating of the Bering Land Bridge and key archeological sites, suggests that Beringia was settled during the final Pleistocene interstadial (12,000 to 11,000 years before present). Its population expanded rapidly into other parts of the New World. Beringia probably was colonized in response to changes in climate and vegetation that occurred during this interstadial. Access to the Americas was controlled by Beringian environments and not by changing sea levels or continental ice masses.     

Rise and fall of the Beringian steppe bison

The widespread extinctions of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene epoch have often been attributed to the depredations of humans; here we present genetic evidence that questions this assumption. We used ancient DNA and Bayesian techniques to reconstruct a detailed genetic history of bison throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Our analyses depict a large diverse population living throughout Beringia until around 37,000 years before the present, when the population's genetic diversity began to decline dramatically. The timing of this decline correlates with environmental changes associated with the onset of the last glacial cycle, whereas archaeological evidence does not support the presence of large populations of humans in Eastern Beringia until more than 15,000 years later.     

大花卷丹与亚洲百合、东方百合种间杂交及胚培养研究

利用我国东北原产的野生百合大花卷丹(Lilium leichtlinii var.maximowiczii Baker)与亚洲百合杂种系、东方百合杂种系进行正反交,并对杂种胚进行离体培养,研究不同杂交组合、胚龄、激素配比对杂种胚培养的影响.结果表明,大花卷丹与亚洲百合杂种系精粹、多安娜的正反交组合均获得了有胚种子,而大...     

Paleoindians in beringia: evidence from arctic alaska

Excavations at the Mesa site in arctic Alaska provide evidence for a Paleoindian occupation of Beringia, the region adjacent to the Bering Strait. Eleven carbon-14 dates on hearths associated with Paleoindian projectile points place humans at the site between 9,730 and 11,660 radiocarbon years before present (years B.P.). The presence of Paleoindians in Beringia at these times challenges the notion that Paleoindian cultures arose exclusively in mid-continental North America. The age span of Paleoindians at the Mesa site overlaps with dates from two other cultural complexes in interior Alaska. A hiatus in the record of human occupation occurs between 10,300 and 11,000 years B.P. Late Glacial climatic fluctuations may have made northern Alaska temporarily unfavorable for humans and spurred their southward dispersal.     

The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas

When did humans colonize the Americas? From where did they come and what routes did they take? These questions have gripped scientists for decades, but until recently answers have proven difficult to find. Current genetic evidence implies dispersal from a single Siberian population toward the Bering Land Bridge no earlier than about 30,000 years ago (and possibly after 22,000 years ago), then migration from Beringia to the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. The archaeological records of Siberia and Beringia generally support these findings, as do archaeological sites in North and South America dating to as early as 15,000 years ago. If this is the time of colonization, geological data from western Canada suggest that humans dispersed along the recently deglaciated Pacific coastline.     

A Fluted Point from the Uptar Site, Northeastern Siberia

Lanceolate bifacial points, including one fluted specimen, have been collected from beneath an early Holocene tephra at the Uptar site, northeastern Siberia. Thus, the technology associated with the well-known Paleoindian tradition was not confined to the Americas. The Uptar collection does not compare readily with other Beringian complexes and demonstrates that there is greater diversity in the archaeological record of northeastern Siberia than traditional colonization models imply.     

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Gulf of California:

Discovery of Its Nutritional Value by the Seri Indians Zostera marina occurs in the northern Gulf of California. The grain of eelgrass is harvested in the spring and formed an important part of traditional Seri diet and culture. This is the only known case of a grain from the sea being used as a human food source. Eelgrass has considerable potential as a general food resource for mankind. Its cultivation would not require fresh water, pesticides, or artificial fertilizer.     

土耳其斯坦叶螨危害对棉花叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖影响的研究

棉花受土耳其斯坦叶螨危害0～8d内,叶绿素、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量随危害程度的加深均有不同程度的变化.在试验期内,两处理叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均随危害时间的延长而下降,不同危害时间之间下降的幅度差异显著(P<0.05),另外,相同危害时间下各处理叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量下降的幅度也随螨口密度的增大而增加,不同螨口密度处理叶片之间的叶绿素含量差异显著(P<0.05).在试验期内,受害叶片可溶性糖及蛋白质含量随危害时间的延长变化不稳定.     

卷丹与亚洲百合和东方百合种间杂交

以三倍体卷丹与亚洲百合杂种系品种多利安娜、布鲁拉诺和东方百合杂种系品种西伯利亚、索蚌为试材,利用切割花柱、NAA处理、BA处理、NaCl处理及常规授粉5种授粉方法对卷丹与2个百合杂种系栽培品种进行正反交试验,研究其杂交结实情况.结果表明,卷丹与亚洲百合品种杂交亲和性较好,蒴果膨大率可达90%,有胚率达18.15%;卷丹与东方百合品种杂交亲和性很差,未能得到杂交果实.不同授粉方法对卷丹与亚洲百合品种杂交结实的影响不同,卷丹×多利安娜以0.1mg/L NAA处理效果较好,蒴果膨大率达90%,坐果率达60.0%,而多利安娜×卷丹以0.1mg/L BA处理授粉优于其它授粉方法;卷丹×布鲁拉诺常规授粉蒴果膨大率达25%,而布鲁拉诺×卷丹施用外源激素有诱导子房膨大的倾向.     

Atypical cholinesterase gene E1a: rarity in Negroes and most Orientals

Development of a rapid screening test for atypical cholinesterase in serum enabled large-scale surveys of populations. The frequency of the heterozygous trait among Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians was similar to that among United States Caucasians (2.8 to 3.3 percent). In trait frequency, U.S. Negroes were intermediate (1.05 percent) between Congolese Africans (0.29 percent) and U.S. Whites (3.3 percent). The gene was absent from or very rare in populations originating in East Asia (Taiwanese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Eskimos). Prolonged apnea during anesthesia from administration of succinylcholine caused by homozygosity for this gene, is expected to be extremely rare among populations of Negroes and East Asians.     

Paleo-Eskimo mtDNA genome reveals matrilineal discontinuity in Greenland

The Paleo-Eskimo Saqqaq and Independence I cultures, documented from archaeological remains in Northern Canada and Greenland, represent the earliest human expansion into the New World's northern extremes. However, their origin and genetic relationship to later cultures are unknown. We sequenced a mitochondrial genome from a Paleo-Eskimo human by using 3400-to 4500-year-old frozen hair excavated from an early Greenlandic Saqqaq settlement. The sample is distinct from modern Native Americans and Neo-Eskimos, falling within haplogroup D2a1, a group previously observed among modern Aleuts and Siberian Sireniki Yuit. This result suggests that the earliest migrants into the New World's northern extremes derived from populations in the Bering Sea area and were not directly related to Native Americans or the later Neo-Eskimos that replaced them.     

Upper Pleistocene Radiocarbon-Dated Artefacts from the Northern Yukon: Man was in Beringia 27,000 years ago

The evidence presented here indicates that man lived in the eastern part of the Beringian refugium before the peak of the late Wisconsin glaciation (27). He had sharp, stone tools intended for working bone and means of breaking large mammoth bones. Probably he hunted mammoth and caribou, and prepared the skins of the caribou for use as clothing and perhaps shelter. It is possible that he migrated to southern North America, although evidence for the presence of man there prior to the peak of the Wisconsin glaciation is at present in dispute (28). We do not know whether his culture should be classified as Mousteroid or Aurignacoid in Müller-Beck's scheme (23), whose criteria are taken from stone implements of which we have none, although we infer their presence. Our data suggest that in Beringia, and therefore probably in Siberia and the Far East, the transition from Middle Paleolithic to Upper Paleolithic levels of technology occurred at a relatively early date. This raises the larger question: Did the transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic occur simultaneously in many parts of the world, or did it begin in and spread from one area (23)?     

Marine lava cave fauna: composition, biogeography, and origins

An assemblage of endemic cavernicolous marine invertebrates, including taxa found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean of great phylogenetic age or with affinities to deep sea organisms, inhabits the Jameos del Agua cave, a sea waterflooded Holocene lava tube cave on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. This marine cave contains both relicts from Tethyan times, such as an apparently new crustacean family belonging to what had been the monotypic class Remipedia, and relicts of groups that are now common only in the deep sea as well as species that occur outside the cave.     

厦门湾海域营养盐时空分布与富营养化状况分析

根据2010年8月厦门湾海水水质监测资料,阐述氮磷营养盐的变化趋势及其相互关系,并探讨厦门湾海域富营养化程度。结果表明,厦门湾表层COD、DIN和 PO4-P分布趋势大致从厦门西海域、马銮湾和九龙江口向湾外递减;相关性分析说明调查海域COD、DIN和PO4-P主要来源是厦门湾沿岸陆源排放和九龙江河流营养盐的输入;COD、PO4-P与N H4-N的来源可能相同,有着相似的生物地球化学过程,而NO3-N可能主要来源于九龙江。厦门湾的N/P值变化范围为2.26～117.30,其中九龙江口、东南部海域和大嶝海域的大部分地区的 N/P均大于16,从N/P值来看,营养盐结构为磷限制。而西海域北部、同安湾和马銮湾则属于氮限制海域。厦门湾海域富营养化指数（E ）范围为0.013～118.168,马銮湾、西海域北部和高集海堤附近海域的富营养化指数较高。     

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet

The delta 15N values of bone collagen from Eskimos and from Northwest Coast Indians dependent on salmon fishing are about 10 per mil more positive than those from agriculturalists in historic times. Among prehistoric humans, two groups dependent on marine food sources show bone collagen delta 15N values that are 4 to 6 per mil more positive than those from two agricultural groups. The nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen from prehistoric inhabitants of the Bahamas are anomalously low for reasons that relate to the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in coral reefs.     

1-MCP在百合切花保鲜中的作用

[目的]为亚洲百合和东方百合的保鲜技术提供参考依据。[方法]用0.1 mg/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)分别对东方百合西伯利亚和亚洲百合普丽安娜花枝处理4 h,再用蔗糖30 g/L+8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐(8-HQ)200 mg/L的配比保鲜液对其切花瓶插保鲜。[结果]1-MCP结合保鲜液处理后,两种切花的瓶插寿命和观赏品质均有所改善,瓶插寿命比对照长,约延长2 d,其中东方百合优于亚洲百合,其瓶插寿命较长,约16 d。1-MCP处理一定程度上能保持百合细胞膜的完整性,同时延缓百合花瓣的衰老,对百合花瓣MDA含量、蛋白质含量变化都有一定的影响。[结论]1-MCP具有延长百合瓶插寿命,提高观赏价值,延迟花瓣质膜相对透性增加等效应。     

Dynamics of Pleistocene population extinctions in Beringian brown bears

The climatic and environmental changes associated with the last glaciation (90,000 to 10,000 years before the present; 90 to 10 ka B.P.) are an important example of the effects of global climate change on biological diversity. These effects were particularly marked in Beringia (northeastern Siberia, northwestern North America, and the exposed Bering Strait) during the late Pleistocene. To investigate the evolutionary impact of these events, we studied genetic change in the brown bear, Ursus arctos, in eastern Beringia over the past 60,000 years using DNA preserved in permafrost remains. A marked degree of genetic structure is observed in populations throughout this period despite local extinctions, reinvasions, and potential interspecies competition with the short-faced bear, Arctodus simus. The major phylogeographic changes occurred 35 to 21 ka B.P., before the glacial maximum, and little change is observed after this time. Late Pleistocene histories of mammalian taxa may be more complex than those that might be inferred from the fossil record or contemporary DNA sequences alone.     

Critical depth for the survival of coral islands: effects on the hawaiian archipelago

Coral islands drown when sea level rise exceeds the maximum potential of coral reefs to grow upward (about 10 millimeters per year). During the Holocene transgression (18,000 years ago to present) sea levels rose at rates of up to 10 to 20 millimeters per year, and most coral island reefs situated deeper than a critical depth of30 to 40 meters below present day sea level drowned. Coral islands that did not drown during the Holocene transgression apparently all developed on antecedent foundations shallower than critical depth. During low stands in sea level during the Pleistocene, these islands were elevated and subject to subaerial erosion. Today, in the Hawaiian Archipelago, the depth of drowned banks is inversely related to summit area; smaller banks are progressively deeper, evidently because of erosional truncation during low sea level stands. Bank summit area may therefore be an important factor determining the failure or success of coral islands.