蜀柏毒蛾性信息素及其林间诱集效果初步研究

采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素腺体中的性信息素,运用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(Gas Chromatography-electroantennographic Detection,GC-EAD)测定蜀柏毒蛾雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中性信息素成分的活性反应,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrum,GC-MS)鉴定其活性反应成分。GC-EAD结果显示雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中的2种成分有较好的反应。GC-MS分析结果表明能引起雄蛾触角电生理反应的成分为顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇。林间试验表明,顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇诱芯对蜀柏毒蛾有相近的诱集效果,表明顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇是蜀柏毒蛾性信息素主要成份。通过对复合组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=1∶9(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=9∶1(200μg)和单组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醇((200μg)4种配方诱芯林间诱集效果试验,结果 4种配方均具有一定的诱集效果,但复合组分诱集效果比单组分诱集效果好。     

蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素研究

经毛细管气谱和质谱比较分析,发现蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus mongolicus Ersch.)雌蛾产卵器及性信息素腺体漂洗液内,主要含有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯和顺-5-14碳烯醇乙酸酯两个化合物,其中只有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯能引起蒙古未蠹蛾雄蛾强烈触角电位反应,且在连续两年的林间诱捕试验中表现出显著引诱效果和防治潜力,由此证明顺-5-12碳烯辞乙酸酯是蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素的主要成分。     

落叶松毛虫对人工合成性信息素的剂量反应研究

为了推广落叶松毛虫性信息素应用技术,进行了落叶松毛虫对人工合成性信息素的剂量反应研究,结果表明:落叶松毛虫雄虫对含有人工合成性信息素顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛的不同剂量诱芯的反应不同。随着性信息素剂量的增加诱到雄蛾的数量逐渐显著增加,含有最高剂量的顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛各5 000μg诱芯的诱捕效果最好,但仍然低于含有1头处女雌蛾的诱捕器的诱捕量。建议在落叶松毛虫综合治理中推广使用含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇和顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醛各5 000μg或以上剂量的诱芯。     

落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的时空诱集效果

应用落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素对内蒙古阿尔山林区落叶松八齿小蠹的年扬飞规律、日扬飞规律、林缘外不同距离以及林内不同高度诱捕器诱集效果等进行了试验。结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹的成虫发生期从5月中旬开始,到8月底结束,期间有两次明显的扬飞高峰期;成虫活动主要集中在12:00—16:00;聚集信息素对落叶松八齿小蠹的有效引诱距离为200 m左右,在90 m以内引诱效果最佳;林内树干1.5 m处为最佳的诱捕器设置高度。     

舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究

通过对舞毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术研究表明:三角型粘胶板诱捕器、奶盒型诱捕器和圆筒型诱捕器对舞毒蛾的诱捕效果不同,三角型粘胶板诱捕器的诱虫效果最好,圆筒型诱捕器次之;诱捕器设置高度对诱捕效果有明显的影响,设置高度为5.5 m的诱捕器诱捕作用最强,3.5 m次之,1.5 m最差;雄蛾对人工合成信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天,从8∶00持续到22∶00,反应高峰在14∶00,反应模式为"单峰式-白天型"。     

思茅松毛虫3个地理种群性信息素成分差异分析

[目的]分析思茅松毛虫雌成虫不同地理种群间性信息素成分、含量和比例差异,比较雄成虫触角敏感性和不同配比诱芯诱捕效果差异,开发不同地域有针对性的思茅松毛虫种群监测方法和诱捕防控技术。[方法]运用气相色谱(GC)分析思茅松毛虫湖南、云南和江西地理种群雌虫性信息素腺体提取物,利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定思茅松毛虫各地理种群雄蛾触角对性信息素标准品及其不同配比组分的电生理敏感性,然后进行林间生物测定,比较不同配比的性信息素成分诱蛾效果。[结果]思茅松毛虫性信息素腺体中含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(Z5,E7-12:OAc)、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇(Z5,E7-12:OH)和顺5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12:OAc)3种成分,3个地理种群间这3种腺体成分含量和比例存在微小差异。3种成分以100:10:25或者100:10:10的比例配比,不同地理种群间均具有很好的触角电位活性和林间诱蛾活性。[结论]思茅松毛虫性信息素组分还没有发生明显的种下分化现象,3个地理种群间性信息素含量和比例的细微差异暗示着与地域差异、寄主植物差异和人为化学防控干扰等因素相关。     

皮暗斑螟生殖生物学观测

通过室内观测和林间应用性信息素诱捕发现,皮暗斑螟雌雄性比为1:1.05,成虫羽化全天均可进行,主要集中在傍晚日落后2h内。雄蛾对人工合成的性信息素反应模式为夜间单峰型,敏感时间为凌晨0~3时。     

重齿小蠹聚集信息素诱捕器的应用技术研究

重齿小蠹对人工合成聚集信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天7：00～21：00,反应高峰在14：00-19：00,反应模式为＂单峰式—白天型＂;利用人工合成的聚集信息素对重齿小蠹成虫发生期监测表明,成虫扬飞的开始时间为5月20日左右,扬飞高峰期为6月下旬和7月上旬,扬飞末期为8月26日,成虫扬飞的持续期为98 d。2007-2009年大量诱杀防治的试验前、后重齿小蠹致死木平均分别为3.39株/hm2和0.76株/hm2,致死木减少了77.58%,而对照区试验前、后致死木平均分别为15.89株/hm2和18.11株/hm2,致死木增加了13.97%,3 a大量诱杀试验的防治效果显著。     

思茅松无性系种子园松实小卷蛾的诱捕试验

在2008年7月至8月,以顺-7-十二碳烯-1-醇和反-9-十二碳烯-1-醇为引诱剂,对位于云南西双版纳州景洪市普文的思茅松无性系种子园的主要球果害虫松实小卷蛾的成虫进行了诱捕试验.试验结果表明,这2种化合物对松实小卷蛾的雄蛾有显著的引诱作用,可依据含有这2种化合物的诱芯的诱捕器连续捕获松实小卷蛾雄蛾数量变化的态势对松实小卷蛾害虫的虫情进行监测.     

靖远松叶蜂两性引诱及求偶行为的观察

试验表明靖远松叶蜂Diprion jingyuanensis的处女雌蜂对林间雄蜂具有极强的引诱作用，而雄蜂、雄茧和雌茧对林间雌蜂和雄蜂没有引诱作用；雄蜂对装有处女雌蜂的诱捕器的趋性行为反应是明显和强烈的，主要表现为在下风口的雄蜂逆风向诱捕器飞行，接近诱捕器时呈明显的“Z”字形飞行轨迹；雄蜂的求偶行为与雄蜂对处女雌蜂诱捕器的趋性行为基本一致，雌蜂的求偶行为主要表现为用前足摩擦触角，腹部做伸缩运动并振翅；温度、风速及降雨等气候因子对求偶行为的影响很大，较适宜的天气条件为晴天、温度25℃、风力小于3级。     

枣粘虫性行为时辰节律的研究

本文利用腺体提取、瓶内收集、触角电位和田间试验等方法对枣粘虫产生和释放性信息素时辰节律进行了研究。其中瓶内收集性信息素的方法,在研究昆虫释放性信息素时辰节律方面报道很少,更重要的是,此法在我们的实验中取得了比较满意的效果。研究结果表明:(1)羽化后1—6天的提取物产生的触角电位无明显差异,说明性信息素在此期间的产生与日龄无关(2)腺体中性信息素的含量高峰在凌晨4点,而从体内往体外释放的高峰在早晨7点。(3)利用处女雌蛾不同时辰的诱蛾量的田间试验也进一步证明了枣粘虫产生和释放性信息素与交配行为在时辰节律上的同步性。     

Electroantennogram responses of Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) to six volatiles of Larix gmelinii

Dendrolimus superans is one of the important pests feeding on the needles of Larix gmelinii. Six standard compounds, (1R)-(−)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-α-pinene, ocimene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, R(−)-α-phellandrene and camphene, the main volatiles of L. gmelinii were used to test the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of moths. The results show that the order of the EAG responses of moths to seven concentrations of these six compounds were as follows: mated females > virgin females > unmated males, except for 0.1 μL/μL R(−)-α-phellandrene, where the order was: virgin females > mated females > unmated males. There are statistically significant differences between the EAG responses of virgin females and unmated males (p < 0.05), and also between mated females with virgin females and mated females and unmated males (p < 0.01), which suggests that the mated females are more sensitive to the volatiles of host plant. The results of EAG responses of the mated females, virgin females and unmated males indicate that they are more sensitive to R(−)-α-phellandrene than to the other volatile components. The active time for the EAG responses of both mated females and unmated males occurs during the night, i.e., from 20:00 to 04:00 hours. This is consistent with their eclosion, mating and oviposition periods. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(7): 55–60 [译自:林业科学]     

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验赵博光，杨秀莲，柯立明（南京林业大学南京２１００３７）关键词自传播技术，性信息素，核型多角体病毒，风洞，大袋蛾Ｉｇｎｏｆｆｏ将有目的地利用昆虫本身传播昆虫病原生物以控制害虫种群的方法，定义为自传播法或自传播技术［１］。...     

Calling behaviour and male response towards sex pheromone of poplar moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Condylorrhiza vestigialis</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The calling behaviour of virgin females Condylorrhiza vestigialis Guenée, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the female pheromone gland extract activity were studied under laboratory conditions. Most of the females started calling from their first scotophase period after emergence. Maximum calling occurred between the seventh and tenth hours of the scotophase period. The length of the calling increased with age until the fourth scotophase, but the onset of calling time did not differ with age. The number of calling bouts increased significantly with age, but the mean duration of each calling bout (20.8 min) did not vary with age. Extracts of pheromone glands evaluated in a Y-tube olfactometer attracted significantly more males than control, 70 and 30%, respectively. Gas chromatographic–electroantennogram detection (GC–EAD) analysis of these extracts indicated the presence of a single EAD-active peak, the putative sex pheromone of the species. This pheromone compound may be suitable for monitoring populations densities of C. vestigialis, and for detection of the onset of the seasonal flight period. An efficient pheromone is of importance also with respect to current attempts to develop new control methods for this important pest of Populus spp. in Brazil.     

Geographic variation in pheromone component ratio and antennal responses,but not in attraction,to sex pheromones among fall armyworm populations infesting corn in Mexico

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important pests of corn in Latin America. This insect presents two strains with behavioural and genetic differences. In Mexico, both strains are present, and at least two different FAW populations have been reported within the corn-strain. The objective of this study was to gather evidence of whether pheromonal communication varies among different S. frugiperda populations infesting corn in Mexico. First, we investigated any qualitative or quantitative difference in the composition of sex pheromones among populations; second, we studied whether male antennal responses to pheromone components vary among populations; and, finally, we investigated whether males from a region can discriminate between a synthetic pheromone blend characteristic of their region and blends formulated with the ratio of pheromone compounds emitted by females from other populations. Sex pheromone components were sampled by solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Females from all populations consistently released three compounds: (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc). Our results showed that Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc evoked the highest and most variable antennal responses among the populations studied compared to Z11-16:OAc. However, males did not discriminate between local pheromone blends and those formulated from other populations in a field test. These results show that although there is geographic variation in the ratio of pheromone components and in the peripheral reception of them, males were not differentially attracted to different pheromone blends in the field.     

朱红毛斑蛾繁殖行为的研究

目的 朱红毛斑蛾是榕属植物上一种重要的食叶害虫,研究其繁殖行为,可为该虫的种群管理提供基础资料。 方法 通过观察,分析朱红毛斑蛾的羽化、求偶、交配和产卵的繁殖行为及节律。 结果 朱红毛斑蛾仅在光期06:00—16:00时羽化,11:00—13:00达到羽化高峰;求偶行为包括爬行、飞行、侦测、触角交流、振翅、暴露生殖器、尝试交配等系列步骤,09:00—18:00均有求偶行为的发生,求偶高峰期为11:00—16:00。交配姿势呈“一”字型或“V”字型,雌雄成虫一生均只交配1次,交配高峰为14:00—16:00,交配时长为16.16 ± 0.26 h。雌虫将卵产于寄主植物的叶柄或叶尖,产卵高峰期为10:00—14:00,单雌平均产卵量为107.3 ± 3.0粒,平均孵化率为88.40% ± 1.60%。 结论 朱红毛斑蛾为日行性的单配制蛾类。     

Season-long mating disruption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grapholita molesta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by one machine application of pheromone in wax drops (SPLAT-OFM)

A novel emulsified wax dispenser (SPLAT-OFM) of pheromone was evaluated in concert with a custom-built, tractor-mounted applicator, designed for fast application of dispensers for mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple. The formulation consisted of microcrystalline wax emulsified in water. It was loaded with G. molesta pheromone (93:6:1 blend of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol) at 10% by weight. The hydraulically driven applicator dispensed the wax formulation as discrete particles from a rotating double-orifice distributor positioned directly above the tree canopy. Wax-drop size averaged (±SEM) 0.38 ± 0.16 g and 4.3 ± 0.5 drops adhered per tree. Following a single mechanized application of SPLAT-OFM on 24 April at 8 ml per tree (1.6 kg/ha) to 0.8 ha blocks of apple, male G. molesta orientation to optimally attractive pheromone traps was disrupted by 98% relative to untreated control plots for the whole season. Furthermore, on 17 weekly deployments of tethered virgin females (1,016 females deployed and 732 recovered for dissection) throughout the season, no mating was detected in SPLAT-OFM-treated blocks, while mating in control blocks averaged 27%. During the first 17 days following deployment in sticky traps, SPLAT-OFM drops attracted ca. 1/46th of the number of male G. molesta attracted to optimized synthetic lures. However, following 17 days of field aging, SPLAT-OFM drops became equally attractive to optimized synthetic lures for the remainder of the season. The release rate of pheromone from wax drops 0–14 and 15–76 days following deployment averaged 21.4 and 5.3 μg/h, respectively. The trapping and release rate data were consistent with competitive attraction as the mechanism mediating disruption. Shoot injury following the first moth generation was sevenfold less in SPLAT-OFM treated blocks compared with controls and fruit injury at the end of the season in treated blocks was approximately half of that recorded in controls.     

天牛信息素的研究进展

天牛是对林木健康生长最具破坏力的重要蛀干害虫之一,对天牛信息素的研究是探索基于化学生态学和行为特性的防治技术的重要方面。雌雄二性天牛受寄主植物挥发物,特别是幼虫危害诱导的寄主挥发物的吸引,聚集在取食地点附近。雌雄二性天牛都可释放性信息素吸引异性。雄性在触角接触雌性天牛后,对雌性产生的接触信息素产生反应,识别雌性后才试图和雌性进行交配,雌性天牛表皮蜡质层的烃类或雌雄二性表皮中相对含量比较多的物质成为特有的信号物质。雄性天牛产生聚集信息素吸引雌雄二性。随着对天牛信息素的深入研究,使用信息素复合技术将有利于提高天牛林间诱捕量,对监测天牛种群动态和无公害防治天牛具有极其重要的意义。     

Testing mating disruption of the horse chestnut leafminer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cameraria ohridella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in field tents

Since the beginning of the invasion of the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic 1986 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), into Europe over 20 years ago the damage to white flowering horse chestnut trees, Aesculus hippocastanum L (Sapindales: Hippocastanaceae) has remained extensive. This study evaluates the possible use of pheromone mating disruption as a control option against the horse chestnut leafminer. The heterogeneous distribution of ornamental trees in parks and gardens requires a different approach to evaluate pest control than in homogeneous crop fields, orchards or plantations where mating disruption is usually applied. For this reason we set up field experiments with host trees of the same age and size in field tents with a defined number of leafminers in two different densities. In the first experiment the effective quantity of newly developed C. ohridella pheromone dispensers was tested by recapturing males using traps baited with virgin females. Ninety-five percent less males were captured if three or more dispensers were positioned at a 4 m radius around the outside of an experimental tent. This set up was then used in the second experiment where male and female leafminers were released into field tents in order to assess the effect of pheromone on the reduction of leaf mining damage. Surprisingly, the pheromone dispensers were found to have no effect on the number of leaf mines at either low or high leafminer densities. Mating sites of the horse chestnut leafminer, multiple matings and distribution of pheromone dispenser are discussed as possible factors influencing the outcome in this study.     

榆木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成及林间诱蛾试验

利用毛细管气相色谱分析榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性腺体提取物、化学合成相应的标准化合物并通过触角电位分析及林间诱蛾试验,旨在找到一种对榆木蠹蛾成虫具有强引诱活性的性诱剂.结果表明:提取物中存在反-3-十四碳烯醇(E3 - 14∶OH)、顺-3-十四碳烯醇(Z3 - 14∶ OH)、反-3 -十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E3 - 14∶Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14∶ Ac)和顺-3-反-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z3E5 -14∶ Ac).榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对Z7-14∶ Ac产生最强的触角电位(EAG)反应,为4.95 mV,极显著高于其他化合物,其他依次是E3 - 14∶Ac、Z3E5 -14∶Ac、E3E5 -14∶ Ac、Z3 - 14∶Ac、腺体提取物、E7 - 14∶Ac,其中乙酸酯化合物EAG值极显著高于其相应的醇(P＜0.01).林间诱蛾活性试验表明:Z7- 14∶ Ac有诱蛾活性,E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac有显著的增效作用,Z7-14∶ Ac、E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac按10∶ 4∶4的比例配成每个含900 μg性诱剂的诱芯具有很好的诱蛾活性,单诱芯日平均诱蛾数达11.02头.